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Throughout 2023,I kept being sarcastic about being post-pandemic, knowing that COVID was still a major problem, even as we stopped acting as if it was.  And then, of course, I got it the last week of the year.  The year started with COVID--my wife and her family got it when she went down to help her mother when she was hospitalized--as well, so it was a strange year of acting like it was not a thing while it was very much a thing.  Since I am not going to be productive today due to my current bout, I thought I would post about the year so that I could remember now and down the road the non-covid-y parts to the year. I can't help but start with the longest stretch of single-dom since college.  Mrs. Spew first went to help her hospitalized mother, but that became a three month or so effort to get my MIL moved out of a four floor townhouse and into a senior apartments facility.  What did I do as a single dude for three months?  Mostly plot and scheme about the kitchen renovation.  While Mrs. Spew was back for the demolition and renovation, all of the decisions were made while she was away.  I did consult via texted pics of counter tops and the like, but as she put it, since I do most of the cooking, it was up to me for most of it.  And it worked out great.  I had two great ski trips to Banff, one with a friend's family and an anniversary trip sans my wife.  Instead, my sister and my daughter joined me.  The most notable part of the first trip was that I did a face plant on a relatively flat part of Lake Louise, proving that my new goggles are tough and leading to my first visit to the Ski Patrol hut for a bandaid. It was the first time I skied with my daughter in quite some time.  I had skied with my sister the previous year as she was re-learning the sport.  In 2023, she was much improved and kept up with me nicely.  The Minister of National Defence, Anita Anand, once again visited my Civ-Mil class by zoom.  This was the second, and, alas, last time, she did that as she got shuffled to a different ministry over the summer.  Last year, it was a last minute thing. This year, I had the chance to prompt the students to ask civ-mil questions as opposed to just big IR questions, and it went really well.     A highlight of the year was going to Florida for my cousin's daughter's Bar Mitzvah.  One of the patterns of the year was bad chair dancing--the guys holding up the various victims here and at other events tended to tilt the chairs forward.  They did better with Samantha than with her sister.  We got to spend the next day at my cousin's house, including their gator-proximate pool.  I hadn't had a chance to play with all four of my cousins' kids at the same time in quite a while, and it was my first time using my old kid-pool skills in sometime.  It was probably appropriate that it was in Florida since 2023 was the 40th anniversary of my family living in Miami--just for one year, but I spent a lot of that year in the pool we had.Speaking of blasts from the past, I went to my first rock concert in ... decades?  Journey came to Ottawa, and since their music was a big part of my teen soundtrack, I got a ticket and went.  No Steve Perry although his replacement sounded good and had lots of energy.  But still a good show. It reminded me why I don't go to concerts--I just don't find watching people make music all that interesting.  I have always enjoyed going to conferences, and this year's ISA was far more normal than last year's.  The previous year was underattended and held in a strange resort in Nashville. 2023's was held in Montreal, a very familiar locale, and most of the folks I like to see at these things were there.  Two highlights were the Presidential speech and an award panel.  I always blow off the Presidential speech except when the President is a friend.  Debbi Avant, who started at UCSD a few years before me, has always impressed me with her sharp insights about international relations, and her speech was Debbi at her finest. The other highlight, also UCSD related, was the lifetime achievement panel for Miles Kahler, my supervisor way back when.  He bristled at the attention a bit about all of this fuss, but it was great to see so much appreciation for his work and for his Miles-ness.  He is retiring... for the second time and I think this one will stick.  So, it was great to see him get all of the love and appreciation.  As I get closer to retirement myself, with two of my friends retiring this year (mine is still about eight years away), I am more committed to telling people how much they have meant to me.  Losing a few friends during the pandemic also is compelling me to make clear to folks how much I appreciate them.  There are few people in this business who supported me and shaped my views than these two, so it was great to see them both celebrated.I joke often about the military-industrial-academic complex, and this year, I got to experience it pretty directly.  Well, the first two parts--there were not many academics nor anything academic going on at CANSEC--the annual show for defence contractors.  The big surprise was not so much how much room the biggest contractors took up but the range of stuff being presented there--from artillery and ammo to drones to uniforms to cables to medical stuff and on and on.  Note in this pic that the firm was promoting gear for pregnant soldiers. I have rarely gone to the graduation ceremonies, but with one of my PhDs graduating and having finally purchased a spiffy cap and gown, it was time to go.  Marshall finished his dissertation in record time, and he didn't cut any corners along the way--it was an award-winning project.  Of all the students I supervised, his work required the fewest comments, so much so that I felt guilty.  I am just glad I don't have the action shot of me messing up his hooding since he is so very tall.    June was also a month of much travel.  First, a DND-organized trip to Riga to chat with NATO folks, Canada's contingent, the Latvian defence folks, and the Strategic Communications conference.  I learned a lot, had a fair amount of excellent beer, and even hung out with the kids from the NATO Field School--an effort run by CDSN Co-Director Alex Moens to teach undergrads and newly graduated folks about NATO.  It was my second time to Riga and my second time to the base where the Canadians are operating.  Going with this group meant more high level briefings, more sharp questions asked by my colleagues that I would not have thought to ask, and, yeah, more beer.The highlight of the year was the delayed anniversary trip with my wife to Spain.  I had a conference in Barcelona, so we flew into Madrid and then drove throughout hot southern Spain: Toledo, Cordoba, Seville, Granada, and Ronda.  My fave was Toledo despite the scariest extended driving experience of my life--the old city streets were so very narrow the proximity alarms in my rental car were going off--all of them.  Along the way, we learned a lot of history, saw some amazing art and architecture, ate really well, and had a lot of sangria.Did I mention it was hot?  Cordoba was probably our second favorite place although Granada was also pretty amazing.  And Ronda had the best tapas in a random bar.  Oh, and Barcelona is just terrific.Great view of Alhambra in Granada with excellent food. Ronda has a bridge over a beautiful gorge.  It also has an historic bullring. Seville was also pretty terrific.  Just an amazing trip.The summer family vacation was once again in Philly since my mother can't travel much.  We found new and old things to do.  I had not realized my older sister is so sharp at scrabble--a shark!  I dominated the axe throwing until the final throws, where Mrs. Spew took the crown!         My sabbatical started in July, and Dave and Phil and I managed to finish our book and submit it in the fall.  Glossy picture of book cover?  Not yet.  Still need to get the reviews and past the editorial board.  As Tom Petty said, the waiting is the hardest part.  Actually, in this case, the writing was the hardest part.The fall was also marked by something I had never experienced before: being the subject of an op-ed. I had written more than a few, but to have someone else dedicate an entire piece to moi?  Oh my.  The background is: in the fall of 2022, a retired general, Michel Maisonneuve was given an award by a veteran's association and used that speech to blast pretty much everyone.  I blogged about it since I found it to be very problematic.  When I heard that he was going to appear at the Conservative Party convention, I wrote an op-ed arguing that this was a dangerous politicization of the Canadian military.  Maisonneuve responded by targeting me, a dual citizen, gasp, in his op-ed.  It was all very strange to be on the other side of an op-ed, especially one filled with ad hominens and straw men.  But I guess this means I am an influencer?The APSA was strange due to a hotel strike, but I had to go as LA is where my daughter lives.  So, I had a good time conferencing and a better time hanging out with her.  The poker game was a bit different as we used a big table in the lobby (my room was way too small).  We were not as rowdy as the table nearby, so it was all good.  I also drove with Mrs. Spew on Mulholland Drive for as far as we could--got lots of great looks at LA and the valley. Jon cleaned up better than I did.Yet more travel as I went to DC with Mrs. Spew for a civ-mil conference and ... the 100th anniversary of the summer camp that was so important to me growing up.  The conference was terrific--I hadn't been to this specific one before--the Inter-university Seminar on Armed Forces and Society.   Definitely going back since it is chock full of smart, sweet folks working on fascinating stuff.  The anniversary gala happened to be the same weekend so I drove up to Baltimore and had a blast seeing old friends and meeting other folks who had similar experiences out in the hinterlands of Maryland.I should note that we had a great CDSN year--each of our events went really well, and we feel we are making a difference. I am so grateful for the team that does all of the heavy lifting.  And at one event, they let us use the patio!  The people, the location, the season all make this one quite special.  The Meeting of the MINDS event, where we brought together the nine networks funded by DND plus DND's Policy group, was a terrific opportunity to learn what the other networks are doing, what has been working for them, and also what DND wants from us. Our Year Ahead event addressed timely issues: how to respond to China's aggression, what the 2024 US election campaign will do to incite extremism, evacuations from conflict zones, and taking a look at the Balkans.  And it was in a funky new location for us.  It even had a slide!The aforementioned conference in DC kicked off a series of trips that is not going to stop until May of 2024.  I went to Seoul to research their civ-mil for the next book--what role do defence agencies think they have?  I learned a lot in those two weeks--still trying to figure that case out--and had a good time seeing more of Korea, including Busan.  Busan had the most beautifully located temple as well as the memorial for UN troops who died in the Korean war.I went directly from Seoul to Copenhagen for a different civ-mil conference.  I had been there a couple of times before, but hadn't seen their war museum, their art museum or their Christmas markets.  The latter showed me that Zurich's smelly gluhwein is not representative of mulled wine, so I had some of that and then made some over winterfest.   Those trips then lead to a quick trip to Toronto for a workshop and then Thanskgiving with the Saideman folks.  Much food was made and consumed.  The highlight of this week was Milo, my niece's dog.  Super sweet.  Oh and seeing my daughter.Since my sister had crashed my anniversary ski trip, I felt it was only fair to crash her ski clinic at Alta.  I had been there about 22 years ago on a Saideman family vacation (my segment, from Lubbock, arrived a day or two late thanks to snow removal challenges in Texas).  I am a much better skier now thanks to all the skiing near Montreal and now my habit of hitting the Canadian rockies on a regular basis.  So, it was fun to see how much more of the place I could do with confidence. The skies each day were so clear and blue.  Just amazing views at all times.  I came home from Alta to deliver cookies near and far.  Each year, I make more (the new kitchen definitely helped), and each year, more people join my nice list.  So, I spent two days driving around Ottawa seeing folks and giving bits of sweet joy.  This started in the first winter of the pandemic when this was the first chance to interact with people in person since the start of the quarantine.  It is a great way to end the year--eating sweets and sharing them.  And meeting a few dogs along the way.We ended the year as usual--in the greater DC area--to celebrate winterfest with my wife's family.  Since my mother-in-law no longer has a townhouse, we had to rent an airbnb near her retirement facility. Which meant we hosted the festivities--first time our family had anything to do with a tree in a couple of decades.  I have been making the big dinner for the past few years, so that was not so different.  It was great to see these folks--twice this year for me as I saw most of them in October when I was in the area for the IUS conference.  A drink mydaughter gotmy spectacular sister-in-law LizI hope you had a great 2023, and you have a happy new year.  I will be on the road for most of the first half of the year, so many more pics of fun places and good food.  Oh, and some research.

