Suchergebnisse

Проанализированы основные результаты исследований предметов вооружения дистанционного боя из состава вещевого комплекса ряда археологических культур и типов памятников хунно-сяньбийского времени в Саяно-Алтае. В результате классификационного анализа костяных накладок лука выделено два типа этих изделий. Среди наконечников стрел, имевших три лопасти, выделено пять типов. Некоторые из них стали применяться в хуннский период, другие получили распространение в III-V вв. н. э. Помимо подобных применялись также стрелы с плоскими и линзовидными наконечниками. Значительным разнообразием отличались костяные наконечники. Среди них выделяется большое количество форм. Они различались по способу насада: втульчатые, черешковые или с раздвоенным насадом. По сечению пера они подразделялись на группы, а по форме на типы. Сравнительный анализ айрыдашских луков и стрел показал, что формы луков и железных наконечников стрел характерны для многих центральноазиатских народов хунно-сяньбийской эпохи. Однако айрыдашские костяные наконечники стрел (Горный Алтай) отличаются значительным своеобразием. ; Purpose. As the determining role in military operations of the population of the Altai Mountains in the Xiongnu and Xianbei times belonged to weapons of remote combat, such as compound bows with bone side plates and arrows with iron and bone tips of different forms, their systematization is a topical issue. The author reviews the data available on the topic and classifies the findings. Results. Modern archaeologists and historians studying armament of the ancient peoples, who settled in the Altai Mountains in the end of the 1st millennium B.C. the 1st millennium A.D., pay considerable attention to the bow design features and the forms of iron and bone tips of arrows popular among the representatives of Bulan-Koby and Kok-Pash cultures, as well as the weapons from the monuments of Berel type. The present article is based on the principal results of previous research done on the objects of armament of remote combat from the complex of several archaeological cultures and types of objects of the Xiongnu and Xianbei times in the Sayan and Altai Mountains. The author takes into account existing available descriptions of weapons from the objects of Berel type, bows and arrows from complexes of Kok-Pash culture in the Eastern Altai Mountains, and the armament from burial mounds of Bulan-Koby culture in the central part of the Altai Mountains. Another source of data is the results of research carried out in the past years on details of bows and tips of arrows found at the objects of Airydash type in the Middle Katun' River. Few scientific publications are available devoted to research of the weapon from Airydash complexes. Some findings of bone side plates of bow, iron and bone tips of arrows from the object Airydash I have been adduced in the monographic research of Kemerovo archaeologists, which was devoted to a Kok-Pash monument. There have already been published several articles of the author of the present article, which were devoted to the analysis of bone side plates from compound bows and iron and bone tips of arrows received as a result of excavations at the object Ulug-Choltukh disposed in the valley of the Edigan River. As a result of analyzing bone side plates of the ancient peoples bow, the author singled out two types of bows. One of them had two couples of bone side plates on both ends, two lateral and one frontal side plate in the central part of the bow. Such bows appeared in Central Asia in the era of the Xiongnu Empire. The author also defined the forms of the iron tips of arrows and classified them. The classification describes five types of arrow tips with three kinds of blades. Some of them began to be applied in the Xiongnu times while others became popular in the 3rd 5th century A.D. Arrows with flat and lenticular tips stand apart from other arrows. Bone tips of arrows demonstrate a considerable diversity. They are subdivided into groups according to the section of the feather and to the types of their tips. Conclusion. The comparative analysis of Aidyrash bows and arrows showed that forms of bows and iron tips of arrows are characteristic for many Central Asian ancient peoples of the Xiongnu and Xianbei times. This fact can be explained by frequent contacts and interactions of the ethnic subgroups in the area of the Middle Katun' River.

Tesis doctoral inédita leída en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Departamento de Filología Clásica. Fecha de lectura: 23/02/2015 ; La tesis doctoral La transmisión de noticias en la literatura griega antigua pretende demostrar que el concepto de noticia que tenemos hoy en día no es una invención moderna sino una institución social y cultural que hemos recibido como legado de los griegos y que solo se ve modificada por las condiciones y necesidades sociales, políticas y económicas que diferencian nuestra sociedad de la suya. Para entender qué era considerado noticia por los griegos en el periodo comprendido entre el segundo milenio a. C. hasta finales del siglo IV a. C. hemos realizado un estudio del léxico con el que ellos representaban su concepto de noticia. La propia formación de los términos de esta familia léxica en griego nos ha conducido a comenzar el examen no por ἀγγελία sino por ἄγγελος, del que ἀγγελία – voz con la que designaban la noticia – es un derivado. A partir de ἄγγελος se han analizado un total de cincuenta y dos términos, los testimoniados en los autores que componen el corpus de esta tesis doctoral. El capítulo I presenta la introducción general. Se muestran el estado de la cuestión, los objetivos, la metodología que hemos seguido y el corpus utilizado. En el capítulo II se reflexiona acerca de las dificultades con las que nos encontramos para definir la noticia y se presentan los términos que han sido estudiados a lo largo de esta tesis doctoral, es decir, ἄγγελος y sus derivados. Los siete capítulos posteriores están dedicados al estudio del corpus. El III se centra en los poemas homéricos, el IV en la lírica coral representada por Píndaro y Baquílides, el V en Simónides y en algunas inscripciones funerarias, el VI en la tragedia, el VII en la comedia aristofánica, el VIII en las obras de los historiadores (Heródoto, Tucídides y Jenofonte) y el IX en los discursos de los oradores (Lisias, Isócrates, Demóstenes y Esquines). Por último, los capítulos X y XI presentan las conclusiones finales que se han obtenido tras la realización del trabajo de investigación y las referencias bibliográficas empleadas a lo largo de toda la investigación. ; The aim of the doctoral thesis The Transmission of News in Ancient Greek Literature is to show that the concept of news that we have today is not a modern invention, but rather a social and cultural institution that has been passed down to us by the Greeks as a legacy. Furthermore, this concept is only modified by the social, political and economic conditions that make our society different from theirs. In order to understand what was considered news by the Greeks in the period spanning from the second millennium BC to the end of the fourth BC, we asked ourselves how they represented their concept of news and the formation of the terms of this word family led us to start not with ἀγγελία – the word used to designate news – but with ἄγγελος, from which ἀγγελία derives. From the term ἄγγελος, we continued our study with the analysis of its derivatives – a total of fifty-two terms – documented in the works of the authors that comprise the corpus of this doctoral thesis. Chapter I displays a general presentation of the dissertation. The state of the art, objectives, methodology and corpus used are explained. Chapter II deals with the difficulties in defining news and the terms that have been studied throughout this doctoral thesis - ἄγγελος and its derivatives – are presented. The seven subsequent chapters are dedicated to the study of the corpus. Chapter III focuses on the Homeric Poems; IV on the choral lyric represented by Pindar and Bacchylides, V on Simonides and some funerary inscriptions, VI on tragedy, VII on the Aristophanic comedies, VIII on the works of historians (Herodotus, Thucydides and Xenophon) and IX on the speeches of Lysias, Isocrates, Demosthenes and Aeschines. Lastly, chapters X and XI present, on the one hand, the final conclusions that have been drawn from the elaboration of the research, and on the other hand, the bibliographical references used throughout this doctoral thesis.