Falta palabras claves ; Introduction Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic inflammatory disease characterized by inflammation of the synovial membrane and progressive destruction of the articular cartilage and bone. (Salgado and Maneiro 2014). RA patients exhibit an inflammatory chronic condition, which usually affects symmetrically arthrodial and small joints of hands and feet Global prevalence of RA has been estimated to be around 0.5-1.0% of adults in developed countries with a large variation across regions and approximately three-times more common in the female gender. The disease may begin at any age, but around 80% of all patients initiate the disease between the ages of 35 and 50 years (Rudan et al. 2015). Although the specific triggers and exact mechanisms of tissue damage in RA is still unknown, an increase in inflammatory mediators as well as a dysregulation of the immune system with uncontrolled T cell activity, play a remarkable role in its pathogenesis. Pharmacological treatment in AR including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), glucocorticoids, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and biological agents have improved the signs and symptoms of RA, but these drugs are only effective in a fraction of patients and have other limitations including a high cost, the requirement for parenteral administration and important side effects. Therefore, new therapeutic strategies are under investigation including nutritional therapy. The beneficial effects of the Mediterranean diet have been proven not only in cardiovascular diseases but also in diabetes, obesity, arthritis and cancer (Cardeno, Sanchez-Hidalgo, and Alarcon-de-la-Lastra 2013). Evidence points out that Mediterranean diet decreases both pain and disease activity leading to better outcomes, and decreasing the doses of anti-inflammatory drugs, which exhibit important secondary effects (Smedslund et al. 2010). Olive Oil is the characteristic culinary fat of the Mediterranean area being described as a key bio-active food (Puertollano et al. 2010). Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is obtained from the fruit of the olive tree (Olea europea L.) solely by mechanical or other physical means under conditions that do not alter its natural composition. Traditionally the beneficial effects of EVOO have been ascribed to its monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) (Bermudez et al. 2011). However, a wide range of evidence indicates that many of the beneficial effects of EVOO intake are due to its minor highly bioactive components (about 1–2 % of oil weight) (Alarcon de la Lastra et al. 2001) Among them, phenolic compounds such as hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol and oleuropein have shown anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects (Omar et al. 2010). Current experimental studies support a beneficial role of polyphenols from EVOO in several inflammatory diseases, including RA (Martinez-Dominguez, de la Puerta, and Ruiz-Gutierrez 2001; Impellizzeri et al. 2011; Gong et al. 2009). Although EVOO has demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects, it has not reported so much evidence of its possible immunomodulatory effects. Therefore, the objectives of this thesis were: 1. To determinate the possible protective effect of dietary extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in DBA 1/J mice, an experimental model of RA and explore the biochemical routes and possibly intracellular signalling pathways. 2. To evaluate the oral polyphenolic extract from EVOO treatment in murine collageninduced arthritis and study the biochemical routes and signalling pathway involved. 3. To investigate the effects of hydroxytyrosol (HTy) or hydroxytyrosol acetate (HTy- Ac), polyphenolics compounds from EVOO enriched-diets in experimental arthritis model in mice and elucidate the molecular mechanisms and signalling pathways involved. Results and Discussion 1. Dietary extra-virgin olive oil prevents inflammatory response and cartilage matrix degradation in murine collagen‑induced arthritis. (Rosillo et al. Eur J Nutr. 2015 In press) Three-week-old male DBA-1/J mice were randomized into four experimental groups: (1) Sham sunflower diet (SO-Sham) group received a diet elaborated with a marketable sunflower oil; (2) CIA sunflower diet (SO-CIA) group received a diet elaborated with a marketable sunflower oil; (3) Sham EVOO diet (EVOO-Sham) group were fed with a diet made with a marketable EVOO picual variety and (4) CIA EVOO diet (EVOO-CIA) group were fed with a diet made with a marketable EVOO picual variety. After 6 weeks, arthritis was induced by type II collagen. Experiments followed a protocol approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the University of Seville, and all experiments were in accordance with the recommendations of the European Union regarding animal experimentation (Directive of the European Counsel 2010/630/EU) Our results revealed, that EVOO, as the lipid component of the diet, effectively exhibited preventive and therapeutic effects in the development of inflammatory arthritis and joint damage in CIA arthritic mice in comparison with those CIA mice fed with SO. This effect was correlated to an improved arthritis score, a minor inflammatory cells infiltration into articular tissues, reduced exudation into the synovial space, synovial hyperplasia and cartilage erosion. Overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-17 may activate osteoclasts and macrophages and recruit leukocytes in inflamed joints. Besides, it is well-known that IL-17 is able to induce the release of IL-8 and IL-6, and plays a remarkable role in the additive/synergistic effects induced by TNF-α and IL-1β (Jeong et al. 2004). Our results indicate that animals fed with EVOO diet showed a significant reduction in IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-17 proinflammatory cytokines levels in paw homogenates. Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) is a matrix protein with a great potential as a biological marker of cartilage metabolism in arthritis (Saxne and Heinegard 1992). In addition, COMP is a putative substrate for metalloproteinases (MMPs). Particularly, MMP-3 is a proteinase secreted by synovial fibroblasts and chondrocytes and its activity results in degradation of aggrecan core protein, cartilage link protein, fibronectin and collagen. Our data showed that the production of both cartilage (COMP) and synovial (MMP-3) biomarkers was significantly inhibited by dietary EVOO treatment in CIA mice. Abnormal signalling pathways play an important role in the inflammatory process and can lead to a dysregulation of the inflammatory response being crucial in RA pathogenesis. Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) is a crucial transcriptional activator for the expression of multiple proinflammatory genes involved in the microenvironment of the arthritic joints, playing an important role in the development of RA. (Morel and Berenbaum 2004; Okamoto et al. 2010). Our results suggested that dietary EVOO treatment suppressed NF-κB activation in CIA-induced arthritic mice. Similarly, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family also plays critical roles in RA pathogenesis (Han et al. 2001; Suzuki et al. 2000) regulating cytokine production, and activating the janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) signalling pathway through STAT-3 phosphorylation (Aaronson and Horvath 2002). Our results demonstrated that EVOO diet intake reduced significantly both MAPKs and STAT-3 activation. On the other hand, nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) plays a central role for expression of heme oxigenase 1 (HO-1), antioxidant enzyme. Our data showed that HO-1 could represent a potential molecular target susceptible to EVOO modulation, since dietary EVOO treatment strongly augmented Nrf2 and HO-1 protein expression conferring a role of HO-1 in the beneficial effects of EVOO in this murine model of chronic inflammation. Altogether, our results confirm, for the first time, that EVOO intake dramatically attenuated the progression and severity of arthritis in CIA DBA/1 J mice through Nrf2/HO-1 upregulation and NF-κB, MAPKs and JAK-STAT signalling pathway inhibition, decreasing the inflammatory cascade induced by CIA. ; Premio Extraordinario de Doctorado US

This study discusses the construction of a national identity and trans-national imaginary in post-imperial Spain after 1898, which perpetuated in a sublimated manner the country's historical ties with Hispanic America. Based on the development of the Spanish-Americanist movement throughout the Spanish territory and within multiple socio-economic sectors, the study focuses on the evolution and differing uses of the concept of "Raza". This myth was adopted at the time to refer to peoples and civilizations of Hispanic origin, particularly in response to the growing regional influence of Anglo-Saxon countries. As both a historical memory and active identity construction, the projection on to Latin America represented, beyond the dissolution of the Hispanic Empire, a key component of Spanish collective identity. Serving as a structuring element of state ideology domestically, it also supported the diplomatic goals of Spain within Latin America. A central example of the increasing importance of the politics of memory at the turn of the 20th century, the 12 October anniversary was established in 1918 as a Spanish national holiday and officially adopted in the Latin-American republics. One of the main goals of this essay is to analyze the foundation and implementation of this celebration, then known as the Fiesta de la Raza, during the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy and the dictatorship of General Primo de Rivera. This commemoration quickly became the banner of the Spanish-Americanism movement and catalyzed multiple issues for Spanish identity and for Hispanic world unity. The study emphasizes this celebration as well as other commemorations of the colonial past, as pivotal components of Spanish nationalism and as central features of the symbolic politics of Spain towards Latin America from the 1892 quadricentennial and 1898, the precise moment of the collapse of its overseas empire, to 1929 and the celebration of the Iberian-American Exhibition of Seville. ; A l'occasion des festivités du IVe Centenaire de la Découverte de l'Amérique (1892), surgit un courant de pensée visant à reconsidérer les liens qui unissaient l'Espagne et l'Amérique latine et à promouvoir un rapprochement entre la métropole et ses ex-colonies. C'est en effet à partir de la fin de l'Empire colonial d'outre-mer, en 1898, et de la crise morale qui caractérisa cette période que l'hispano-américanisme devint un mouvement d'opinion de large diffusion, dans la droite ligne du "régénérationnisme". Dans ce contexte, il constitua une réponse à la crise identitaire espagnole post-coloniale. Libéral au départ, ce mouvement qui s'affirma sur la scène politique espagnole de 1910 à 1930 fut progressivement récupéré par la droite nationale et instrumentalisé par le Pouvoir sous la dictature de Miguel Primo de Rivera. Il prit à partir des années 1910 la forme d'un véritable idéal national, voire pour certains d'une nouvelle croisade, avec ses mythes, ses légendes et ses symboles, parmi lesquels ceux de la "Raza hispana" et, plus tard, de l'Hispanité. La période de la dictature marqua l'avènement de l'hispano-américanisme à la fois comme un courant majeur d'une idéologie d'Etat à usage interne et comme une nouvelle orientation diplomatique vis-à-vis de l'Amérique dans laquelle on trouve les fondements de la politique ibéro-américaine de l'Espagne qui va jusqu'à nos jours. Dans le même temps et parce qu'il visait aussi à promouvoir sur la scène internationale une sorte de « communauté hispanique » susceptible de contrer le panaméricanisme nord-américain et les appétits des concurrents européens de l'Espagne en Amérique, ce courant entra en résonance avec la quête identitaire de nouvelles élites latino-américaines revendiquant leurs racines hispaniques : cherchant eux-mêmes à ressouder leur nation autour d'un référentiel culturel fondateur, de nombreux intellectuels et dirigeants d'Amérique latine accueillirent avec une certaine bienveillance le mouvement de rapprochement symbolique promu par la Mère Patrie. Dans cette perspective, nous nous sommes intéressé aux problématiques et aux débats qui traversèrent tout le continent ainsi qu'aux enjeux propres aux différentes républiques latino-américaines. La compréhension de ces divers contextes et de l'évolution particulière des principaux pays explique en grande partie l'accueil ambivalent qui fut réservé aux sollicitations venues de l'ancienne métropole.Notre recherche traite d'abord des représentations de l'Amérique hispanique dans la construction d'un imaginaire national espagnol, avec pour corollaire la restauration d'un empire spirituel à prétention panhispanique. Il s'est agi de mettre en valeur la récupération d'un passé national – celui de la colonisation américaine et de la constitution d'un empire hispanique, mais aussi celui de l'époque postérieure aux indépendances américaines – comme élément central d'une politique de renouveau affichant une double ambition : redéfinir un idéal autour d'une épopée susceptible de rassembler la nation et redonner une légitimité à l'Espagne, tant sur un plan intérieur qu'aux yeux du monde. Nous appréhendons ensuite la question des identités en gestation dans le monde hispanique en termes d'altérité : le regard porté sur l'Amérique depuis la Péninsule et, inversement, l'image de l'Espagne produite dans les différentes républiques reposaient sur la fabrication de stéréotypes qui s'exprimèrent dans la mise en place de dispositifs symboliques des deux côtés de l'océan. La double perspective adoptée se situe dans le cadre chronologique des années 1910 à 1930, significativement délimité par la commémoration du Premier Centenaire des Indépendances américaines (célébré de part et d'autre de l'Atlantique à partir de 1910) et par l'organisation de l'Exposition Ibéro-Américaine de Séville (1929-1930). L'objet de l'étude et la méthodologie retenue situent résolument ces recherches dans le cadre des travaux d'histoire culturelle. Notre réflexion autour des fêtes nationales et commémorations liées à l'Amérique latine et au passé colonial s'est appuyée sur des sources variées, issues d'archives nationales et régionales, de la presse et de multiples publications. Les processus de (re)construction identitaire et mémorielle mis en œuvre s'accompagnèrent de la création de toute une série de référents emblématiques. Considérés en eux-mêmes et dans leur interaction avec le corps social ou comme des lieux de production d'un discours, ces rituels font l'objet d'une analyse qui constitue la trame des différents chapitres : le 12 octobre, anniversaire de la Découverte érigé en "Fiesta de la Raza", à la fois fête nationale espagnole et commémoration rassemblant tous les peuples hispaniques ; la célébration de centenaires en souvenir des riches heures de l'aventure impériale ; la reconnaissance officielle de "grands hommes" au destin universel et l'érection de monuments commémoratifs autour de la geste de la Découverte, de la Conquête et de la Colonisation américaines ; les hommages aux morts des guerres d'émancipation coloniale et la participation espagnole aux premiers centenaires de l'indépendance des colonies américaines… Encadrant l'analyse de ces pratiques culturelles et de ces rituels, deux parties plus conceptuelles envisagent la création du mythe de la Raza, vu d'Espagne et depuis plusieurs républiques (Cuba, Mexique, Pérou, Argentine), et le processus de reconstruction théorique de l'histoire commune, depuis la Découverte jusqu'aux mouvements d'émancipation.Souvent éloignées de leur objet initial – l'Amérique –, les politiques de mémoire mises en œuvre depuis la Péninsule (la fête nationale du 12 octobre, la révision historiographique de la "Légende Noire" coloniale ou l'invocation des grands hommes) amènent à s'interroger sur la portée de ce phénomène : derrière la « reconquête spirituelle » qui anima les élites espagnoles dans leur élan vers l'Amérique, s'exprimait une quête identitaire autour des traits de l'"hispanité". Mais cet enjeu n'était-il pas purement espagnoliste ? Dans ce cas, il semble difficile de parler encore d'américanisme : comme en témoignent les nombreux débats et polémiques qui agitèrent les milieux latino-américains sur la question, le mouvement hispano-américaniste fut souvent perçu, outre-Atlantique, au mieux comme un "américanisme" sans continent, voire, pour certains, comme un véritable néocolonialisme avant la lettre.

El corto segundo periodo republicano de la historia de España (14.04.1931, proclamación de la República, a 01.04.1939, parte de Franco dando por terminada la guerra: 7 a., 11 m., 17 d.) está lleno de reseñables y significativos hechos para la sociedad española respecto del pasado del que venía –algunos no querían salir de él– y el futuro distinto –que algunos querían como posible–. Los meses de enero a septiembre de 1936 son el cénit de los deseos republicanos e inicio del ocaso de aquellos sueños. El fracaso de los gobiernos de centro-derecha (1934-35) obliga a la convocatoria de elecciones generales a Cortes (enero). El triunfo electoral de los partidos políticos del Frente Popular trae consigo un gobierno provisional (febrero). Su consolidación y los enfrentamientos entre derechistas y frentepopulistas en las calles (marzo). La destitución del Presidente de la República y elección de uno nuevo (abril-mayo). Se aceleran los preparativos del golpe militar por una parte del ejército (mayo). Actuaciones sociales y económicas frentepopulistas: reforma agraria; huelgas y lock-outs en ciudades por aplicación de medidas laborales (mayo-junio). Golpe militar (julio); éxito parcial del golpismo (julio-agosto); resistencia republicana (julio-septiembre). Coexistencia de 2 poderes: golpista y republicano (septiembre.). Este abanico de acontecimientos es la materia de investigación de la Tesis en el marco concreto de Andalucía, con específicas referencias al espacio nacional y, en algún caso, también internacional, dado que la región no era una isla a la que no llegue y afecte lo que pase fuera de ella. La Tesis se estructura en 3 Partes y un Epílogo. Primera parte: Febrero 1936. Las terceras, y últimas, elecciones a Cortes de la Segunda República Española. 4 capítulos. Segunda parte: Cinco meses de Frente Popular. 4 capítulos. Tercera parte: Andalucía en tiempo de Frente Popular. 4 capítulos. Epílogo: Del golpe militar y la represión. Las fuentes de investigación utilizadas son: • la doctrina historiográfica en sus 2 vertientes: anti y pro republicana. • Archivos. Andalucía: locales, provinciales y General, públicos y privados. Nacionales: públicos y privados, civiles y militares. • Prensa: periódicos y revistas de 1936 y fechas anteriores y posteriores. • Entrevistas personales con especialistas de los temas objeto del estudio: profesores, historiadores, periodistas, miembros de distintas confesiones religiosas. A lo largo de las páginas se desgranan los acontecimientos investigados y las consecuencias sociales, políticas y económicas para la región: El triunfo del Frente Popular en febrero; la crisis granadina por la anulación de las actas electorales. La posición de los poderes económicos y sociales –terratenientes, grandes empresarios, capitalistas, iglesia católica– en las explosiones de crisis y violencia que se dieron en la región. El enfrentamiento de los propietarios a los expedientes de expropiaciones de fincas. La activa presencia de CGT y UGT. La dubitativa actuación, con excepciones, de la Guardia civil en el control del incumplimiento de las órdenes de reparto de jornaleros en el campo, reclamaciones por invasiones de tierras, manifestaciones sociales (ejemplo: los incidentes del carnaval de Pechina y la ocupación de fincas en Lebrija). La escasa presencia de una fuerza de seguridad republicana en la región. Los documentos oficiales conservados, aun recogiendo situaciones de violencia importante, contradicen el "caos" y "estado de pre revolución socialcomunista" voceado por las fuerzas conservadoras. El enfrentamiento más duro del periodo se da en Málaga entre los sindicatos de UGT y CNT. En estos meses sí se quemaron iglesias y otros edificios religiosos, sin ninguna víctima entre los religiosos católicos, terratenientes, grandes empresarios, capitalistas. Y sí un total de 28 víctimas mortales de civiles. Encontramos una sociedad viva, con graves problemas económicos, de paro y sociales; falta de colegios públicos, de vivienda para las clases populares. La catastrófica riada de febrero-abril. Deseosa de días de paz y regocijo en sus fiestas: Carnaval chirigotero gaditano; Semana Santa sevillana; Corpus laico y popular granadino. Sus festejos populares, cines, partidos de fútbol, corridas de toros, bailes, verbenas, misses. Era aquella una sociedad que buscaba una vida mejor en el marco de una República imperfecta, arrasada por una dictadura cruel y perfecta. ; he Spanish Second Republic encompassed only almost 8 years that started with its proclamation on April 14th 1931 and finished when Franco announced the end of the war on April 1st 1939. This period included remarkable facts for the Spanish society linked, on one hand, to past times, in which some people wished to remain, and, on the other hand, to a different future which others envisioned as a feasible one. The months from January to September 1936 were the zenith of republican desires and the beginning of the decline of those dreams. The failure of the center-right governments (1934-35) lead to the general elections in January 1936 followed by a provisional government in February upon the electoral triumph of the Popular Front political parties. Soon, in March, the government consolidation evolved in parallel to confrontations between rightists and front-popularists in the streets and, just a couple of months later, the President of the Republic dismissed and a new one was elected. Between May and June, social and economic front-popular actions, such as the agrarian reform, took place accompanied by strikes and lock-outs while the army accelerated the preparations for the military coup that finally bursted in July. The coup partially succeded until August and encountered the Republican resistence from September on when the two powers, coup and republican, co-existed. The research of these events in the specific framework of Andalusia is the main focus of this thesis. It includes specific references to the national and, in some cases, to the international context. The thesis contains three parts and an epilogue. First part. February 1936: The third, and last, elections to Courts of the Second Spanish Republic. 4 chapters. Second part: Five months of Popular Front. 4 chapters. Third part: Andalusia in the times of the Popular Front. 4 chapters. Epilogue: The military coup and the repression. The research sources used have been: (1) The historiographical doctrine in its two aspects: anti- and pro-republican. (2) Andalusian and national files: Local, provincial, general, public and private files in Andalusia and public, private, civil and military at the national level. (3) Press: newspapers and magazines from 1936 and earlier and later dates. (4) Personal interviews with specialists of the subjects under study: professors, historians, journalists, members of different religions. The thesis analyzes the social, political and economic consequences in Andalusia of the following events: The triumph of the Popular Front in February. The Granada crisis over the annulment of the electoral records. The position of the economic and social powers such as landowners, big businessmen, capitalists and the catholic church in the explosions of crisis and violence. The confrontation of the owners to farm nationalization. The active presence of CGT and UGT. The actions of the "Guardia Civil" to control the breach of the orders of distribution of workers in the farmfields, claims for invasions of lands, social demonstrations (such as the incidents of the carnival of Pechina and the occupation of farms in Lebrija). The poor presence of a republican security force in the region. Other remarkable issues analyzed in the thesis include: (1) Although the available official documents reflect events of significant violence they, however, contradict the "chaos" and "state of pre-communist social revolution" claimed to exist by the conservative forces. (2) The toughest confrontation of the period that occured in Malaga between the UGT and CNT unions. (3) The fact that churches and other religious buildings were burned with a total of 28 civilian fatalities that did not include religious catholic , landowners, big businessmen or capitalists. In general the events described in this thesis occur within a society that was alive, but suffering from unemployment and serious economic and social problems such as the lack of public schools and housing for the popular classes. Special attention is paid to the impact of the catastrophic flood from February to April. This society was certainly eager for peace and joy as reflected by their popular festivities: The Carnaval in Cadiz, the Holy Week in Seville, the laic Corpus in Granada and other popular activities including movies, football matches, bullfights, dances and beauty contests. In summary, it was a society yearning for a better life in the framework of an imperfect Republic, devastated by a cruel and perfect dictatorship.

El trabajo, de acuerdo con su propio título, está estructurado en dos partes diferenciadas, que se presentan en dos volúmenes. El primero de ellos está dedicado a la HISTORIA del Hospital, en nueve capítulos, y el segundo, con otros tres capítulos adicionales, se refiere a los DOCUMENTOS que reunió la institución a lo largo de sus casi cinco siglos de vida prestando servicios de atención a los enfermos y a los más necesitados de la sociedad. Dentro de la primera parte histórica, presentamos en el primer capítulo la etapa fundacional, que transcurre entre 1500 y 1539. Se trata de la gestación del Hospital, intramuros de la ciudad de Sevilla, por parte de las dos personas que podemos considerar fundadores de la obra pía, doña Catalina de Ribera y su hijo Fadrique Enríquez. Pero también nos fijamos aquí en los antecedentes familiares que posibilitaron la dotación del inmueble, en sus bulas y privilegios fundacionales. Se descubre además el primer emplazamiento que tuvo en la ciudad el Hospital de las Cinco Llagas, localizándolo en planimetría. Se trata también sobre su cúpula espiritual y gestora, sus iniciales Constituciones y los recursos humanos con los que contaba en esta primera fase. Concluye la etapa fundacional planteando la necesidad que tiene el establecimiento de un cambio en su sede, ya en tiempos del Marqués de Tarifa don Fadrique, y con la dotación económica que éste le lega para hacerlo posible. El segundo capítulo sigue la trayectoria histórica de la institución a partir de 1540, fase claramente marcada por la preparación y construcción del nuevo y gran Hospital de las Cinco Llagas en las afueras de la ciudad, al pie de la muralla almohade, frente a la puerta de La Macarena. El tercer capítulo trata de desentrañar todos los entresijos del gobierno del Hospital, hablando de su patronato rector, de las relaciones que mantuvieron estos patronos con los descendientes de los fundadores en diversos momentos, caracterizados por el enfrentamiento, y de la jurisdicción especial del territorio del Hospital que afecta a todos los que pisen su suelo. Tratamiento especial han tenido las Constituciones que regularon la vida del Hospital hasta el siglo XIX, a lo que dedicamos el cuarto capítulo, pues según los tiempos y el desenvolvimiento del Hospital, fueron evolucionando hasta que el establecimiento quedara bajo custodia de la Beneficencia del Estado, a cargo del Municipio y la Diputación. El quinto capítulo trata sobre la administración y el servicio del Hospital, desarrollando aquí todos y cada uno de los puestos y cargos que se desempeñan en Las Cinco Llagas, así como los salarios y raciones que este personal recibe por sus servicios. Otro aspecto que se contempla es el régimen de visitas a la institución. El sexto capítulo trata de acercamos a la economía del Hospital, aproximándonos a lo que debieron ser sus cimientos económicos, en gran parte aumentados con varios legados importantes de diversos benefactores, que crearon varias fundaciones anexas al propia Hospital como el patronato de Convalecientes de Diego de Yanguas. En él comentamos sus principales propiedades y rentas, tratando además -aunque más a nivel teórico que contable- sobre los aportes de indulgencias, limosnas, diezmos, juros, censos y obvenciones. Del funcionamiento de la institución se trata en el capítulo séptimo, donde abordamos los cuidados espirituales (cura animarum) y médicos (cura corporum) que reciben los enfermos en el Hospital. El capítulo octavo versa sobre dos aspectos plenamente encuadrables en el siglo XVIII, como fueron el reglamento de cirujanos que se le aplicó por real orden de Carlos III de 1764 y del "campo del Hospital" y las relaciones de la institución con el vecindario. Y ya en el capítulo noveno, tratamos sobre las grandes transformaciones que se dan en el Hospital durante los siglos XIX y XX, para finalizar con su degradación progresiva que obligó a su cierre en 1972 y al posterior y necesario proceso de restauración y reconversión que recibió hasta convertirse en lo que hoy es, el Parlamento de Andalucía. Ya dentro de la segunda parte, referida a los documentos se incluyen normas ISASD (G), Cuadro de Clasificación, Inventario, Catálogo General y Apéndice documental. ; The work, in accordance with his own title, is divided into two distinct parts, which are presented in two volumes. The first one is dedicated to the history of the Hospital, in nine chapters, and the second, with other three additional chapters, refers to documents that brought the institution throughout its nearly five centuries of life providing care to patients and to the most needy in society. The first historical part, we are in the first chapter the founding stage, between 1500 and 1539. It is the gestation of the Hospital, within the walls of the city of Seville, by two people who can be considered founders of the pious work, Doña Catalina de Ribera and his son Fadrique Enriquez. But also we look here at the family history that made possible the provision of the property, in their bulls and foundational privilege. Discover also the first site that was in the city, the Hospital de las Cinco Llagas, locating it in planimetry. It is also about their spiritual dome and Manager, their initial constitutions and human resources which had in this first phase. Concludes the foundational stage considering the need that has the establishment of a change at its headquarters, in the time of the Marqués de Tarifa don Fadrique, and with the funding that it bequeathed him to make it possible. The second chapter follows the historical trajectory of the institution from 1540, phase clearly marked by the preparation and construction of the new and large Hospital de las Cinco Llagas on the outskirts of the city, at the foot of the almohade wall, opposite the door of La Macarena. The third chapter deals unravel all the ins and outs of the Government of the Hospital, speaking of its Governing Board, relations between these employers with the descendants of the founders at various times, characterized by confrontation, and the special jurisdiction of the territory of the Hospital that affects all those who walked on its soil. Special treatment have had constitutions which regulated the life of the Hospital until the 19th century, to which we dedicate the fourth chapter, because according to the times and the development of the Hospital, they were evolving until the establishment remain in custody of the beneficence of the State, in charge of the municipality and the County Council. The fifth chapter deals with the Administration and the Hospital service, developing here each and every posts and positions that work in Las Cinco Llagas, as well as wages and rations that this staff receives for his services. Another aspect referred to is the regime of visits to the institution. The sixth chapter is closer to the economy's Hospital, approaching to what must have been its economic foundations, largely augmented with several important legacies of various benefactors, who created several foundations attached to the own Hospital as the patronato de Yanguas Diego Convalecientes. In it we discuss their main properties and incomes, trying to also - although more at theoretical level as accounting - on contributions of indulgence, alms, tithe, juros, censuses and perquisites. The functioning of the institution is in the seventh chapter, where we boarded the spiritual care (cura animarum) and doctors (cure corporum) that the patients are in the Hospital. The eighth chapter is about two aspects fully encuadrables in the 18th century, as they were the regulation of surgeons which was applied by Royal order of Carlos III of 1764 and the "field Hospital" and the relations of the institution with the neighborhood. And already in the ninth chapter, we treat about the major changes that occur in the Hospital during the 19th and 20th centuries, ending with its progressive degradation which forced closure in 1972 and the subsequent and necessary process of restoration and conversion that was to become what today is, the Parliament of Andalusia. In the second part, referred to documents include IS ASD (G), box classification, inventory, General catalogue and documentary Appendix standards.