In his essay "Russia in 2014: Reasons for Defeat and the Cost of Future Victories (from a discussion of British historians)" Norman Stone, an eminent specialist in Russian history, explores a key period in Russia's fate and explains the reasons for its infamous defeats during World War I and the disastrous consequences thereof not only for the history of the Russian Empire but, ultimately, for the entire world. The author connects into a complex of factors different aspects such as the state of the country's industry, the attitude of the imperial ruling elite, the absence of sufficiently qualified military personnel, and the officers' conservative manner of thinking. According to the scholar, all these existed despite a relatively good state of pre-war Russian economy as a whole.Apart from a conceptual evaluation the author gives of the war events in some of his works, in the article the reader will find Stone's recollections of debates caused by his arguing that it was wrong to compare the USSR's victory in World War II as a result of Stalin's regime and Russia's defeat in World War I. Stone's claims that Stalinism was pointless and antihuman as well as impossible to justify by means of any economic achievements or propaganda, regardless of the scale thereof, or any dystopian dreams, failed to find support of some of the pro-socialist historians of the postwar era. One of them was Stone's main opponent Edward Carr. Being a recognized sovietologist and author of a fundamental work on the Russian revolution and Soviet history, he became a victim of Stockholm syndrome, i.e. a situation where hostages develop empathy toward the terrorists and are ready to justify their actions. The justification of Stalinism or any other type of dictatorship by any circumstances and an attempt to interpret it as something inevitable was what exasperated the new generation of historians and made them overthrow the existing authorities, and join the "angry young people". Stone's essay describes a single issue of academic controversy but it is of great significance for the present day world. The daring character of scholarly thought combined with loyalty to the ideas of humanism are the grounds of research that the modern humanities should be based on. At the end of his essay, Stone wittily quotes George Orwell, a genius that foresaw the collapse of totalitarianism, 'You are always saying that it's impossible to make an omelette without breaking eggs. So where's the omelette?' The view Stone expresses as a researcher and as a person is one that QR supports and we expect it to be welcomed by our multilingual readers. ; Эссе авторитетного английского специалиста в области русской истории Нормана Стоуна «Россия, 1914 г.: причины поражений и цена грядущих побед (из дискуссии британских историков)» касается одной из ключевых страниц в судьбе России, трактуя причины ее бесславных поражений в ходе Первой мировой войны и катастрофические последствия этих событий не только в истории Российской империи, но и, как оказалось, всего мира. Автор связывает в единое целое состояние промышленности страны, позицию имперской властной элиты, отсутствие достаточно подготовленных профессиональных военных кадров, консерватизм офицерского мышления. По его мнению, это парадоксально сочеталось с неплохим уровнем предвоенной российской экономики в целом.Помимо концептуальной оценки, которую дает автор военным событиям в ряде монографий, для читателя оригинальными являются воспоминания Стоуна о спорах, которые вызвала его позиция о некорректности сопоставлять победу Советского Союза во Второй мировой войне как результат сталинского режима – и проигрыш в предыдущей. Мнение Стоуна о бесперспективности и античеловеческой сущности сталинизма, которую не могут оправдать никакие хозяйственные достижения, никакие усилия пропаганды, никакие утопические мечтания, встретило непонимание у части просоциалистически настроенных историков послевоенного времени. Среди них был главный противник Стоуна Эдуард Карр. Признанный советолог, автор монументального труда о русской революции и советской истории оказался подвержен стокгольмскому синдрому, когда в силу экстремальных переживаний жертвы террористов готовы оправдать самих террористов. Оправдание сталинизма или любого другого типа диктатуры историческими обстоятельствами и попытка его «понять как неизбежность» – вот, что выводило из себя новое поколение историков, заставляло сокрушать авторитеты, вступать в армию «сердитых молодых людей». Эссе Стоуна воссоздает лишь один эпизод научной полемики, но этот эпизод чрезвычайно важен для сегодняшнего дня; дерзость научной мысли в сочетании с верностью гуманистическим идеалам – те основания научного поиска, на которых должна выстраиваться гуманитарная наука современности. Завершая эссе, Стоун эффектно цитирует парадоксальный афоризм Джорджа Оруэлла – гениального предсказателя катастрофы общества тоталитаризма: «Вы всегда говорите, что невозможно сделать омлет, не разбив яиц. Но где же омлет?»Эта установка Стоуна как исследователя и человека близка журналу «Quaestio Rossica», и надеемся, что она найдет отклик у разноязычной читательской аудитории.

The impact of the PRC legal system on the world is swelling, yet our grasp of its history and path dependencies rests on weak empirical foundations, a thin source base, and outmoded claims that distort our understandings of its past, present, and future.This dissertation tackles those deficiencies on two levels: first, by filling major knowledge gaps and dispelling chronic misperceptions about the birth of the PRC judicial system and, second, by reframing in time and space the 1949 revolution and China's twentieth-century engagements with modernity. Specifically, the dissertation reinterprets the 1949 revolution by theorizing it not as an a priori rupture, but rather as an engine for recursively producing and negotiating difference. The dissertation unearths forgotten elements from China's legal past and configures them in provocative ways to blast holes in the layered compartmentalizations that have structured the historiography of modern China, namely its temporal segmentation into Republican, Mao, and post-Mao periods, and the spatial and ideological cleavages that have sundered the Nationalist regime from the CCP's coeval revolutionary base areas. In short, the dissertation aims to redefine the Republican-PRC transition, and firmly restore the PRC to Chinese historical time.Section One establishes an empirical baseline for assessing the revolution by mapping the condition of the Nationalist judicial system as it approached 1949. Section Two conducts a similar inquiry into the CCP's Shaanganning border region and North China liberated area. It dispels the myth of an autochthonous CCP legal tradition by showing that the legal systems of these iconic base areas developed in deep dialogue with Nationalist China, and that this contact actually drove much of the dynamism in pre-1949 CCP legal policy and practice. The PRC judicial system therefore bore a congenital Republican imprint, not just from the institutions and personnel inherited from the ancien régime, but also more profoundly from the accumulated network effects of more than a decade of prior CCP engagement with Nationalist law. Reconceptualizing the PRC as an heir to Republican judicial modernization rather than as its antithesis empowers the dissertation to break new ground in the histories of signature practices such as people's mediation, and on topics such as the rule of law and judicial independence.Section Three carries this framework into 1949 and beyond. Through a micro-history of the Beijing Municipal People's Court, it not only supplies the first scholarly account of the CCP takeover and reconstruction of a major Nationalist state organ, but also shows the tortuous emergence of a new judicial system in unprecedented empirical detail. This tears the mask off of the monolithic CCP, and reveals the politics, tensions, and inconstancy that roiled inside. It exposes how, in the domain of law, the CCP bore multiple, competing visions of the revolution simultaneously, and as the balance of forces in the surrounding environment shifted, different equilibriums among these visions emerged, tracing a convoluted, sometimes violent course that reaches the present day. Time and again, the CCP has tapped this reservoir of legal diversity for adaptive solutions to political imperatives, which have then fed back into their surroundings iteratively. Reading that history as a dynamical system lends coherence to a series of otherwise serpentine fluctuations, most notably the stunning speed with which suppressed policies, and the persecuted people who once promoted them, resurfaced to jumpstart legal reconstruction after Mao's death and the end of the Cultural Revolution. In this way, the dissertation decisively reframes our understanding of the present. Today, observers of Chinese legal reform often speak as if the PRC's engagement with ideas such as constitutionalism, judicial independence, and human rights stretches back no more than a generation and takes it cues predominantly from the West. This impact-response paradigm has a long record in Chinese Studies and, insofar as it infantilizes the PRC, it distorts our grasp of a much more complex and protracted series of exchanges. To refute it, the dissertation historicizes post-Mao legal modernity by tying it directly to the founding decade of the PRC, and indeed still further back into the Republican era. This establishes a more balanced, alternate genealogy for current legal reform that better accounts for its distinctive trajectory and significations, and its vexing aberrations from international "best practices."