Energy systems are in the midst of a profound transformation. Distributed energy resources (DER) are mushrooming all over the place. The cost of PV panels and batteries are diminishing and allowing consumers to install their own generating and storing systems. In this context, mathematical models are powerful tools to help decide on new investments, operate efficiently and optimize the consumption pattern. The aim of this project is 1) to review the PV solar and electric storage technologies that are currently available in the market; 2) select the main parameters that characterize their operation and investments; 3) model these characteristics as an optimization problem; 4) program it in an optimization software; and 5) obtain representative cases of consumers connected at different voltage levels and under different weather conditions. This thesis will be co-supervised with Dr Pablo Dueñas from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. ; Los costes de los módulos fotovoltaicos, los inversores y el almacenamiento de energía mediante baterías de ion litio están disminuyendo rápidamente año tras año. Cada vez más gobiernos, corporaciones y consumidores se preguntan qué cambios provocará el desarrollo de estas tecnologías en el modelo de sistema eléctrico actual. Como se indica en el estudio MIT Utility of the Future, se espera que en un futuro próximo, la inclusión de tecnologías de generación distribuida como la solar fotovoltaica, permitirá generar la energía más cerca del consumo haciendo uso de un gran número de pequeñas unidades de generación en contraposición con el sistema actual de grandes activos de generación conectados con los consumidores por líneas de transporte y despachados de una manera centralizada. Tras una investigación inicial a cerca de las distintas tecnologías implicadas en la transformación energética del futuro, en el presente trabajo de fin de master se ha desarrollado un modelo tecno-económico para simular el comportamiento de una instalación fotovoltaica a nivel residencial. El modelo está dividido en dos partes: a) Un modelo principal programado en MATLAB con el que se simulará la operación del sistema incluyendo la estratega de gestión de las baterías, los intercambios de potencia con la red, el comportamiento de los distintos componentes y el desempeño económico de todo ello. b) Un modelo secundario desarrollado en Excel que permite alimentar el modelo principal transformando los datos satelitales de irradiancia sobre superficie horizontal en datos de irradiancia global sobre la superficie de un módulo fotovoltaico que va montado en los distintos sistemas de seguimiento. El modelo ha permitido simular la operación de la instalación en varios escenarios que contemplan el uso de distintos tipos de seguimiento solar, el uso de baterías, distintas estrategias de operación, distintos perfiles de demanda, distintos precios de electricidad (con y sin costes regulados), la aplicación de impuestos al intercambio de electricidad con la red y el impacto de las variaciones en los costes de financiación. Los resultados obtenidos a partir de la simulación de estos escenarios han permitido evaluar la viabilidad económica de algunos componentes individuales y de la instalación en general bajo diferentes supuestos regulatorios. Estos resultados muestran que si se aplican impuestos al intercambio de energía con la red y las políticas energéticas incrementan en gran medida el precio de compra de electricidad minorista (PVPC) con cargos regulados elevados, las instalaciones fotovoltaicas a nivel residencial pueden ser ya rentables en zonas de gran irradiancia como Sevilla. Sin embargo se ha comprobado que la rentabilidad de estas instalaciones se basa fundamentalmente en el hecho de que el auto-consumo de la energía fotovoltaica auto-producida, permite evitar el pago de los impuestos y los cargos regulados que conlleva consumir de la red. Los costes publicados año tras año en los informes de NREL (Fu, et al., 2017) muestran que la clave para reducir los costes de las instalaciones fotovoltaicas está en la escala. Las instalaciones a gran escala tienen un coste de módulo fotovoltaico muy similar a las instalaciones residenciales, sin embargo, el resto de costes son tan bajos que hacen que el coste total de la instalación por unidad de potencia instalada sea 2.72 veces inferior. Gracias a unas restricciones de espacio inferiores, estas instalaciones permiten montar los módulos sobre unos sistemas de seguimiento que bajo las consideraciones realizadas en el modelo han demostrado ser más rentables que las instalaciones fijas. Así pues, el autor considera que si se pretende incrementar el peso de las tecnologías de generación fotovoltaica en el mix energético, el futuro de las instalaciones fotovoltaicas reside no en el sector residencial sino en las instalaciones de generación a gran escala. Pese a todo lo anterior, se destaca que en algunas zonas específicas con restricciones de red, las instalaciones fotovoltaicas a pequeña escala distribuidas en zonas clave pueden llegar a ser más efectivas por que permiten reducir las pérdidas de energía en el transporte y aliviar las restricciones de red. ; The cost of PV panels, DC/AC inverters and li-on batteries is diminishing year after year. Increasingly, governments, corporations and consumers are wondering what changes will produce the development of these technologies in the current electric system architecture. It is expected that in the near future, the development of new distributed power generation technologies that allow producing energy in the vicinity of consumption using a greater number of smaller power generation units (Pérez-Arriaga et al. 2016). After an initial investigation into the different technologies involved, the present master's degree project develops a techno-economic model to simulate the behavior of a residential photovoltaic installation. The model is divided into two parts: a) A main model programmed in MATLAB with which the operation of the system will be simulated, including the battery management strategy, the power exchanges with the network, the behavior of the different components and the economic performance of all this. b) A secondary model developed in Excel that allows feeding the main model by transforming the satellite horizontal surface irradiance data into the global irradiance data over the surface of a photovoltaic module that is mounted in the different tracking systems. The model has allowed to simulate the operation of the installation in several scenarios that contemplate the use of different types of solar tracking, the use of batteries, different operating strategies, different demand profiles, different electricity prices (with and without regulated costs) , the application of taxes on the exchange of electricity with the network and the impact of variations in financing costs. The results obtained from the simulation of these scenarios have allowed to evaluate the economic viability of some individual components and of the installation in general under different regulatory assumptions. Results show that if taxes are applied on energy exchange with the network and energy policies increase the retail electricity purchase price (PVPC) with high regulated costs, investments in residential PV installations can already be profitable in high irradiation places like Seville. However, it has been proven that the profitability of these facilities is fundamentally on the fact that the self-consumption of photovoltaic energy allows saving the taxes and regulated charges derived from the purchase of energy from the grid. The costs for photovoltaic installations published in the NREL´s report (Fu, et al., 2017) show that the key to reduce the costs of photovoltaic installations is on the scale. Large-scale photovoltaic installations have a very similar module cost but the total cost of the installation is 2.72 times lower than in the residential case as they manage to minimize the "soft costs". Thanks to lower space constraints, these installations allow modules to be mounted on tracking systems that, under the considerations made in the model, have proven to be more profitable than fixed installations. Thus, the author considers that if the goal is to increase the share of the photovoltaic generation technology in the energy mix with an efficient resources allocation, the future of photovoltaic installations is not generally in the residential sector but in large-scale generation. Nevertheless, it is highlighted that in some specific locations that are inaccessible to more centralized resources, small scale residential PV installations could be more effective providing services to the network due to their distributed nature.

El algodón (Gossypium spp.) sigue siendo en la actualidad la principal fuente de fibra de origen natural a nivel mundial, y es uno de los cultivos que más enriquece a la población rural por la alta mano de obra demandada en todo el proceso industrial de la fibra (producción, desmotación, hilatura, tejidos, confección y distribución). Dentro de la Unión Europea, el algodón tiene un papel fundamental en el gran mercado de la moda, pero especialmente a nivel social para los dos únicos Estados productores, Grecia y España, con el 79% y el 21% de la superficie cultivada respectivamente. En estas regiones el algodón y su industria asociada generan más empleo y beneficios que ningún otro cultivo alternativo. Sin embargo, numerosos motivos políticos, bursátiles y de competencia con otras fibras han provocado en los últimos años una gran incertidumbre en el sector algodonero europeo. En España, casi el 100% del algodón se cultiva en Andalucía (principalmente en las provincias de Sevilla y Cádiz), abarcando una superficie en la actualidad de 68,000 ha y la mayoría de regadío. Dadas las peculiaridades climáticas y el riguroso manejo que acontecen en esta zona, la mejora varietal del algodón se presenta como una de las soluciones más sonadas. Por tanto existe la necesidad de ampliar el catálogo de variedades europeas, buscando una mayor sostenibilidad y calidad de la fibra, pero también una mejor adaptación de los ciclos y el vigor de las futuras variedades. El 95% de la producción mundial de algodón corresponde a la especie Gossypium hirsutum (Upland) que ofrece grandes producciones y buena adaptabilidad, pero una aceptable calidad de fibra (categoría "larga"). Sin embargo, la diversidad genética dentro de estas variedades Upland comerciales es baja, y la uniformidad genética está suponiendo muchos obstáculos a los mejoradores. La segunda especie cultivada a nivel mundial es G. barbadense (Pima), elegida por su Fibra Extra Larga (ELS) altamente demandada aunque su producción suele ser menor. En Andalucía, las variedades Pima no encajan dado el largo ciclo que poseen y en los últimos años, la empresa Algodonera del Sur S.A., ha estado apostando por los híbridos interespecíficos (G. hirsutum × G. barbadense) comerciales, que pese a su excesivo vigor para nuestras condiciones climáticas, prometen ser la respuesta a las necesidades del sector. Es en este punto donde surge el proyecto de la presente tesis, al comprobar que apenas había información fenotípica y molecular para apoyar a la mejora del algodón europeo, tanto de nuevas variedades Upland como de híbridos ELS mejor adaptados. Por tanto, el primer objetivo de este trabajo consistió en la selección y caracterización de una colección de 48 variedades comerciales y experimentales de algodón (sobre todo Upland y Pima) con potencial para la mejora. Mediante el uso de una batería de 67 marcadores microsatélites (SSR), un posterior estudio de la filogenia y la toma de datos de campo sobre caracteres morfológicos, de potencial productivo y de calidad de la fibra, pudo constatarse la importante diversidad genética y fenotípica contenida en esta colección vegetal, tanto inter como intra especie. Algunas variedades resultaron interesantes como parental donante de ciertos caracteres (Ej.: Fantom o WC-19NSSL) o fondo genético recurrente (Ej.: Elpida, TM-1, Campo o GW-4269) para futuros procesos de selección y mejora. Los resultados anteriores, además sirvieron para guiar el segundo objetivo de esta tesis: iniciar un programa de cruzamientos para la futura obtención de híbridos ELS con menor vigor que los testigos comerciales Intercott-211 e Intercott-670. Aunque la aptitud combinatoria específica (ACE) ha sido menos importante que la aptitud combinatoria general (ACG) en la caracterización fenotípica de las 19 combinaciones experimentales de híbridos, se mostró que es posible obtener híbridos mejor adaptados que los testigos a las condiciones de cultivo de Andalucía (menor vigor, ciclos más cortos y buen rendimiento). La variedad Lider (Upland) ha mostrado ser el parental femenino con mejor ACG, pues sus descendencias han mostrado generalmente un menor vigor, ciclos más cortos y buenos rendimientos debido al gran número y peso de los frutos, en comparación con los testigos comerciales. Así que la variedad Lider habría que tenerla en cuenta en nuevas combinaciones híbridas, además de realizar nuevas evaluaciones de estos y otros híbridos en diferentes años o localidades para confirmar los resultados de esta tesis. En conclusión, la mejora genética de nuevas variedades de algodón Upland adaptadas a las condiciones de cultivo europeas, aumentaría la productividad, mejoraría el precio de la fibra, y además en el caso de nuevos híbridos ELS, el precio de la fibra sería mayor por defecto y además se reducirían las pérdidas económicas derivadas de la falta de agua y las plagas, dada la mayor tolerancia y resistencia de los híbridos ante los distintos estreses ambientales. Por tanto, la mejora varietal permitiría un aumento de la rentabilidad del cultivo, y una mejora de la competitividad y sostenibilidad del sector algodonero. ; Cotton (Gossypium spp.) is still the main source of natural fiber worldwide, and is one of the crops that most enriches the rural population due to its high labor demand along the entire industrial process of the fiber (production, ginning, spinning, weaving, confection and distribution). Within the European Union, cotton has a fundamental role in the large fashion market, but especially in the social level for the two producer countries, Greece and Spain, with 79% and 21% of the cultivated area respectively. In these regions, cotton crop and its associated industry generate more employment and benefits than any other alternative crop. However, several political, stock market and competition with other fibers reasons have caused in recent years a great uncertainty in the European cotton sector. In Spain, almost 100% of the cotton is grown in Andalusia (mainly in the provinces of Seville and Cadiz), covering an area of 68,000 ha, mostly irrigated. Given the climatic peculiarities and the rigorous management that occurs in this area, the improvement of the cotton varieties is presented as one of the most talked about solutions. Therefore there is a need to expand the catalogue of European varieties, seeking greater sustainability and fiber quality, but also a better adaptation of the cycles and the vigor of future varieties. 95% of the world cotton production corresponds to the species Gossypium hirsutum (Upland) that offers large productions and good adaptability, but an acceptable fiber quality ("long" category). However, the genetic diversity within these commercial Upland varieties is low, and genetic uniformity is posing many obstacles to breeders. The second species cultivated worldwide is G. barbadense (Pima), chosen for its highly demanded Extra Long Staple (ELS) although its production is usually lower. In Andalusian climatic conditions, Pima varieties do not fit well given the long cycle they have. In recent years, the company Algodonera del Sur S.A., has been wagered on commercial interspecific hybrids (G. hirsutum × G. barbadense) whose promise to be the answer to the needs of the sector, despite its excessive vigor for our climatic conditions. It is at this point where the project of the present thesis arises, when checking that there was a scarcity of phenotypic and molecular information to support the improvement of European cotton, both new Upland varieties and better adapted ELS hybrids. Therefore, the first objective of this work consisted in the selection and characterization of a cotton collection of 48 commercial and experimental varieties with potential for improvement (especially Upland and Pima). Through the use of 67 microsatellite markers (SSR), a subsequent study of the phylogeny and the taking of field data on morphological characters, productive potential and fiber quality, we found an important genetic and phenotypic diversity contained in this vegetal collection, both inter and intra species. Some varieties were interesting as a donor parent of certain characters (e.g.: Fantom or WC-19NSSL) or as recurrent genetic background (e.g.: Elpida, TM-1, Campo or GW-4269) for future selection and improvement processes. The previous results also served to guide the second objective of this thesis: to initiate a crossings program for the future obtaining of ELS hybrids with less vigor than the commercial witnesses Intercott-211 and Intercott-670. Although in the phenotypic characterization of the 19 experimental combinations of hybrids the specific combining ability (SCA) has been less important than the general combining ability (GCA), it was shown that it is possible to obtain better adapted hybrids than the controls to the Andalusian climatic conditions (less vigor, shorter cycles and good performance). Lider variety (Upland) has been shown to be the female parent with the best GCA, as its offspring have generally shown lower vigor, shorter cycles and good yields due to the large number and weight of their fruits, compared to commercial controls. So Lider variety should be taken into account in new hybrid combinations, in addition to making new assessments of these and other hybrids in different years or locations to confirm the results of this thesis. In conclusion, the genetic improvement of new varieties of Upland cotton adapted to European farming conditions, would increase productivity, improve the price of fiber, and also in the case of new ELS hybrids, would reduce economic losses resulting from the lack of water and pests attacks, given the greater tolerance and resistance of the hybrids to different environmental stresses. Therefore, the varietal improvement would allow an increase in crop profitability, and a better competitiveness and sustainability of the cotton sector.

Introducción: La elevada morbilidad y mortalidad de las enfermedades crónicas, así como su tendencia creciente, suponen un importante problema de salud pública pudiendo llegar a ser insostenible su carga social y económica (Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo, 2013; Organización Mundial de la Salud, 2013; Serra-Sutton, Espallargues, & Escarrabill, 2016). Ante esta situación y entre otras medidas, se recomienda que la atención esté centrada en la persona con enfermedad crónica, no en la enfermedad. Es necesario que los profesionales aborden la situación desde una perspectiva multidisciplinar, holística e integral (Consejería de salud. Junta de Andalucia, 2012; Sánchez-Martín, 2014), apoyada en la bioética y sus principios para cuidar de la salud de las personas. (Bermejo, 2014; Devesa, Moreno, Bermejo Higuera, & Galán González-Serna, 2014; Torralba i Roselló, 2002). De este modo se observa cada vez más, un gran nivel de implicación, empoderamiento y compromiso en la enfermedad, por parte de los pacientes (Consejería de salud. Junta de Andalucia, 2012; Jimenez-Navascués, Orkaizaguirre- Gómara, & Bimbela-Serrano, 2015; Junta de Castilla y León, 2013). Objetivos: explorar las vivencias, experiencias y percepciones de los pacientes con enfermedad crónica que ingresan en el Hospital San Juan de Dios del Aljarafe, respecto al cuidado de enfermería recibido y el cuidado humanizado, con el propósito de profundizar en los conceptos que mejoran la asistencia sanitaria Metodología: se trata de un estudio cualitativo de tipo Fenomenológico Hermenéutico Interpretativo elegido por ser el más adecuado para el propósito del estudio(Palacios-Ceña & Corral Liria, 2010). Se obtuvo una muestra teórica que se completó por saturación con la información recibida de personas con varias patologías crónicas con al menos un ingreso hospitalario en el último año en el Hospital San Juan de Dios del Aljarafe (Bormujos, Sevilla). Las técnicas empleadas para la obtención de la información fueron la entrevista en profundidad, la entrevista semiestructurada y las notas de campo. Se ha utilizado el programa informático QSR NUDIST-vivo versión 11. Resultados: el análisis se efectuó siguiendo los cuatro existenciales de Van Manen de espacio vivido, cuerpo vivido, tiempo vivido y relaciones vividas. Las personas entrevistadas conceden un significado al cuidado humanizado a partir de las características que debe tener el mismo, la comunicación, la presencia, la empatía, la formación, entre otros. También se señalan las características de la deshumanización, como son exceso de carga de trabajo y características personales de los profesionales. Se analizan además las experiencias, vivencias y su influencia en ellos y en sus familiares sobre la enfermedad y los ingresos hospitalarios. Por último, se analizan las relaciones con los profesionales, con los otros que les acompañan y le rodean, la comunicación verbal y no verbal, entre otras cuestiones. Discusión: de forma frecuente los hallazgos exponen la existencia de un modelo biomédico, aunque los enfermos esperan y solicitan ser cuidados por enfermeras humanas (Escobar Rivero & Lorenzini Erdmann, 2007). También es frecuente que por parte de los familiares y los pacientes se sobredimensione la competencia técnica y en menor medida las formas de ser que usan las enfermeras al interactuar con los pacientes (Beltrán Salazar, 2016). Dichas cuestiones expuestas están en contraposición a lo hallado en nuestros resultados donde se expone que "no sólo es el hacer, sino también el estar y el ser". También diferimos con estudios que expresan por parte de profesionales y familiares que no perciben cuidado humanizado (Espinoza Medalla et al., 2010; González-Ruiz et al., 2013; Suarez Baños, 2015). Existen estudios que corroboran lo expuesto en el nuestro, entre otras cuestiones, en los conceptos que incluyen el cuidado humanizado, como son, comunicación verbal y no verbal positiva, respeto, disposición a la ayuda, estar presente (Espinosa Aranzales, Enríquez Guerrero, Leiva Aranzalez, López Arévalo, & Castañeda Rodríguez, 2015). También se refuerza la idea de fomentar la formación en humanismo y en habilidades de relación de ayuda y comunicación (Valenzuela Anguita, 2015). Por lo tanto, dando valor a las enfermeras holísticas para la realización del cuidado (Clebenson de Oliveira, Rosendo da Silva, Neivania de Medeiros, de Queiroz, & Guimaraes, 2015; Hueso Navarro, Cid, Hernández, Huércanos Esparza, & Giral Guembe, 2012; Lenis-victoria, 2015; Lenis Victoria, 2013) Conclusiones: los pacientes crónicos hospitalizados en el Hospital de San Juan del Aljarafe consideran que reciben cuidados humanizados, además exponen las características intrínsecas que definen dicho cuidado. Identifican y valoran el cuidado invisible o cuidado enfermero. A partir de sus vivencias y experiencias se hallan aspectos de tipo estructural, de la organización y de las personas, necesarios a desarrollar durante sus ingresos hospitalarios con ellos mismos y con sus familiares.Del mismo modo se identifican las circunstancias que pueden provocar un cuidado deshumanizado y sus consecuencias sobre la autonomía de la persona crónica y el afrontamiento de su enfermedad. El enfoque del presente trabajo, realizado desde la perspectiva del paciente, no ha sido hallado en la literatura de nuestro entorno, por lo que los datos extraídos tendrán valor para contribuir a mejorar el cuidado de las personas crónicas en contextos similares a los definidos en nuestro trabajo. ; Introduction: The high morbidity and mortality rate for chronic illnesses, as well as their continuing rate of growth, poses a major problem for public health and they may even become socially and economically unsustainable in the future (Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo, 2013; Organización Mundial de la Salud, 2013; Serra-Sutton et al., 2016). Faced with such a situation, it is recommended that attention be focused on the person with the chronic illness, rather than on the illness itself, amongst other measures. Professionals must address the situation from a multi-disciplinary, holistic and integrated perspective (Department of Health. Local Government of Andalusia, 2012; Sánchez-Martín, 2014), based on bioethics and its principles for taking care of people's health (Bermejo, 2014; Devesa, Moreno, Bermejo Higuera, & Galán González-Serna, 2014; Torralba i Roselló, 2002). By following this approach, we see a greater level of patient involvement, empowerment and engagement in terms of their illness (Department of Health. Regional Government of Andalusia, 2012; Jimenez-Navascués, Orkaizaguirre- Gómara, & Bimbela-Serrano, 2015; Regional Government of Castilla y León, 2013). Objectives. To explore the experiences and perceptions of chronically ill patients at San Juan de Dios del Aljarafe Hospital, regarding the care received from nursing staff and humanization care. The aim of this is to gain a deeper insight into what can be done to improve healthcare. Methodology. This qualitative study has been carried out using interpretative phenomenological-hermeneutical methodology. This method was chosen as it is the most appropriate for the purpose of this study (Palacios-Ceña & Corral Liria, 2010). A theoretical sample was obtained and completed through saturation with information received from people with multiple chronic pathologies who have been admitted to San Juan de Dios del Aljarafe Hospital (Bormujos, Seville) at least once over the course of the past year. Information was obtained by means of in-depth interviews, semi-structured interviews, and field notes. The computer programme GSR NUDIST-vivo version 11 was used. Results. The analysis was carried out following Van Manen's four lifeworld existentials: lived space, lived body, lived time and lived relation. Those interviewed have brought meaning to humanization care in terms of the characteristics it should have, namely communication, presence, empathy, training, etc. Characteristics which contribute to dehumanization, such as excessive workload and the personality traits of the professionals, are also highlighted. Furthermore, their experiences regarding the illness and how they have impacted upon the patients and their families are analysed. Lastly, their relationships with the professionals and other people who accompany and surround them, in terms of verbal and non-verbal communication, are also analysed, amongst other aspects. Discussion. Often, findings point to the existence of a biomedical model, although patients hope/ask to be treated by compassionate nurses (Escobar Rivero & Lorenzini Erdmann, 2007). It is also common for family members and patients to overestimate the technical abilities and, to a lesser extent, the manner that nurses use to interact with patients (Beltrán Salazar, 2016). These points are contrary to our findings, which demonstrate that 'it is not only the doing, but also the feeling and the being which count'. We also differ from studies which include professionals and family members stating that they don't feel there is humanization care (Espinoza Medalla et al., 2010; González-Ruiz et al., 2013; Suarez Baños, 2015). There are studies that corroborate our own findings in terms of the concepts which form part of humanization care, amongst other things. These include positive verbal and non-verbal communication, respect, helpfulness and presence (Espinosa Aranzales et al., 2015). The idea of focusing training on humanism and on skills relating to assistance and communication is also strengthened (Valenzuela Anguita, 2015). This places value on the role of holistic nurses in looking after patients (Clebenson de Oliveira et al., 2015; Hueso Navarro et al., 2012; Lenis-victoria, 2015; Lenis Victoria, 2013). Conclusions. Chronically ill patients admitted to the San Juan del Aljarafe Hospital feel they receive humanization care and describe the intrinsic characteristics that define such care. They recognise and value behind-the-scene care or nursing care. Based on their experiences, we are able to identify the structural aspects of the organisation and its personnel which are necessary to improve hospital stays for patients and their families. Likewise, circumstances that can lead to dehumanization care are identified, in addition to the consequences this can have for the autonomy of chronically ill patients and how they cope with their condition. The focus of this study, carried out from the perspective of patients, has not been found in any other literature in our field of study. Therefore, the data drawn from it will undoubtedly contribute to improving care given to chronically ill patients in the healthcare settings detailed herein.