Авторами рассматривается процесс комплектования фондов Государственного архива Кемеровской области учреждениями культуры за 1943-2013 годы. Проблема формирования архивного фонда Кемеровской области документами учреждений культуры и его использования до настоящего времени не была предметом специального исследования. Для всестороннего раскрытия темы была изучена литература по ряду научных дисциплин: истории России, истории государственных учреждений, организации архивного дела, теории архивоведения, источниковедения, документоведения. В статье рассмотрены количественные показатели данного процесса, состояние научно-справочного аппарата к фондам учреждений культуры и особенности, возникающие в процессе комплектования архива документами учреждений данного типа. Обобщающие количественные показатели, по которым можно характеризовать процесс комплектования, фондирования и использования документов учреждений культуры, подведомственных Департаменту культуры и национальной политики Кемеровской области представлены в табличном виде. Одним из наиболее важных направлений своей деятельности Государственный архив Кемеровской области ставит обеспечение ретроспективной информацией, имеющей важную научную, социальную и культурную значимость, организаций и учреждений области, а также исследователей, которые работают с документами архива. Для реализации данного направления главной задачей является совершенствование в Государственном архиве Кемеровской области системы научно-справочного аппарата к документам архива, представляющей комплекс взаимосвязанных и взаимодополняемых архивных справочников, баз данных о составе и содержании документов. Сегодня для многих специалистов и архивистов-практиков очевидна необходимость в активизации разработки федеральными органами государственной власти современных перечней документов, образующихся в процессе их деятельности, а также в процессе деятельности подведомственных им организаций, с указанием сроков их хранения. Современные реалии требуют новых подходов к их разработке с акцентом на отраслевой состав документации, поскольку в федеральных органах исполнительной власти образуется значительный комплекс типовых управленческих архивных документов уже нашедших отражение в действующем Перечне типовых управленческих архивных документов, образующихся в процессе деятельности государственных органов, органов местного самоуправления и организаций, с указанием сроков хранения. ; The authors consider the process of acquisition of State Archives of Kemerovo region cultural institutions for the period of 1943-2013. The article deals with the quantitative indicators of this process, state finding aid for cultural institutions and features that arise in the process of acquisition of archive documents of institutions of this type. In modern conditions, society turns to understanding the social processes, different periods of the Russian history, seeking to obtain objective information about the past, to enter into scientific use a new layer of historical sources with general cultural, historical, and natural value. Before the archival institutions of Russia had three primary objectives: acquisition of the state archives, the organization of storage and accounting documents, as well as their use. All three of these problems are very important, but the question of acquisition are of particular importance. The reason is that, in contrast to the preservation and use of interarchival functions, the function of acquisition is interdisciplinary in nature. This implies a corresponding normative, legal and methodological support. Secondly, and most importantly, it is from recruitment, i. e. on how fully and accurately it will be selected and transferred to the State Archives a documentary evidence of a particular era, and will depend on source base of historical science. Problems of the state and community archives are not only in the plane of the improvement of archival and related legislation, regulatory updates and methodological support of the archives in this direction. Much depends on the state of departmental document storage and logistics, financial and staffing activities of state and municipal archives. The use of archival documents in the public interest is a major and very important task in the activities of the state archives. State Archives of Kemerovo region still continues to proactively inform the public about the availability of documents in the collections, publications, documents, organize the work of the reading room, issuing certificates, the performance of different types of queries. However State Archives of Kemerovo region pays considerable attention to the popularization stored documentary complexes and museum objects, by organizing various exhibitions (stationary, mobile, virtual exhibitions), excursions, day "open door" meetings with schoolchildren and students. Archival industry has always been considered a highly specialized and more closed than other areas of culture. But in accordance with the present constitution of archives related to general issues of science, culture and is a full-fledged component in addition to the library, museum business and other socio-cultural areas. Important public and social function of archives and their employees, unfortunately, is not obvious and, according to many, is reduced only to the storage of documents. Only the involvement of archives in the common cultural space of the region can overcome this prejudice, show the importance and, if you like, competitiveness archives at the present stage of development of society.

Специфічним видом інформаційних війн є мережні війни, які поступово витісняють традиційні війни. Інформаційні війни притаманні для суспільств постіндустріального типу. Об'єктом впливу стає розум супротивника, а не просто тіло, як це було у попередніх типах війн. Аргументовано, що інформація для такої війни може бути як метою, так і зброєю. Розвиток комунікаційних технологій сприяє переходу від затратної та чисельної за жертвами війни до мережної війни, яка є набагато вигіднішою та легшою. Наведено основні види сучасних мережних війн, виявлено їхні базові характеристики. Специфическим видом информационных войн являются сетевые войны, которые постепенно вытесняют традиционные войны. Информационные войны характерны для обществ постиндустриального типа. Объектом влияния становится разум противника, а не просто тело, как это было в предыдущих типах войн. Аргументировано, что информация для такой войны может быть как целью, так и оружием. Развитие коммуникационных технологий способствует переходу от затратной и многочисленной по жертвам войны к сетевой войне, которая является более выгодной и легкой. Приведены основные виды современных сетевых войн, выявлены их базовые характеристики. A specific type of information warfare is the network wars which are gradually pushing out conventional. ; Wars have existed from ancient times; they can be understood as an organized armed struggle between states or groups of states, nations or classes and more. The article analyzes the phenomenon of war through the prism of postindustrial society concepts (D. Bell and E. Toffler). Based on the aforementioned concepts, it can be argued that the system of war in agrarian society was based only on the specific activities in the agricultural sector, which was reflected clearly in fighting seasonality, non-standard individual weapons, an occasional payment of hired soldiers, primitive communications and dominance of verbal orders. There was a high level of individual and collective violence as well. With the advent of industrial society standards of war have changed. At a time when mass production became characteristic of contemporary economics, mass destruction became characteristic of the industrial era wars. 'Second wave' wars have the following features: clear goals and a clear focus, strengthening the power within the state, expan ded international economics and politics, the presence of regular mass armies and their high speed mobility, weapons of mass destruction. In post-industrial or information society war obtained a completely different meaning. Its basic features are: specialized mobile units in different types of troops, transformation of information into a tool of warfare, space exploration, and computerization at all levels. With all this going on war subjects are civilizations, whose resistance is associated with the fundamental infrastructure of society. The object for the influence is not only enemy's body but his mind as well as it used to be earlier. It is proved that information for such wars can be a purpose and a weapon at the same time. Information warfare, like a network war, is accompanied by active methods of transforming information space for the imposition of a world model that will provide further desired behaviors. This is a comprehensive and integrated strategy that caused by rising value of information in matters of command, control, politics, economy and social life. The purpose of information war appears to change the balance of power and position in society by possession, publication and interpretation of certain information. It's argued that information for such a war can be a goal, as well as weapons. The development of communication technology facilitates the transition from costly and numerous victims of the war to a network that is far more profitable and easier. Network war is a new kind of war on the social level, different from traditional forms of hostilities in which participants use network forms of organization, strategies, technologies and capabilities that meet the demands of the information age. The sharp difference from the traditional network war is not only that it does not physically affect people, but also the fact that the main participants are not trying to build a formal, independent, hierarchical organization, and lead and coordinate their actions «online», without clearly defined central leadership. Subjects of network war are mainly private and non-governmental; they can be sub-national and supranational in scale. The basic types of modern networking wars revealed their basic characteristics. It's reported that the use of the Internet for the benefit of war can cause both positive harmless effects as well as destroy and cause serious damage to computer technologies, systems and people, countries, etc.