With the SKYLINE (ANR) research programme, I led a group of researchers in exploring the landscape issues at stake in connection with towers, focusing attention on a particular dimension of the city landscape: the skyline. Because of their architectural characteristics and their prominence, towers become part of the material landscape at all levels. On the other hand, only they can be read and have an impact on the wider landscape in its volume. Sometimes, they act as symbols of a dynamic economy and/or urban renewal and translate into a political project (McNeill 2005; Appert 2008, 2011, 2012). As they are highly visible from far and near, they are among the most widely contested buildings at a time when the landscape is being remobilised both as a living environment, and to win over local populations when it comes to urban projects. In European cities, opposition to towers has become more organised and more widespread: London (Appert and Drozdz 2010), Paris (d'Aboville 2015), but also Seville, Vienna, Barcelona, Geneva and even Saint-Petersburg are affected (Dixon 2009). The first part of Volume 3 describes the resurgence of towers in Europe and elucidates the motivations behind this. The post-war boom years and adherence to urban and architectural modernism precipitated the first construction phase of skyscrapers, both in Eastern and Western Europe. Verticalization of the cities of the continent was brought about by the combined effect of real estate developers and large-scale planning projects by public authorities. The repeated economic crises in the 1970s and 1980s and the rise of heritage preservation aspirations diminished the desire for towers, which were rejected both by a sector of the population and city councils. The 1980's and 1990's saw an all-time low, with just a few exceptions.After this "fallow" period during which very few towers were built, European cities saw a renewed enthusiasm for this architectural and urban form. While the resurgence of skyscrapers has, to date, been somewhat timid in France, it has reached unprecedented proportions in a significant number of other European countries, reflecting a complete change in economic and political contexts. The need to densify cities to meet the demands of sustainable development has broad political consensus. This need is met by a public-private partnership in which city councils become entrepreneurial and adopt an agenda of growth, which usually takes the form of policies that aim to make urban districts more attractive. In this context, towers are once again justified. They are synonymous with maximising land use for residential and commercial functions and – when they are located close to public transport hubs – with signs of network centrality and urban renewal. Economic logic will prevail in what is offered; the choice of towers does not emanate from the people and not necessarily from city councils either. Real estate promoters are henceforth the key players in verticalization. Elected representatives, such as Gérard Colomb in Lyon, or indeed Ken Livingstone and Boris Johnson in London, won over by the symbolism of the towers, mastermind projects to promote their areas. Negotiated urbanism, particularly in the case of London, aims first to accommodate urban growth to the detriment of heritage protection or housing supply.The image of towers will often remain complex and polarised. French players questioned for this part of the study confirmed the hypothesis of the shock factor of modernist architecture of large housing developments among professionals, elected representatives and a section of the population. Taking cognizance of this negative mindset, promoters are not reckoning on a "spontaneous" resurgence of towers (Fincher, 2007; Mollé, 2016). Rather they are tending towards remobilising the mindsets of elevation, domination and distinction to reformulate their vertical housing and office offers as commercial products that combine accommodation, views and lifestyles.The second part of volume 3 revisits the landscape issues at stakes with the return of towers in Europe. Scientific research that has sustainability in its sights, had for a long time failed to recognise the impact the towers had on the landscape. Promoting a sustainable city should not be limited to identifying and creating conditions for lower energy consumption. We should also consider the potential change in the relationship between urban societies and their landscape in the context of verticalization. Projecting urban activities, standards and regulations, the urban landscape is also a territorial marker, a sign of living together and a social and economic resource. The return of towers is mobilising several landscape dimensions. In most cases the skyline - even if it is not always named - is at the core of conflicts between economic players, professionals, elected representatives and associations in terms of material existence and representation of a large part of the urban area read vertically. The second part of the Volume is devoted to this idea. Having recorded and analysed the conflicts in relation to the skyline (Appert, 2008, 2011; Appert and Montès, 2015), I now propose to decrypt the skyline, to stabilise its content and contours, and to discuss its physical and mental representations in order to feed the public debate. The reflection is also intended for a host of players, city councils and associations who are confronted with increasing pressure in favour of verticalization. The proposal I have devised to define the skyline is based on three assumptions. First, the skyline covers a material dimension: it corresponds with an entire combination of views and viewpoints which lead the eye to observe large portions of the urban territory engaging its verticality against the sky. Then, the skyline has a social and cultural dimension: it projects human activities, cultural, social and regulatory norms. In return, through the representation of players, it carries economic values and contributes to lifestyle and well-being. Finally, the skyline is political: as projector and landmark of a pluralist urban society, it is the subject of debates and regulations. The term skyline thus becomes a scientific object that the geographer may engage with, both in a heuristic perspective and in the purpose of decision-making (Chapter 3). Defining the skyline constitutes a first phase in which to discuss three dimensions of the notion, with as many different methodological approaches: the material presence of the vistas and visibility, especially through modelling (Chapter 4), the significance and aesthetic aspects of the skyline, mobilising more sensitive and cultural approaches (Chapter 5) and their reception by experts and lay people gathered by means of surveys (Chapter 6). The last part of Volume 3 constitutes a programme of future research to be carried out in an extension of the ANR SKYLINE programme. This future research will deal with the vertical city, which I continue to feed through two distinct lines of research: dwelling practices in the towers, and the definition and assessment of the urban canopy.The first line, one of the 4 of the industrial chair HEVD (Université de Lyon, labex IMU) is examining dwelling practice in the towers through the production of a vertical home, its representations and the lifestyles therein in France and the United Kingdom. The first observation is the exclusion of the choice of towers in urban renewal schemes in France, even though the other European countries have cumulatively approved more than 350 projects (Appert, 2015). After characterisation of the projects approved in the United Kingdom, it will be a question of examining the exclusion of this architectural choice in France through the recension and analysis of the strategies employed by the players in the real estate industry, as well as the representations with respect to residential towers in France, whether by professionals, players in the real estate industry or people living in towers. Then I will do a more specific study on lifestyles and habits (domestic, mobility, sociability and use of spaces) in private and social housing in residential towers using several case studies. Finally, I will analyse the regulatory constraints and the technical and economical contexts associated with the construction of vertical accommodation in order to understand their repercussions for, on the one hand, the strategies of the players in the real estate industry and on the other, the conditions of occupation and use by the residents. The planned case studies will be about contemporary works involving the partner GFC/Bouygues in London and Lyon, as well as two case studies on social housing, the Montée de l'Observance towers in Lyon and a housing scheme in East London. The second line of research is based on developing the research project for submission of an application to the ANR which I will lead during the next "Villes et bâtiments durables"* call for projects (AAP) in 2016. The project brings together researchers and professionals from various disciplines (geography, information technology, urbanism, architecture, law and sociology) to study the capacity, visibility, potential and possible uses of the urban canopy. Facing the pressures of environmental sustainability and steady urbanisation, roofs (built element of the urban canopy) could contribute additional capacity, constitute spaces for living, leisure and even production, agriculture and electricity, etc. The project envisages: 1/ cross-disciplinary reflection on the delineation of the urban canopy; 2/ an analysis of experience in using rooftops and developing rooftop spaces; 3/ an assessment of the capacity and visibility of the urban canopy and 4/ the development and testing of scenarios for reuse of roofs (in cooperation with the post-doctoral researcher in information technology). ; Avec le programme de recherche SKYLINE (ANR), j'ai emmené un collectif de chercheurs dans l'exploration des enjeux paysagers des tours en focalisant l'attention sur une dimension particulière du paysage de la ville : le skyline. Du fait de leurs caractéristiques architecturales et de leur proéminence, les tours s'inscrivent dans le paysage matériel à toutes les échelles. En revanche, elles seules sont lisibles et impactent le grand paysage lu dans son volume. Elles y jouent parfois le rôle d'emblèmes de dynamisme économique et/ou de renouvellement urbain et traduisent un projet politique (McNeill 2005 ; Appert 2008, 2011, 2012). Par leur visibilité, de près comme de loin, elles font partie des édifices les plus contestés, ce au moment où le paysage est remobilisé à la fois comme cadre de vie et pour faire adhérer les populations aux projets urbains. Dans les villes européennes, la contestation des tours s'organise et s'amplifie : Londres (Appert et Drozdz 2010), Paris (d'Aboville 2015), mais aussi Séville, Vienne, Barcelone, Genève et même Saint-Pétersbourg sont concernées (Dixon 2009). La première partie du volume 3 consiste à caractériser le retour des tours en Europe et à en expliciter les ressorts. Les crises économiques qui se succèdent dans les années 1970 et 1980 et la montée des aspirations à la patrimonialisation réduisent l'appétence pour les tours nées du modernisme et de la phase de verticalisation des Trente Glorieuses. Elles sont rejetées à la fois par une partie de la population et les municipalités. Les décennies 1980 et 1990 sont celles d'un étiage marqué, à quelques exceptions prés.Après cette période d'étiage durant laquelle très peu de tours ont été construites, les villes européennes connaissent un regain d'intérêt pour cette forme architecturale et urbaine. Si le retour des tours est encore modeste en France, il atteint une ampleur sans précédent dans bon nombre de pays européens, témoignant tout d'un changement de contexte économique et politique.La nécessité de densifier les villes pour en réponse aux injonctions du développement durable fait quasi-consensus politique. Elle s'arrime sur une gouvernance publique-privée dans laquelle les municipalités devenues entrepreneuriales adoptent un agenda de croissance qui passe le plus souvent par des politiques visant à rendre plus attractifs les territoires urbains. Dans ce contexte, les tours se trouvent de nouveau légitimées. Elles sont synonymes de maximisation de l'usage du sol pour des fonctions résidentielles et commerciales et, lorsqu'elles sont localisées à proximité des nœuds de transport collectif, des signaux de centralité de réseau et de régénération urbaine. C'est une logique économique de l'offre qui prévaudrait : le choix des tours n'émane pas des populations et pas non plus nécessairement des municipalités. La promotion immobilière est désormais le principal acteur de la verticalisation. Les élus, tels que Gérard Colomb à Lyon, ou encore Ken Livingstone et Boris Johnson à Londres, conquis par la symbolique des tours, instrumentalisent les projets pour commercialiser leurs territoires.Les représentations des tours resteraient souvent complexes et polarisées. Les acteurs français interrogés dans cette partie ont confirmé l'hypothèse d'un traumatisme de l'architecture moderniste, des grands ensembles, parmi les praticiens, les élus et une partie de la population. Prenant acte de cette imaginaire négatif, les promoteurs ne tableraient donc pas sur un retour « spontané » vers les tours (Fincher, 2007; Mollé, 2016). Ils tendraient plutôt à remobiliser les imaginaires de l'élévation, de la domination et de la distinction, pour reformuler leur offre de logements et de bureaux verticaux dans des produits commerciaux qui associent habitat, vue et lifestyles.La deuxième partie du volume 3 revient sur les conflits paysagers suscités par le retour des tours en Europe. Les recherches scientifiques qui ont pour horizon la durabilité, ont longtemps laissé de côté l'impact paysager des tours. Promouvoir une ville durable ne se limite pas à identifier et mettre en œuvre les conditions d'une ville moins énergivore, il s'agit aussi de considérer l'altération potentielle des rapports des sociétés urbaines à leur paysage dans le contexte de verticalisation. Projection des activités, des normes et des règlements urbains, le paysage urbain est aussi un marqueur territorial, une signalétique du vivre ensemble et une ressource économique et sociale. Le retour des tours mobilise plusieurs dimensions du paysage. Dans la majorité des cas, le skyline - même s'il n'est pas toujours nommé - en tant que matérialité et représentation d'une vaste portion du territoire urbain lue dans sa verticalité, est au cœur de conflits entre acteurs économiques, praticiens, élus et associations. La deuxième partie du volume lui est consacré. Ayant acté et analysé les conflits associés au skyline (Appert, 2008, 2011 ; Appert et Montès, 2015), J'ai proposé de le décrypter, d'en stabiliser le contenu et les contours, et d'en discuter les représentations matérielles et mentales pour alimenter le débat public. L'horizon de la réflexion est aussi celui d'un appareillage des acteurs, municipalités et associations, confrontés à une accentuation de la pression à la verticalisation. La dernière partie du volume 3 constitue une programmation des recherches à venir dans le prolongement du programme ANR SKYLINE. Ces recherches futures s'inscrivent dans le champ de la ville verticale, que je continue à alimenter à travers deux axes distincts : l'habiter dans les tours (chaire industrielle HEVD Université de Lyon, labex IMU) et la formalisation et la mesure de la canopée urbaine (ANR CANOPY).