Das vorliegende Buch versammelt 18 Beiträge, die zum Großteil auf Referate zurückgehen, die am 6. und 7. Dezember 2007 im Rahmen der internationalen Tagung "Kaiser Sigismund (†1437). Herrschaftspraxis, Urkunden und Rituale", am Historischen Institut der Masaryk-Universität in Brünn (Brno) gehalten wurden. Anlass für die Tagung war zum einen der 570. Todestag Kaiser Sigismunds am 9. Dezember 1437, zum anderen das Ende des seit 2004 laufenden, vom österreichischen Fonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftliche Forschung (FWF) geförderten internationalen Regesta-Imperii-Projekts P 17519-G08 "Sigismund (†1437), Kaiser im Reich, in Ungarn und in Böhmen". Sigismund, zweiter Sohn des viel gerühmten Kaisers Karl IV. (1316-1378), vereinte die Kronen des römisch-deutschen Reiches, Böhmens und Ungarns auf seinem Haupt und herrschte über ein europäisches "Imperium", das ganz oder teilweise die heutigen Staaten Österreich, Deutschland, Schweiz, Italien, Frankreich, Luxemburg, Tschechische Republik, Ungarn, Slowakei, Rumänien, Bulgarien, Slowenien, Kroatien, Bosnien und Serbien umfasste. Dieser große geografische Machtbereich, in dem unterschiedliche kulturelle, soziale, wirtschaftliche und politische Gegebenheiten vereint waren, macht es schwierig, seine Herrschaft im Gesamten zu erfassen und zu bewerten, er spiegelt aber auch deutlich deren europäische Dimension wider. Der vorliegende Tagungsband stellt ein erstes Ergebnis des genannten Regesten-Projekts dar, welches sich vorrangig auf die bislang in der Sigismund-Forschung vernachlässigte Diplomatik und Urkundenforschung konzentriert. Entsprechend problematisieren die Beiträge der Wiener Arbeitsgruppe hauptsächlich Sigismunds Urkunden- und Briefproduktion. Thematisiert werden unter Einbeziehung benachbarter Disziplinen etwa Urkundengattungen und -bestandteile sowie Fragen der Verwaltungs-, Kommunikations- und Kulturgeschichte. Auch die Beiträge der anderen internationalen Historikerinnen und Historikern machen disziplinübergreifend verschiedenste Aspekte der Landes-, Verwaltungs-, Diplomatie-, Religions-, Ritual-, Kultur- und Kunstgeschichte für die Regierungszeit Sigismunds fruchtbar. Sie zielen darauf ab, anhand von Fallbeispielen das Beziehungsgeflecht des Kaisers und seiner Umgebung zu bestimmten Regionen oder Personengruppen zu erhellen bzw. die Rolle von Schriftlichkeit, Ritualen und symbolischer Kommunikation in seiner Herrschaftspraxis herauszuarbeiten. Thematische Schwerpunkte bilden dabei, neben anderen, Sigismunds Beziehungen zum südwestdeutschen Raum, seine Regierung in den Böhmischen Ländern sowie das historiografische Werk Eberhard Windecks. Der vorliegende Tagungsband beleuchtet Teilgebiete der Herrschaftspraxis Sigismunds z. T. überhaupt erstmalig im deutschen Sprachraum oder trägt zumindest wesentliche Korrekturen zum herkömmlichen Sigismund-Bild bei. In seiner Gesamtheit präsentiert er einen Anstoß zur vermehrten wissenschaftlichen Beschäftigung mit dem Auslauf der Kanzlei Sigismunds und liefert innovative Zugänge zur Erforschung spätmittelalterlicher königlicher Herrschaftspraxis im Allgemeinen. ; The present conference proceedings consist of 18 articles based on papers presented on 6th and 7th December 2007 at the international conference "Emperor Sigismund (†1437). Rulership in Practice, Charters and Rituals" at Masaryk-University's, Brno, Historical Institute. The conference's idea benefited from a twofold opportunity: To commemorate the anniversary of Sigismund's death on 9th December 1437 in the Moravian town of Znojmo and to conclude the international Vienna based Regesta-Imperii-project P 17519-G08 "Sigismund (†1437), Kaiser im Reich, in Ungarn und in Böhmen", which had been funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) since 2004. Sigismund, the secondborn son of ever popular emperor Charles IV. (1316-1378), came to wear not only the crown of the Holy Roman Empire but also of the Hungarian and Bohemian Kingdoms. Thus he ruled over a truly European empire that embraced partly or in total modern day's Austria, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, France, Luxembourg, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia, Rumania, Bulgaria, Slovenia, Croatia, and Serbia. This vast geographical sphere of influence spanned very different cultural, social, economic and political realities, which make it difficult to grasp the integrity of Sigismund's complex reign, but make clear its extensive European dimensions. The current volume presents the mentioned project's first outcomes. The members of the Viennese team mainly concentrate on diplomatics and charter-issuing practice, subjects so far neglected in the scientific research dedicated to Sigismund and his time. Therefore their papers for the most part deal with diverse aspects of Sigismund's production of charters and letters. Including methodical approaches of neighbouring disciplines, they treat the question of typology of Sigismund's charters and charter-formulas as well as subjects of administrative and cultural history and communication studies. In addition the papers of the other involved international authors contribute to different aspects on the field of historical regional studies, administrative, religious, and cultural history as much as to the history of diplomacy, rituals, and art during the era of Sigismund's reign. Using instructive examples they all aim at shedding a light on the complex relations between Sigismund and his court to certain regions or social groups, or respectively on the role of written, oral, and symbolical communication and the use of ritual in practical rulership. The papers' main emphasis consists in Sigismund's relations to southwestern Germany, his rule in the Bohemian Lands and the historiographical work of Eberhard Windeck. The current volume throws a light on some aspects of Sigismund's rulership in practice, which either have not been dealt with at all by German historians so far, or at least seriously modify some of the popular ideas on Sigismund and his rule. The conference proceedings in their entirety give new impetus to scientific activity concentrating on the production of Sigismund's chancery and open new, innovative approaches to research on late medieval practice of royal rulership in general.

Das vorliegende Buch versammelt 18 Beiträge, die zum Großteil auf Referate zurückgehen, die am 6. und 7. Dezember 2007 im Rahmen der internationalen Tagung "Kaiser Sigismund (†1437). Herrschaftspraxis, Urkunden und Rituale", am Historischen Institut der Masaryk-Universität in Brünn (Brno) gehalten wurden. Anlass für die Tagung war zum einen der 570. Todestag Kaiser Sigismunds am 9. Dezember 1437, zum anderen das Ende des seit 2004 laufenden, vom österreichischen Fonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftliche Forschung (FWF) geförderten internationalen Regesta-Imperii-Projekts P 17519-G08 "Sigismund (†1437), Kaiser im Reich, in Ungarn und in Böhmen". Sigismund, zweiter Sohn des viel gerühmten Kaisers Karl IV. (1316-1378), vereinte die Kronen des römisch-deutschen Reiches, Böhmens und Ungarns auf seinem Haupt und herrschte über ein europäisches "Imperium", das ganz oder teilweise die heutigen Staaten Österreich, Deutschland, Schweiz, Italien, Frankreich, Luxemburg, Tschechische Republik, Ungarn, Slowakei, Rumänien, Bulgarien, Slowenien, Kroatien, Bosnien und Serbien umfasste. Dieser große geografische Machtbereich, in dem unterschiedliche kulturelle, soziale, wirtschaftliche und politische Gegebenheiten vereint waren, macht es schwierig, seine Herrschaft im Gesamten zu erfassen und zu bewerten, er spiegelt aber auch deutlich deren europäische Dimension wider. Der vorliegende Tagungsband stellt ein erstes Ergebnis des genannten Regesten-Projekts dar, welches sich vorrangig auf die bislang in der Sigismund-Forschung vernachlässigte Diplomatik und Urkundenforschung konzentriert. Entsprechend problematisieren die Beiträge der Wiener Arbeitsgruppe hauptsächlich Sigismunds Urkunden- und Briefproduktion. Thematisiert werden unter Einbeziehung benachbarter Disziplinen etwa Urkundengattungen und -bestandteile sowie Fragen der Verwaltungs-, Kommunikations- und Kulturgeschichte. Auch die Beiträge der anderen internationalen Historikerinnen und Historikern machen disziplinübergreifend verschiedenste Aspekte der Landes-, Verwaltungs-, Diplomatie-, Religions-, Ritual-, Kultur- und Kunstgeschichte für die Regierungszeit Sigismunds fruchtbar. Sie zielen darauf ab, anhand von Fallbeispielen das Beziehungsgeflecht des Kaisers und seiner Umgebung zu bestimmten Regionen oder Personengruppen zu erhellen bzw. die Rolle von Schriftlichkeit, Ritualen und symbolischer Kommunikation in seiner Herrschaftspraxis herauszuarbeiten. Thematische Schwerpunkte bilden dabei, neben anderen, Sigismunds Beziehungen zum südwestdeutschen Raum, seine Regierung in den Böhmischen Ländern sowie das historiografische Werk Eberhard Windecks. Der vorliegende Tagungsband beleuchtet Teilgebiete der Herrschaftspraxis Sigismunds z. T. überhaupt erstmalig im deutschen Sprachraum oder trägt zumindest wesentliche Korrekturen zum herkömmlichen Sigismund-Bild bei. In seiner Gesamtheit präsentiert er einen Anstoß zur vermehrten wissenschaftlichen Beschäftigung mit dem Auslauf der Kanzlei Sigismunds und liefert innovative Zugänge zur Erforschung spätmittelalterlicher königlicher Herrschaftspraxis im Allgemeinen. ; The present conference proceedings consist of 18 articles based on papers presented on 6th and 7th December 2007 at the international conference "Emperor Sigismund (†1437). Rulership in Practice, Charters and Rituals" at Masaryk-University's, Brno, Historical Institute. The conference's idea benefited from a twofold opportunity: To commemorate the anniversary of Sigismund's death on 9th December 1437 in the Moravian town of Znojmo and to conclude the international Vienna based Regesta-Imperii-project P 17519-G08 "Sigismund (†1437), Kaiser im Reich, in Ungarn und in Böhmen", which had been funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) since 2004. Sigismund, the secondborn son of ever popular emperor Charles IV. (1316-1378), came to wear not only the crown of the Holy Roman Empire but also of the Hungarian and Bohemian Kingdoms. Thus he ruled over a truly European empire that embraced partly or in total modern day's Austria, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, France, Luxembourg, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia, Rumania, Bulgaria, Slovenia, Croatia, and Serbia. This vast geographical sphere of influence spanned very different cultural, social, economic and political realities, which make it difficult to grasp the integrity of Sigismund's complex reign, but make clear its extensive European dimensions. The current volume presents the mentioned project's first outcomes. The members of the Viennese team mainly concentrate on diplomatics and charter-issuing practice, subjects so far neglected in the scientific research dedicated to Sigismund and his time. Therefore their papers for the most part deal with diverse aspects of Sigismund's production of charters and letters. Including methodical approaches of neighbouring disciplines, they treat the question of typology of Sigismund's charters and charter-formulas as well as subjects of administrative and cultural history and communication studies. In addition the papers of the other involved international authors contribute to different aspects on the field of historical regional studies, administrative, religious, and cultural history as much as to the history of diplomacy, rituals, and art during the era of Sigismund's reign. Using instructive examples they all aim at shedding a light on the complex relations between Sigismund and his court to certain regions or social groups, or respectively on the role of written, oral, and symbolical communication and the use of ritual in practical rulership. The papers' main emphasis consists in Sigismund's relations to southwestern Germany, his rule in the Bohemian Lands and the historiographical work of Eberhard Windeck. The current volume throws a light on some aspects of Sigismund's rulership in practice, which either have not been dealt with at all by German historians so far, or at least seriously modify some of the popular ideas on Sigismund and his rule. The conference proceedings in their entirety give new impetus to scientific activity concentrating on the production of Sigismund's chancery and open new, innovative approaches to research on late medieval practice of royal rulership in general.

Em contraste com as análises do genocídio ruandês de 1994, que privilegiam o político, este artigo sustenta que o poder e a política durante o tempo que precedeu o genocídio foram afetadas por noções ruandesas específicas de cosmologia e ontologia. Para entender esse componente "imaginário" da violência, precisamos examinar atentamente as crenças e práticas relacionadas com a instituição da realeza sagrada em Ruanda. Embora essas crenças e práticas foram oficialmente encerradas em 1931, quando o último rei de Ruanda sagrado foi deposto e substituído por seu filho educado por missionários, a sua matriz cosmológica manteve-se em tempos recentes. Isto pode ser visto na literatura popular de rua Ruandesa, que circulou amplamente nos dias que antecederam o genocídio. Nessa literatura, o então presidente Juvenal Habyarimana era comparado explicitamente a um rei ruandês. Mais importante ainda para os objetivos deste artigo, foi a comparação mais difusa, implícita, e simbólica entre Habyarimana e um rei sagrado. Em particular, alguns dos elementos-chave neste simbolismo iluminam (e mostram a importância da persistência) da imagem de como um rei (ou presidente) deveria se comportar. Como havia muitos jornalistas ruandeses reacionários (e racistas) que tinham começado a duvidar da capacidade do presidente Habyarimana de ser um "bom rei", seu "sacrifício"'subseqüente estava, em um sentido simbólico, fortemente predestinado.

By questioning the cultural crisis in Germany at the end of the era of enlightenment and the beginning of Romantic period, the paper aims to present the reader with new perspectives on the issue from the angle of so-called 'death of rhetoric' and emergence of modern, 'communicational' eloquence. The rejection of rhetoric tradition at that period actually illustrates a great political and cultural turmoil in Germany of the time, which is under the influence of the French revolution and still feels the consequences of the Napoleon regime, which leads, between the years of 1790 and 1815 to an ever increasing inclination of the philosophy towards the politics. Kant's attitudes and his critique of the rhetoric in his text titled Kritik der Urteilskraft and the political Romanticism of Adam Muller in his book titled (1816), his rehabilitation of eloquence, philosophy of antinomy and mediation, through popular philosophers and Scottish Enlightenment, his variation of the statute of the rhetoric, confirm that it was a transitory period between two paradigms. Political Romanticism is born out of an attempt of rehabilitation of the rhetoric in the context of restoration, the period which gives birth to national identities, as well as affirmation of German intellectuals and establishment of the rhetoric in general. This movement will eventually lead to a communicational modernity based on the concept of Gadamer and Habermas, while in France there still prevail Foucaltian discourse of the break with rhetoric tradition. Therefore, there is a conclusion that in Europe there is a structural shift of periods of break and continuity, a critical rhythm in which a discursive phenomenon has the central position and plays the role of a mediator. ; Le présent article se propose d'ouvrir des perspectives en interrogeant la crise culturelle allemande de la charnière des Lumières et du romantisme sous l'éclairage de la prétendue "mort de la rhétorique" et de l'émergence d'une éloquence moderne, dite "communicationnelle". Le rejet à cette époque de la tradition discursive illustre en effet un renversement culturel et politique majeur dans une Allemagne placée sous les signes de la Révolution française et du joug napoléonien qui provoquent, entre 1790 et 1815, un glissement progressif de la philosophie vers la politique. Des positions de Kant et de sa critique de la rhétorique dans De la Faculté de juger/ Kritik der Urteilskraft jusqu'au romantisme politique d'Adam Müller - Douze discours sur l'éloquence et son déclin en Allemagne/ Zwölf Reden über die Beredsamkeit und deren Verfall in Deutschland, 1816 ! et sa réhabilitation de l'éloquence, sa philosophie de l'antinomie et de la médiation, en passant par les philosophes populaires et l'Enlightenment écossais, les variations du statut de la rhétorique permettent de vérifier que cette période est un passage entre deux paradigmes. Le romantisme politique se révèle être une entreprise de restitution du discours dans le contexte de la Restauration qui voit alors l'émergence d'une identité nationale, l'affirmation des intellectuels allemands et l'instauration d'une rhétoricité générale. Ce mouvement débouche sur une modernité communicationnelle à la Gadamer et Habermas, tandis qu'en France le discours foucaldien de la rupture prédomine. On constate donc en Europe une alternance structurelle des périodes de rupture et de continuité, un rythme critique, où le phénomène discursif tient une place centrale et fait office de médiateur. ; У овом чланку настојимо да отворимо перспективе преиспитујући културну кризу у Њемачкој која се јавила крајем вијека просвјетитељства и настанком романтизма, из угла такозване "смрти реторике" и јављања једне модерне, "комуникационалне" елоквенције. Одбацивање говорничке традиције до које је тада дошло илуструје заправо велики политички и културни преокрет у Њемачкој тог доба, која је под утицајем француске револуције, и још увијек осјећа јарам наполеонског режима, што ће довести, између 1790. и 1815, до све већег приклањања филозофије политици. Кантови ставови и његова критике реторике у Способности просуђивања / Kritik der Urteilskraft до политичког романтизма Адама Милера – Дванаест расправа о елоквенцији и њеном нестанку у Њемачкој / Zwölf Reden über die Beredsamkeit und deren Verfall in Deutschland, 1816, његове рехабилитације елоквенције, филозофије антиномије и медијације, преко популарних филозофа и шкотског Enlightenment, варијације статута реторике, потврђују да је то био прелазни период између двије парадигме. Политички романтизам се јавља као покушај рехабилитације говорништва у контексту рестаурације, периоду рађања националног идентитета, те афирмације њемачких интелектуалаца и успостављања свеопште реторичности. Овај покрет довешће до једне комуникационалне модерности према концепту Гадамера и Хабермаса, док у Француској још преовладава фукоовски дискурс раскида с реторичком традицијом. Закључујемо, дакле, да у Европи постоји структурална смјена периода раскида и континуитета, један критички ритам у којем дискурзивни феномен заузима централно мјесто и врши улогу медијатора.

The history of demand modeling for person travel has been dominated by the modeling approach that has come to be referred to as the four step model (FSM) (see Chapter 2). Travel, always viewed in theory as derived from the demand for activity participation, in practice has been modeled with trip-based rather than activity-based methods (as presented in Chapter 4). Trip origin-destination (O-D) rather than activity surveys form the principle database. The influence of activity characteristics decreases, and that of trip characteristics increases, as the conventional forecasting sequence proceeds. The application of this modeling approach is near universal, as in large measure are its criticisms (these inadequacies are well documented, e.g., by McNally and Recker (1986)). The current FSM might best be viewed in two stages. In the first stage, various characteristics of the traveler and the land use - activity system (and to a varying degree, the transportation system) are "evaluated, calibrated, and validated" to produce a non-equilibrated measure of travel demand (or trip tables). In the second stage, this demand is loaded onto the transportation network in a process than amounts to formal equilibration of route choice only, not of other choice dimensions such as destination, mode, time-of-day, or whether to travel at all (feedback to prior stages has often been introduced, but not in a consistent and convergent manner). Although this approach has been moderately successful in the aggregate, it has failed to perform in most relevant policy tests, whether on the demand or supply side. This chapter extends the material in Chapter 2 by providing a concise overview of the mechanics of the FSM, illustrated with a hypothetical case study. The discussion in this chapter, however, will focus on U.S. modeling practice. Transportation modeling developed as a component of the process of transportation analysis that came to be established in the U.S.A. during the era of post-war development and economic growth. Initial application of analytical methods began in the 1950s. The landmark study of Mitchell and Rapkin (1954) not only established the link of travel and activities (or land use) but called for a comprehensive framework and inquiries into travel behavior. The initial development of models of trip generation, distribution, and diversion in the early 1950s lead to the first comprehensive application of the four-step model system in the Chicago Area Transportation Study (see Weiner, 1997) with the model sandwiched by land use projection and economic evaluation. The focus was decidedly highway-oriented with new facilities being evaluated versus traffic engineering improvements. The 1960s brought federal legislation requiring "continuous, comprehensive, and cooperative" urban transportation planning, fully institutionalizing the FSM. Further legislation in the 1970s brought environmental concerns to planning and modeling, as well as the need for multimodal planning. It was recognized that the existing model system may not be appropriate for application to emerging policy concerns and, in what might be referred to as the "first travel model improvement program", a call for improved models led to research and the development of disaggregate travel demand forecasting and equilibrium assignment methods that integrated well with the FSM and have greatly directed modeling approaches for most of the last 30 years. The late 1970s brought "quick response" approaches to travel forecasting (Sosslau et al., 1978; Martin and McGuckin, 1998) and independently the start of what has grown to become the activity-based approach (see Chapter 4). The growing recognition of the misfit of the FSM and relevant policy questions in the 1980s led to the (second, but formal) Travel Model Improvement Program in 1991; much of the subsequent period has been directed at improving the state-of-thepractice relative to the conventional model while fostering research and development in new methodologies to further the state-of-the-art (see Chapter 4). The FSM is best seen as a particular application of transportation systems analysis (TSA), a framework due to Manheim (1979) and Florian et al. (1988), which positions the model well to view its strengths and weaknesses. A brief presentation of this TSA framework introduces the FSM context and leads to a discussion of problem and study area definition, model application, and data requirements. The models that are perhaps most commonly utilized in the FSM are then presented in the form of a sample application.