With the SKYLINE (ANR) research programme, I led a group of researchers in exploring the landscape issues at stake in connection with towers, focusing attention on a particular dimension of the city landscape: the skyline. Because of their architectural characteristics and their prominence, towers become part of the material landscape at all levels. On the other hand, only they can be read and have an impact on the wider landscape in its volume. Sometimes, they act as symbols of a dynamic economy and/or urban renewal and translate into a political project (McNeill 2005; Appert 2008, 2011, 2012). As they are highly visible from far and near, they are among the most widely contested buildings at a time when the landscape is being remobilised both as a living environment, and to win over local populations when it comes to urban projects. In European cities, opposition to towers has become more organised and more widespread: London (Appert and Drozdz 2010), Paris (d'Aboville 2015), but also Seville, Vienna, Barcelona, Geneva and even Saint-Petersburg are affected (Dixon 2009). The first part of Volume 3 describes the resurgence of towers in Europe and elucidates the motivations behind this. The post-war boom years and adherence to urban and architectural modernism precipitated the first construction phase of skyscrapers, both in Eastern and Western Europe. Verticalization of the cities of the continent was brought about by the combined effect of real estate developers and large-scale planning projects by public authorities. The repeated economic crises in the 1970s and 1980s and the rise of heritage preservation aspirations diminished the desire for towers, which were rejected both by a sector of the population and city councils. The 1980's and 1990's saw an all-time low, with just a few exceptions.After this "fallow" period during which very few towers were built, European cities saw a renewed enthusiasm for this architectural and urban form. While the resurgence of skyscrapers has, to date, been somewhat timid in France, it has reached unprecedented proportions in a significant number of other European countries, reflecting a complete change in economic and political contexts. The need to densify cities to meet the demands of sustainable development has broad political consensus. This need is met by a public-private partnership in which city councils become entrepreneurial and adopt an agenda of growth, which usually takes the form of policies that aim to make urban districts more attractive. In this context, towers are once again justified. They are synonymous with maximising land use for residential and commercial functions and – when they are located close to public transport hubs – with signs of network centrality and urban renewal. Economic logic will prevail in what is offered; the choice of towers does not emanate from the people and not necessarily from city councils either. Real estate promoters are henceforth the key players in verticalization. Elected representatives, such as Gérard Colomb in Lyon, or indeed Ken Livingstone and Boris Johnson in London, won over by the symbolism of the towers, mastermind projects to promote their areas. Negotiated urbanism, particularly in the case of London, aims first to accommodate urban growth to the detriment of heritage protection or housing supply.The image of towers will often remain complex and polarised. French players questioned for this part of the study confirmed the hypothesis of the shock factor of modernist architecture of large housing developments among professionals, elected representatives and a section of the population. Taking cognizance of this negative mindset, promoters are not reckoning on a "spontaneous" resurgence of towers (Fincher, 2007; Mollé, 2016). Rather they are tending towards remobilising the mindsets of elevation, domination and distinction to reformulate their vertical housing and office offers as commercial products that combine accommodation, views and lifestyles.The second part of volume 3 revisits the landscape issues at stakes with the return of towers in Europe. Scientific research that has sustainability in its sights, had for a long time failed to recognise the impact the towers had on the landscape. Promoting a sustainable city should not be limited to identifying and creating conditions for lower energy consumption. We should also consider the potential change in the relationship between urban societies and their landscape in the context of verticalization. Projecting urban activities, standards and regulations, the urban landscape is also a territorial marker, a sign of living together and a social and economic resource. The return of towers is mobilising several landscape dimensions. In most cases the skyline - even if it is not always named - is at the core of conflicts between economic players, professionals, elected representatives and associations in terms of material existence and representation of a large part of the urban area read vertically. The second part of the Volume is devoted to this idea. Having recorded and analysed the conflicts in relation to the skyline (Appert, 2008, 2011; Appert and Montès, 2015), I now propose to decrypt the skyline, to stabilise its content and contours, and to discuss its physical and mental representations in order to feed the public debate. The reflection is also intended for a host of players, city councils and associations who are confronted with increasing pressure in favour of verticalization. The proposal I have devised to define the skyline is based on three assumptions. First, the skyline covers a material dimension: it corresponds with an entire combination of views and viewpoints which lead the eye to observe large portions of the urban territory engaging its verticality against the sky. Then, the skyline has a social and cultural dimension: it projects human activities, cultural, social and regulatory norms. In return, through the representation of players, it carries economic values and contributes to lifestyle and well-being. Finally, the skyline is political: as projector and landmark of a pluralist urban society, it is the subject of debates and regulations. The term skyline thus becomes a scientific object that the geographer may engage with, both in a heuristic perspective and in the purpose of decision-making (Chapter 3). Defining the skyline constitutes a first phase in which to discuss three dimensions of the notion, with as many different methodological approaches: the material presence of the vistas and visibility, especially through modelling (Chapter 4), the significance and aesthetic aspects of the skyline, mobilising more sensitive and cultural approaches (Chapter 5) and their reception by experts and lay people gathered by means of surveys (Chapter 6). The last part of Volume 3 constitutes a programme of future research to be carried out in an extension of the ANR SKYLINE programme. This future research will deal with the vertical city, which I continue to feed through two distinct lines of research: dwelling practices in the towers, and the definition and assessment of the urban canopy.The first line, one of the 4 of the industrial chair HEVD (Université de Lyon, labex IMU) is examining dwelling practice in the towers through the production of a vertical home, its representations and the lifestyles therein in France and the United Kingdom. The first observation is the exclusion of the choice of towers in urban renewal schemes in France, even though the other European countries have cumulatively approved more than 350 projects (Appert, 2015). After characterisation of the projects approved in the United Kingdom, it will be a question of examining the exclusion of this architectural choice in France through the recension and analysis of the strategies employed by the players in the real estate industry, as well as the representations with respect to residential towers in France, whether by professionals, players in the real estate industry or people living in towers. Then I will do a more specific study on lifestyles and habits (domestic, mobility, sociability and use of spaces) in private and social housing in residential towers using several case studies. Finally, I will analyse the regulatory constraints and the technical and economical contexts associated with the construction of vertical accommodation in order to understand their repercussions for, on the one hand, the strategies of the players in the real estate industry and on the other, the conditions of occupation and use by the residents. The planned case studies will be about contemporary works involving the partner GFC/Bouygues in London and Lyon, as well as two case studies on social housing, the Montée de l'Observance towers in Lyon and a housing scheme in East London. The second line of research is based on developing the research project for submission of an application to the ANR which I will lead during the next "Villes et bâtiments durables"* call for projects (AAP) in 2016. The project brings together researchers and professionals from various disciplines (geography, information technology, urbanism, architecture, law and sociology) to study the capacity, visibility, potential and possible uses of the urban canopy. Facing the pressures of environmental sustainability and steady urbanisation, roofs (built element of the urban canopy) could contribute additional capacity, constitute spaces for living, leisure and even production, agriculture and electricity, etc. The project envisages: 1/ cross-disciplinary reflection on the delineation of the urban canopy; 2/ an analysis of experience in using rooftops and developing rooftop spaces; 3/ an assessment of the capacity and visibility of the urban canopy and 4/ the development and testing of scenarios for reuse of roofs (in cooperation with the post-doctoral researcher in information technology). ; Avec le programme de recherche SKYLINE (ANR), j'ai emmené un collectif de chercheurs dans l'exploration des enjeux paysagers des tours en focalisant l'attention sur une dimension particulière du paysage de la ville : le skyline. Du fait de leurs caractéristiques architecturales et de leur proéminence, les tours s'inscrivent dans le paysage matériel à toutes les échelles. En revanche, elles seules sont lisibles et impactent le grand paysage lu dans son volume. Elles y jouent parfois le rôle d'emblèmes de dynamisme économique et/ou de renouvellement urbain et traduisent un projet politique (McNeill 2005 ; Appert 2008, 2011, 2012). Par leur visibilité, de près comme de loin, elles font partie des édifices les plus contestés, ce au moment où le paysage est remobilisé à la fois comme cadre de vie et pour faire adhérer les populations aux projets urbains. Dans les villes européennes, la contestation des tours s'organise et s'amplifie : Londres (Appert et Drozdz 2010), Paris (d'Aboville 2015), mais aussi Séville, Vienne, Barcelone, Genève et même Saint-Pétersbourg sont concernées (Dixon 2009). La première partie du volume 3 consiste à caractériser le retour des tours en Europe et à en expliciter les ressorts. Les crises économiques qui se succèdent dans les années 1970 et 1980 et la montée des aspirations à la patrimonialisation réduisent l'appétence pour les tours nées du modernisme et de la phase de verticalisation des Trente Glorieuses. Elles sont rejetées à la fois par une partie de la population et les municipalités. Les décennies 1980 et 1990 sont celles d'un étiage marqué, à quelques exceptions prés.Après cette période d'étiage durant laquelle très peu de tours ont été construites, les villes européennes connaissent un regain d'intérêt pour cette forme architecturale et urbaine. Si le retour des tours est encore modeste en France, il atteint une ampleur sans précédent dans bon nombre de pays européens, témoignant tout d'un changement de contexte économique et politique.La nécessité de densifier les villes pour en réponse aux injonctions du développement durable fait quasi-consensus politique. Elle s'arrime sur une gouvernance publique-privée dans laquelle les municipalités devenues entrepreneuriales adoptent un agenda de croissance qui passe le plus souvent par des politiques visant à rendre plus attractifs les territoires urbains. Dans ce contexte, les tours se trouvent de nouveau légitimées. Elles sont synonymes de maximisation de l'usage du sol pour des fonctions résidentielles et commerciales et, lorsqu'elles sont localisées à proximité des nœuds de transport collectif, des signaux de centralité de réseau et de régénération urbaine. C'est une logique économique de l'offre qui prévaudrait : le choix des tours n'émane pas des populations et pas non plus nécessairement des municipalités. La promotion immobilière est désormais le principal acteur de la verticalisation. Les élus, tels que Gérard Colomb à Lyon, ou encore Ken Livingstone et Boris Johnson à Londres, conquis par la symbolique des tours, instrumentalisent les projets pour commercialiser leurs territoires.Les représentations des tours resteraient souvent complexes et polarisées. Les acteurs français interrogés dans cette partie ont confirmé l'hypothèse d'un traumatisme de l'architecture moderniste, des grands ensembles, parmi les praticiens, les élus et une partie de la population. Prenant acte de cette imaginaire négatif, les promoteurs ne tableraient donc pas sur un retour « spontané » vers les tours (Fincher, 2007; Mollé, 2016). Ils tendraient plutôt à remobiliser les imaginaires de l'élévation, de la domination et de la distinction, pour reformuler leur offre de logements et de bureaux verticaux dans des produits commerciaux qui associent habitat, vue et lifestyles.La deuxième partie du volume 3 revient sur les conflits paysagers suscités par le retour des tours en Europe. Les recherches scientifiques qui ont pour horizon la durabilité, ont longtemps laissé de côté l'impact paysager des tours. Promouvoir une ville durable ne se limite pas à identifier et mettre en œuvre les conditions d'une ville moins énergivore, il s'agit aussi de considérer l'altération potentielle des rapports des sociétés urbaines à leur paysage dans le contexte de verticalisation. Projection des activités, des normes et des règlements urbains, le paysage urbain est aussi un marqueur territorial, une signalétique du vivre ensemble et une ressource économique et sociale. Le retour des tours mobilise plusieurs dimensions du paysage. Dans la majorité des cas, le skyline - même s'il n'est pas toujours nommé - en tant que matérialité et représentation d'une vaste portion du territoire urbain lue dans sa verticalité, est au cœur de conflits entre acteurs économiques, praticiens, élus et associations. La deuxième partie du volume lui est consacré. Ayant acté et analysé les conflits associés au skyline (Appert, 2008, 2011 ; Appert et Montès, 2015), J'ai proposé de le décrypter, d'en stabiliser le contenu et les contours, et d'en discuter les représentations matérielles et mentales pour alimenter le débat public. L'horizon de la réflexion est aussi celui d'un appareillage des acteurs, municipalités et associations, confrontés à une accentuation de la pression à la verticalisation. La dernière partie du volume 3 constitue une programmation des recherches à venir dans le prolongement du programme ANR SKYLINE. Ces recherches futures s'inscrivent dans le champ de la ville verticale, que je continue à alimenter à travers deux axes distincts : l'habiter dans les tours (chaire industrielle HEVD Université de Lyon, labex IMU) et la formalisation et la mesure de la canopée urbaine (ANR CANOPY).