Le document est la version de l'article distribuée au colloque "Critical Problems in the History of East Asian Science", organisé par Prof. KIM Yung Sik au Dibner Institute, les 16-18 novembre 2001. La version définitive est à paraître dans les Actes ; China's written traditions distinguished a subset of the texts produced in the Middle Kingdom from the others, by granting them the status of "Canons (jing)". This does not hold true only for the most conspicuous of them all, the "Confucian Canons", on which the examination system was based. In many domains of inquiry too, scholars designated some earlier texts as "Canons". What did it mean for a text to be considered a "Canon"? Which specific attitudes and modes of reading did this fact entail? These are some of the questions to the understanding of which this paper aims at contributing. John Henderson already examined such questions in his Scripture, Canon and Commentary. A Comparison of Confucian and Western Exegesis (Princeton University Press, 1991). However, as far as I know and as J. Henderson himself stressed, the discussion on these matters has until today mainly concentrated on the case of the "Confucian canons" and has not yet benefited from investigating the writings considered as "Canons" by the practitioners of fields of inquiry like medicine or mathematics. In contrast to these earlier studies, I focus on the book that, for centuries, has been deemed to be the most important Canon for mathematics: The nine chapters on mathematical procedures (Jiuzhang suanshu). A Han composition of problems and general procedures to solve them, this book constitutes the earliest mathematical source handed down to us by the written tradition and was granted the status of canon soon after its completion. My aim is to examine what the case of mathematics can contribute to the description of a "Canon" as text. Indeed, there is evidence showing that actors themselves felt that these texts belonged to the same category. For example, one can quote the 13th century commentator, Yang Hui, who is himself quoting the preface composed by Rong Qi when he had Jia Xian (11th c.)'s commentary printed in 1148. He states: "When the government instituted the examinations in mathematics to select officials, they chose The nine chapters to be the most important of the mathematical Canons, since, indeed, it is like the six Canons of the Confucians, the (Canon of) difficulties and the (Grand) Simplicity of the medical schools, the Book of Master Sun of military art!" It is hence legitimate to inquire into the nature of such books by relying on the case of mathematics. I approach the questions raised above by observing the earliest readers of the Canon whose testimony came down to us, namely: the commentators. Indeed, as any Canon, The nine chapters on mathematical procedures gave rise to commentaries, two of which were selected by the written tradition to be handed down with the text of the Canon itself. These are the commentaries by Liu Hui, completed in 263, and those written by a group of scholars under the supervision of Li Chunfeng and finished in 656 —let us call the latter, for the sake of simplicity, Li Chunfeng's comments. Moreover, until the Song-Yuan era, scholars went on composing comments on it, two of which came down to us: Jia Xian's (11th century) and Yang Hui's (13th century), mentioned above. These commentators operated at very different time periods. However, they share a same expectation towards the Canon: they all consider that it should encompass the whole of mathematics. However strange this belief may seem, it takes us to the heart of the matter, since such an expectation is regularly met with in commentaries to canons. When looked upon from the point of view of contemporary mathematics, it may be considered as meaningless, an attitude that some contemporary scholars were tempted to adopt. However, when examining this expectation from the perspective of the category of texts to which The nine chapters belong, it seems to only translate the fact that The nine chapters were deemed a Canon. My paper attempts to elucidate, in the case of mathematics, which kinds of reading and exegesis the commentators performed that led them to conceive of the Canon as exhaustive. This may help us understand this statement more generally, as regards any canon. Moreover, I discuss the conception of mathematics that went along with such an expectation.

Book reviewed in this article:CAN MINISTERS COPE? Australian Federal Ministers at Work. By Patrick Weller and Michelle Grattan.JAMES MACARTHUR: Colonial Conservative, 1798–1867. By John Manning Ward.A JUST SOCIETY? Essays on Equity in Australia. Edited by P. N. Troy.EQUITY IN THE CITY. Edited by P. N. Troy.INNOVATION AND REACTION: The life and death of the Federal Department of Urban and Regional Development. By C. J. Lloyd and Patrick N. Troy.SYDNEY; A Social and Political Atlas. By Michael Poulsen and Peter Spearritt.TOWARDS ADAPTIVE FEDERALISM; A Search for Criteria for Responsibility Sharing in a Federal System.PARLAMENTARISCHE BUNDESSTAATEN IM COMMONWEALTH OF NATIONS: KANADA, AUSTRALIEN, INDIEN: Ein Vergleich. Bd I. Grundbegriffe und Grundlagen.UNDERSTANDING PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION. Edited by G. R. Curnow and R. L. Wettenhall.DECISIONS: Case Studies in Australian Public Policy. Edited by Sol Encel, Peter Wilenski and Bernard Schaffer.THE ABC–AUNT SALLY AND SACRED COW. By Clement Semmler.MELBOURNE STUDIES IN EDUCATION 1981. Edited by Stephen Murray‐Smith.HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES PRACTICE Edited by J. A. Pettifer.AUSTRALIAN IMPERIALISM IN THE PACIFIC: The Expansionist Era 1820–1920. By Roger C. ThompsonCRITICAL ESSAYS IN AUSTRALIAN POLITICS. Edited by Graeme Duncan.WOOL IN WARTIME: A Study in Colonialism, by Les White.NORTHERN AUSTRALIA: Options and Implications. Edited by Rhys Jones.GUIDE TO NORTHERN TERRITORY RESEARCH RESOURCES IN NORTHERN TERRITORY COLLECTIONS. Compiled by M.A. Clinch for the Northern Territory Government.THE ABORIGINAL TASMANIANS. By Lyndall Ryan.ALBERT HAHL: Governor in New Guinea. Edited and translated by Peter G. Sack and Dymphna Clark.Peter Biskup, 'Dr Albert Hahl–Sketch of a German Colonial Official', Australian Journal of Politics and History 14 (3), 1968, 343–57.Peter Sack, Land Between Two Laws: early European Land acquisitions in New Guinea (Canberra, 1973).Stewart Firth, 'Albert Hahl: Governor of German New Guinea', in James Griffin (ed.), Papua New Guinea Portraits: The Expatriate Experience (Canberra, 1978), 28–48.WOMEN, POLITICS AND CHANGE: The Kaum Ibu UMNO, Malaysia, 1945–1972. By Lenore Manderson.UNEQUAL TREATY 1898‐1997: China, Great Britain and Hong Kong's New Territories. By Peter Wesley‐Smith.THE LAST COLONY: But Whose? A study of the labour movement, labour market and labour relations in Hong Kong. By H.A. Turner et al.CHINA'S INTELLECTUAL DILEMMA: Politics and University Enrolment, 1949–1978. By Robert Taylor.ANATOMY OF THE RAJ: Russian Consular Reports. Edited by Suhash Chakravarty.CLASS AND ECONOMIC CHANGE IN KENYA: The Making of an African Petite Bourgeoisie 1905–1970. By Gavin Kitching.THE BRITISH SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT. Fourth Edition. By Anthony H. Birch.AMERICAN GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS. Third Edition. By Allen M. Potter, Peter Fotheringham and James G. Kellas.THE PROJECTION OF BRITAIN: British Overseas Publicity and Propaganda 1919–1939. By Philip M. Taylor.GREAT BRITAIN GREAT EMPIRE: An Evaluation of the British Imperial Experience. By W. Ross Johnston.THE BRITISH BUSINESS ELITE: Its attitudes to Class, Status and Power. By John Fidler.A CLASS AGAINST ITSELF: Power and the Nationalisation of the British Steel Industry. By Doug McEachern.A LIBERAL DESCENT: Victorian Historians and the English Past. By J. W. Burrow.THE GREAT POWERS OF THE EUROPEAN STATES SYSTEM 1815 1914. By F. R. Bridge and Roger Bullen.WHO WERE THE FASCISTS: Social Roots of European Fascism. Edited by Stein Ugelvik Larsen, Bern! Hagtvet and Jan Petter Myklebust.DECEPTION IN WORLD WAR II. By Charles Cruickshank.THE GERMAN SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC PARTY, 1875‐1935: From Ghetto to Government. By W. L. Guttsman.DIE DEUTSCHE INFLATION 1914–1923. Ursachen und Folgen in internationaler Perspektive. By Carl‐Ludwig Holtfrerich.INTERPRETING THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. By François Furet.TSAR ALEXIS: His Reign and His Russia. By Joseph T. Fuhrmann.DIARY OF VOLODYMYR VYNNYCHENKO, Vol. 1, 1911–1920. Edited by Hryhory Kostiuk.THE ETHNIC REVIVAL IN THE MODERN WORLD. By Anthony D. Smith.POLITICS IN ETHNICALLY BIPOLAR STATES: Guyana, Malaysia, Fiji. By R. S. Milne.ETHNIC SOLDIERS: State security in a divided society. By Cynthia H. Enloe.ELITES IN AMERICAN HISTORY: The Federalist Years to the Civil War. By Philip H. Burch.BRITISH REGULARS IN MONTREAL: An Imperial Garrison, 1832–1854. By Elinor Kyte Senior.THE POLITICS OF THE SECOND ELECTORATE: Women and Public Participation–Britain, USA, Canada, Australia, France, Spain, West Germany, Italy, Sweden, Finland, Eastern Europe, USSR, Japan. Edited by Joni Lovenduski and Jill Hills.WHAT IT MEANS TO BE HUMAN: Essays in Philosophical Anthropology, Political Philosophy and Social Psychology. Edited by Ross Fitzgerald.JEAN BODIN: Selected Writings on Philosophy, Religion and Politics. Edited by Paul Lawrence Rose.MACHIAVELLI. By Quentin Skinner.CONSTITUTIONAL THEORY. By Geoffrey Marshall.THE DESIGN AND UNDERSTANDING OF SURVEY QUESTIONS. By William A. Belson.

APPROVED ; This thesis, empirically analyses the role of cultural aspects in accounting and finance disciplines from diverse perspectives. It is made up of three distinct research papers. The first paper (chapter 4) primarily investigates the impact of sociocultural factors in underpinning early accounting thought in an ancient civilization (Ceylon-presently known as Sri Lanka). The next two papers maintain cultural aspects in the limelight but shift the focus to the modern corporate world. Precisely, the second paper (chapter 5) examines the role of Chief Executive Officer's (CEO) cultural values in the firm leverage decision. The third paper (chapter 6) extends the work of chapter 5 and proposes that a firm does not associate with only a single culture, which has been the conventional research focus, but that firms operate with a multiplicity of cultures. Therefore chapter 6 empirically analyses the impact of cultural differences among the CEO, board of directors and stakeholders in a firm, on determining its idiosyncratic risk. Therefore, this thesis emphasizes the impact of culture on various accounting and finance aspects from a context ranging from antiquity to modern times. Another notable feature is that chapters 5 and 6 of this thesis, transcend the previous common focus of firm nationality based on country of origin and study cultural influences on corporate decision-making at a granular level, i.e. by examining the cultural values of the key players in a firm (e.g. the CEO, board of directors, stakeholders). Overall, it contributes to the existing literature on the impact of culture in Accounting and Finance outcomes. Chapter 4 goes back in time to the 1st-2nd centuries A.D. in ancient Ceylon (presently Sri Lanka) and employs content analysis method to study the English translations of 122 lithic and other inscriptions during the period from 1st century A.D. to the 16th century A.D. The study refers to an array of accounting and non-accounting practices in the ancient days and finds the existence of well-articulated forms of 'kingship accounting' and 'Buddhist temple accounting' practices that were engraved in rock walls or formations in ancient Ceylon. Furthermore this paper sheds light on the existence of cultural, socio-economic, political and technological infrastructure that underpinned the early accounting system, with special reference to the sociocultural landscape in ancient Ceylon that was largely governed by Buddhist philosophies. The study reveals that sociocultural factors exerted a dual impact, i.e. direct and indirect, on early accounting thought. The sociocultural factors that compelled accounting practices to be undertaken in ancient Buddhist monasteries signifies the direct impact, whilst the indirect impact encompasses the role of Buddhist cultural values in shaping the ancient political, technological (literacy, numerical technology and coinage) and economic landscape, which in turn underpinned early accounting thought. This study is unique as it brings to the fore, the influence of socio-cultural factors that prevailed during the ancient era, in ensuring the continuation of early accounting practices. Following a thorough literature review in a Ceylonese context, the researcher believes that this is among the first attempts to do so. Chapter 5 (and subsequently chapter 6) focuses on cultural implications in a modern corporate setting. Chapter 5, in particular, focuses on the influence of CEO's cultural values on the firm leverage decision. It is well-known that debt can mitigate agency problems between managers and stockholders, by minimizing free cash-flows. However, the implicit factors that might motivate a manager to voluntarily choose debt discipline is barely researched. Chapter 5, therefore, focuses on managerial traits conditioned by national culture and their impact on firm leverage decision. This study is novel as it transcends the previous conventional emphasis on a firms' nationality on the leverage decision by focusing on the CEO's cultural origin and proposes that national cultural values of CEOs distort their perception of costs and benefits of debt. In addition to testing the association between CEO culture and firm leverage, the model is extended to closely examine the same, given three scenarios, i.e. when the existing firm leverage is low, moderate and high. By scrutinizing a sample of 594 CEOs, originating from 14 different nationalities, serving 317 Fortune 500 firms in the U.S., during 2000 to 2015 and by employing quantile panel regression with instrumental variables, the study reveals that high mastery CEOs, unknowingly, are in the pursuit of a target capital structure whilst highly embedded CEOs choose to borrow, irrespective of the current firm leverage. Apparently, high mastery CEOs make capital structure decisions that are more in the interest of shareholders, while the capital structure decisions of highly embedded CEOs might be detrimental to the firm. A direct link between cultural values and leverage, has been detected and confirmed via an analysis of a major exogenous intervention (global financial crisis 2007/08) to the system. By using a sample of non-US CEOs, the study reveals that cultural values are portable. Results remain robust to alternative specifications and procedures to mitigate endogeneity concerns. Academically the findings of this paper open up new paradigms that need to be considered in the area of agency conflicts and monitoring costs. Chapter 6 extends the previous work in Chapter 5 and proposes that a firm does not associate with just a single culture but operates with a multiplicity of cultures. Owing to the recent public pressure to increase diversity on boards, firms increasingly employ foreign nationals as board of directors and/or CEOs. As the employees, investors and other stakeholders are mostly local, how would they interact with a foreign CEO and/or board of directors? More importantly how would this interaction among a multiplicity of cultures affect the firm idiosyncratic risk? Whilst the cultural impact on firm outcomes has remained in the spotlight for the last decade or so, the interaction of a multiplicity of cultures within a firm and its impact on corporate outcomes is rarely studied. The study initially employs Feasible Generalized Least Squares Method (FGLS) and then the Dynamic Panel System Generalized Method of Momentum (DPS-GMM) to analyse a sample of 1,190 firms from 12 European countries, over 14 years from 2005 to 2018. The findings reveal that the cultural distance between the CEO and stakeholders, on firm risk, appear to remain positive and strongly significant, regardless of endogeneity correction and various other robustness tests, inferring that the greater cultural distances and the resulting disarray of preferences of CEOs and stakeholder groups may result with CEOs making unpredictable decisions, ultimately increasing performance volatility. CEO' board cultural distance evinces a negative association, which proves statistically significant in most of the endogeneity corrected regression models, implying that a greater distance between the CEO and the board of directors is beneficial to a company as the board will play a more independent and active role in preventing the management from participating in value destroying risky ventures and making strategic decisions single-handedly. Within-board cultural distances generate mixed results. Moreover, to allow for the asymmetries between cultural distances and firm risk, quantile panel regression is employed. Whilst the first two cultural spheres reinforce the previous findings, within-board cultural distances appear to reduce stock performance volatility, in firms with moderate idiosyncratic risks, where the same is amplified in least volatile and most volatile firms, implying that the extra social and human capital that would be brought in to the firm by culturally diverse directors, would help to position the firm better in terms of managing risks, only in moderately uncertain environments. The results of this study remain robust to alternative specifications and endogeneity concerns. To the best of my knowledge, this paper is among the first, to investigate the co-existence of a multiplicity of cultures within a firm and its impact on firm performance volatility. Overall, the objective of this doctoral thesis is to improve the existing knowledge on the subtle and understated influences of cultural differences and resulting human behaviour on business outcomes.

Most people spend much of their lives working. By working, I mean "wage labor": activity undertaken in exchange for money in a society where money is necessary for survival. This has not always been the case, and it is not the case universally, in all places, or for everyone. But it is now a fact of life so foundational in most parts of the world as to seem a feature of nature rather than history. I begin with truism because I think that the fact of work, in all its bluntness, has never been accorded proper importance in literary criticism or cultural criticism in general. There is, of course, a convenient explanation for the absence: historically, art has been either the province of the leisured classes or something made and experienced outside of the bounds of the workday. Art is, therefore, an exception to the rule of work. And even Marxist critics – those whom one would expect to believe, as Marx did, that production and labor were foundational in capitalism –tend to approach the painting or the poem from the side of the market, consumption, and everyday life, for the understandable reasons outlined above. If they tell a story about capitalism's determinative effect on art, it is usually a story about the penetration of market logics into the realm of art, a story about commodification. Few ask what the work of art might share with work in general or how the constant technological and social refashioning of the workplace might affect the horizon of possibility for artworks.My dissertation, "The Work of Art in the Age of Deindustrialization," attempts to provide one answer to these questions, a historical answer, by a reading of important literary and artistic works from the 1960s and 1970s. These are decades in which twin political and economic crises – the political militancy we associate with 1968, on the one hand, and the crisis of profitability and the dollar we associate with 1973 on the other – force a profound restructuring of capitalism and class relations. In particular, the multiple transformations of the labor process – deindustrialization, the rise of the service sector, the introduction of information technologies into the burgeoning managerial and white-collar sectors – provide a useful vantage from which to investigate the rapid changes in art and writing. Whereas the much-documented aesthetics of objects, things and facticity associated with modernism took its bearings from the factory-system (or, in a variant, anti-industrial form, from the artisanal and craft forms industrialization was in the process of destroying) such a cultural mode becomes increasingly anachronistic in the postwar era. As I argue, the productivist aesthetic of modernism gives way to an aesthetic of administration and distribution that takes signs and social relations rather than physical matter as its primary "material." Instead of the factory or workshop, such a mode draws from the routinized cognitions of office work and the forced conviviality of the service sector.The relationship between the economic and the cultural is not, as it might seem, a case of simple synchronicity or one-to-one correspondence. Experimental poetry, for example, is avant-garde in the sole sense that it is speculative, a laboratorial mode which runs ahead of the work-a-day world rather than simply reflecting it. Such experimental modes elaborated critical responses and forms of technical imagination which aimed to respond to the rigid hierarchies of 1960s society and yet, via a kind of "cunning of reason," laid some of the foundations for the new work relations which became dominant in the 1980s and 1990s. Indeed, part of my argument is that some of the most recognizable of avant-garde devices – erasing, replacing, counting, sorting, arranging by chance or rule – have been thoroughly integrated into the very office machinery (now generalized into the home) which writers use to produce their works.Such recuperation builds upon an uneasy affinity between left- and right-wing critiques of postwar capitalism. If leftists, countercultural figures and artists took aim at the rigid, bureaucratic and hierarchical nature of the corporate form and worklife in postwar society, targeting the managerial layer in particular, they found strange bedfellows in a class of business management theorists and economists who saw in that same layer a hindrance to profitability. In response to the artistic and countercultural critique, businesses concoct a new, flexible, "flattened" and adaptive corporate form that trims the middle-managerial layer by imposing upon workers a set of pseudo-democratic work relations under the sign of such corporate shibboleths as teamwork, flexibility, participation, creativity and self-management. Rather than the industrialization of culture that Adorno and Horkheimer famously bemoan, my dissertation describes the same operation in reverse – the "culturization" (or aestheticization) of industry, where the workday absorbs the resources, faculties and affects associated with the aesthetic. This operation is designed to produce more highly-productive, motivated workers but also to ward off and absorb the countercultural and artistic critiques that might lead to disaffection. The aesthetic, in this regard, becomes a mechanism for the establishment of a pseudo-democracy and a pseudo-autarky. If "self-management" – the ideal of labor militants, communists and anarchists since the 19th century – once meant freedom from the imperatives of the boss it now means, increasingly, in light of this reorganization, an internalization of such imperatives.My first chapter traces the thematics of "management" and "self-management" as they appear in the early poetry of John Ashbery, and in his controversial book The Tennis-Court Oath (1962) in particular. Numerous poems in this collection – developed from an earlier poem, "The Instructional Manual" – take up the position of the midlevel employee, who is both the object of commands and the producer of commands. The contradictions in this standpoint – examined in C. Wright Mills' White Collar and many subsequent studies of "the new middle class"provide insight into this transitional moment in capitalism, in which the extensive growth of deskilled white-collar work created, for large firms and the post-war bureaucracy, a crisis of management. One of the ways in which this appears in Ashbery's poetry is through a subtle and inventive play with free indirect discourse and point of view, in which individual moments and voices manifest as antagonistic fragments in an intersubjective field, requiring the "managerial" intervention of the arranging, organizing poetic voice or mind, a mind that is itself fragmented by its multiple allegiances and responsibilities. The experimental collages of The Tennis Court Oath illuminate the curious ambiguity of that special commodity, labor-power, which is at once object and subject: a thinking object, a commodity that speaks.As I discuss in my second chapter, one site where all of these meanings are contested – a site that again attracts the interest of both artists and business management theorists – is the emergent discourse of cybernetics, Through the central notion of "feedback," cybernetics presents an image of social self-regulation based upon reciprocal, horizontal relations rather than explicit hierarchies. Writers and conceptual artists borrow from this discourse to model utopian social forms, ones where form is embedded less in explicit command than in something like a changeable grammar or syntax – cybernetics calls this "information" – which can be revealed and manipulated by art. To give just two examples, both Hannah Weiner in her Code Poems and Dan Graham in his Works for Magazine Pages follow the founder of cybernetics, Norbert Wiener, by treating information – and by extension, the formative powers of cultural labor – as a kind of anti-entropic, organizing force. Following Benjamin Buchloh, I describe this development as an "administrative aesthetic," since the cultural artifact comes to see its vocation as one of regulating social relations. Though I treat only a handful of figures in this chapter, the list of writers and artists influenced by this conception of information (and its close cousin, entropy) provides a remarkable cross-section of the period. A partial list of figures who help forge these new aesthetic values would include, in fiction, William Burroughs, William Gass, Kurt Vonnegut, Philip K. Dick and Thomas Pynchon; in poetry, Charles Olson, John Ashbery, A.R. Ammons, Hannah Weiner and Bernadette Mayer; and in art, Hans Haacke, Robert Smithson, Dan Graham and Martha Rosler.One of the reasons why it has been difficult to approach the cultural transformations of the 1960s and 1970s from the side of labor rather than, say, consumption– from the side of the workday rather than leisure time – is that increasingly these two spheres commingle, and the values associated with leisure time are invoked to make the workday more tolerable, at the same time as the protocols and routines associated with work colonize the space of leisure time. This crossing of spheres bears in particular upon the relations between unpaid "reproductive" or domestic labor (the housework associated with women) and waged labor. The subject of my third chapter, Bernadette Mayer's project Memory (1972) – performance, installation and epic poem – investigates the crossing and blurring of these spheres, as everyday life is increasingly subsumed by the protocols of office work, and as office work is increasingly colored in the shades and hues of the street or the home. Memory models this process of merger and blurring through its incorporation of multiple media (type, photography, audio recording), artistic genres and techniques. In this sense, Mayer's elaboration of a "total" artwork which merges different technologies into one single apparatus prefigures the coming reorganization of office work around the personal computer.