With the SKYLINE (ANR) research programme, I led a group of researchers in exploring the landscape issues at stake in connection with towers, focusing attention on a particular dimension of the city landscape: the skyline. Because of their architectural characteristics and their prominence, towers become part of the material landscape at all levels. On the other hand, only they can be read and have an impact on the wider landscape in its volume. Sometimes, they act as symbols of a dynamic economy and/or urban renewal and translate into a political project (McNeill 2005; Appert 2008, 2011, 2012). As they are highly visible from far and near, they are among the most widely contested buildings at a time when the landscape is being remobilised both as a living environment, and to win over local populations when it comes to urban projects. In European cities, opposition to towers has become more organised and more widespread: London (Appert and Drozdz 2010), Paris (d'Aboville 2015), but also Seville, Vienna, Barcelona, Geneva and even Saint-Petersburg are affected (Dixon 2009). The first part of Volume 3 describes the resurgence of towers in Europe and elucidates the motivations behind this. The post-war boom years and adherence to urban and architectural modernism precipitated the first construction phase of skyscrapers, both in Eastern and Western Europe. Verticalization of the cities of the continent was brought about by the combined effect of real estate developers and large-scale planning projects by public authorities. The repeated economic crises in the 1970s and 1980s and the rise of heritage preservation aspirations diminished the desire for towers, which were rejected both by a sector of the population and city councils. The 1980's and 1990's saw an all-time low, with just a few exceptions.After this "fallow" period during which very few towers were built, European cities saw a renewed enthusiasm for this architectural and urban form. While the resurgence of skyscrapers has, to date, been somewhat timid in France, it has reached unprecedented proportions in a significant number of other European countries, reflecting a complete change in economic and political contexts. The need to densify cities to meet the demands of sustainable development has broad political consensus. This need is met by a public-private partnership in which city councils become entrepreneurial and adopt an agenda of growth, which usually takes the form of policies that aim to make urban districts more attractive. In this context, towers are once again justified. They are synonymous with maximising land use for residential and commercial functions and – when they are located close to public transport hubs – with signs of network centrality and urban renewal. Economic logic will prevail in what is offered; the choice of towers does not emanate from the people and not necessarily from city councils either. Real estate promoters are henceforth the key players in verticalization. Elected representatives, such as Gérard Colomb in Lyon, or indeed Ken Livingstone and Boris Johnson in London, won over by the symbolism of the towers, mastermind projects to promote their areas. Negotiated urbanism, particularly in the case of London, aims first to accommodate urban growth to the detriment of heritage protection or housing supply.The image of towers will often remain complex and polarised. French players questioned for this part of the study confirmed the hypothesis of the shock factor of modernist architecture of large housing developments among professionals, elected representatives and a section of the population. Taking cognizance of this negative mindset, promoters are not reckoning on a "spontaneous" resurgence of towers (Fincher, 2007; Mollé, 2016). Rather they are tending towards remobilising the mindsets of elevation, domination and distinction to reformulate their vertical housing and office offers as commercial products that combine accommodation, views and lifestyles.The second part of volume 3 revisits the landscape issues at stakes with the return of towers in Europe. Scientific research that has sustainability in its sights, had for a long time failed to recognise the impact the towers had on the landscape. Promoting a sustainable city should not be limited to identifying and creating conditions for lower energy consumption. We should also consider the potential change in the relationship between urban societies and their landscape in the context of verticalization. Projecting urban activities, standards and regulations, the urban landscape is also a territorial marker, a sign of living together and a social and economic resource. The return of towers is mobilising several landscape dimensions. In most cases the skyline - even if it is not always named - is at the core of conflicts between economic players, professionals, elected representatives and associations in terms of material existence and representation of a large part of the urban area read vertically. The second part of the Volume is devoted to this idea. Having recorded and analysed the conflicts in relation to the skyline (Appert, 2008, 2011; Appert and Montès, 2015), I now propose to decrypt the skyline, to stabilise its content and contours, and to discuss its physical and mental representations in order to feed the public debate. The reflection is also intended for a host of players, city councils and associations who are confronted with increasing pressure in favour of verticalization. The proposal I have devised to define the skyline is based on three assumptions. First, the skyline covers a material dimension: it corresponds with an entire combination of views and viewpoints which lead the eye to observe large portions of the urban territory engaging its verticality against the sky. Then, the skyline has a social and cultural dimension: it projects human activities, cultural, social and regulatory norms. In return, through the representation of players, it carries economic values and contributes to lifestyle and well-being. Finally, the skyline is political: as projector and landmark of a pluralist urban society, it is the subject of debates and regulations. The term skyline thus becomes a scientific object that the geographer may engage with, both in a heuristic perspective and in the purpose of decision-making (Chapter 3). Defining the skyline constitutes a first phase in which to discuss three dimensions of the notion, with as many different methodological approaches: the material presence of the vistas and visibility, especially through modelling (Chapter 4), the significance and aesthetic aspects of the skyline, mobilising more sensitive and cultural approaches (Chapter 5) and their reception by experts and lay people gathered by means of surveys (Chapter 6). The last part of Volume 3 constitutes a programme of future research to be carried out in an extension of the ANR SKYLINE programme. This future research will deal with the vertical city, which I continue to feed through two distinct lines of research: dwelling practices in the towers, and the definition and assessment of the urban canopy.The first line, one of the 4 of the industrial chair HEVD (Université de Lyon, labex IMU) is examining dwelling practice in the towers through the production of a vertical home, its representations and the lifestyles therein in France and the United Kingdom. The first observation is the exclusion of the choice of towers in urban renewal schemes in France, even though the other European countries have cumulatively approved more than 350 projects (Appert, 2015). After characterisation of the projects approved in the United Kingdom, it will be a question of examining the exclusion of this architectural choice in France through the recension and analysis of the strategies employed by the players in the real estate industry, as well as the representations with respect to residential towers in France, whether by professionals, players in the real estate industry or people living in towers. Then I will do a more specific study on lifestyles and habits (domestic, mobility, sociability and use of spaces) in private and social housing in residential towers using several case studies. Finally, I will analyse the regulatory constraints and the technical and economical contexts associated with the construction of vertical accommodation in order to understand their repercussions for, on the one hand, the strategies of the players in the real estate industry and on the other, the conditions of occupation and use by the residents. The planned case studies will be about contemporary works involving the partner GFC/Bouygues in London and Lyon, as well as two case studies on social housing, the Montée de l'Observance towers in Lyon and a housing scheme in East London. The second line of research is based on developing the research project for submission of an application to the ANR which I will lead during the next "Villes et bâtiments durables"* call for projects (AAP) in 2016. The project brings together researchers and professionals from various disciplines (geography, information technology, urbanism, architecture, law and sociology) to study the capacity, visibility, potential and possible uses of the urban canopy. Facing the pressures of environmental sustainability and steady urbanisation, roofs (built element of the urban canopy) could contribute additional capacity, constitute spaces for living, leisure and even production, agriculture and electricity, etc. The project envisages: 1/ cross-disciplinary reflection on the delineation of the urban canopy; 2/ an analysis of experience in using rooftops and developing rooftop spaces; 3/ an assessment of the capacity and visibility of the urban canopy and 4/ the development and testing of scenarios for reuse of roofs (in cooperation with the post-doctoral researcher in information technology). ; Avec le programme de recherche SKYLINE (ANR), j'ai emmené un collectif de chercheurs dans l'exploration des enjeux paysagers des tours en focalisant l'attention sur une dimension particulière du paysage de la ville : le skyline. Du fait de leurs caractéristiques architecturales et de leur proéminence, les tours s'inscrivent dans le paysage matériel à toutes les échelles. En revanche, elles seules sont lisibles et impactent le grand paysage lu dans son volume. Elles y jouent parfois le rôle d'emblèmes de dynamisme économique et/ou de renouvellement urbain et traduisent un projet politique (McNeill 2005 ; Appert 2008, 2011, 2012). Par leur visibilité, de près comme de loin, elles font partie des édifices les plus contestés, ce au moment où le paysage est remobilisé à la fois comme cadre de vie et pour faire adhérer les populations aux projets urbains. Dans les villes européennes, la contestation des tours s'organise et s'amplifie : Londres (Appert et Drozdz 2010), Paris (d'Aboville 2015), mais aussi Séville, Vienne, Barcelone, Genève et même Saint-Pétersbourg sont concernées (Dixon 2009). La première partie du volume 3 consiste à caractériser le retour des tours en Europe et à en expliciter les ressorts. Les crises économiques qui se succèdent dans les années 1970 et 1980 et la montée des aspirations à la patrimonialisation réduisent l'appétence pour les tours nées du modernisme et de la phase de verticalisation des Trente Glorieuses. Elles sont rejetées à la fois par une partie de la population et les municipalités. Les décennies 1980 et 1990 sont celles d'un étiage marqué, à quelques exceptions prés.Après cette période d'étiage durant laquelle très peu de tours ont été construites, les villes européennes connaissent un regain d'intérêt pour cette forme architecturale et urbaine. Si le retour des tours est encore modeste en France, il atteint une ampleur sans précédent dans bon nombre de pays européens, témoignant tout d'un changement de contexte économique et politique.La nécessité de densifier les villes pour en réponse aux injonctions du développement durable fait quasi-consensus politique. Elle s'arrime sur une gouvernance publique-privée dans laquelle les municipalités devenues entrepreneuriales adoptent un agenda de croissance qui passe le plus souvent par des politiques visant à rendre plus attractifs les territoires urbains. Dans ce contexte, les tours se trouvent de nouveau légitimées. Elles sont synonymes de maximisation de l'usage du sol pour des fonctions résidentielles et commerciales et, lorsqu'elles sont localisées à proximité des nœuds de transport collectif, des signaux de centralité de réseau et de régénération urbaine. C'est une logique économique de l'offre qui prévaudrait : le choix des tours n'émane pas des populations et pas non plus nécessairement des municipalités. La promotion immobilière est désormais le principal acteur de la verticalisation. Les élus, tels que Gérard Colomb à Lyon, ou encore Ken Livingstone et Boris Johnson à Londres, conquis par la symbolique des tours, instrumentalisent les projets pour commercialiser leurs territoires.Les représentations des tours resteraient souvent complexes et polarisées. Les acteurs français interrogés dans cette partie ont confirmé l'hypothèse d'un traumatisme de l'architecture moderniste, des grands ensembles, parmi les praticiens, les élus et une partie de la population. Prenant acte de cette imaginaire négatif, les promoteurs ne tableraient donc pas sur un retour « spontané » vers les tours (Fincher, 2007; Mollé, 2016). Ils tendraient plutôt à remobiliser les imaginaires de l'élévation, de la domination et de la distinction, pour reformuler leur offre de logements et de bureaux verticaux dans des produits commerciaux qui associent habitat, vue et lifestyles.La deuxième partie du volume 3 revient sur les conflits paysagers suscités par le retour des tours en Europe. Les recherches scientifiques qui ont pour horizon la durabilité, ont longtemps laissé de côté l'impact paysager des tours. Promouvoir une ville durable ne se limite pas à identifier et mettre en œuvre les conditions d'une ville moins énergivore, il s'agit aussi de considérer l'altération potentielle des rapports des sociétés urbaines à leur paysage dans le contexte de verticalisation. Projection des activités, des normes et des règlements urbains, le paysage urbain est aussi un marqueur territorial, une signalétique du vivre ensemble et une ressource économique et sociale. Le retour des tours mobilise plusieurs dimensions du paysage. Dans la majorité des cas, le skyline - même s'il n'est pas toujours nommé - en tant que matérialité et représentation d'une vaste portion du territoire urbain lue dans sa verticalité, est au cœur de conflits entre acteurs économiques, praticiens, élus et associations. La deuxième partie du volume lui est consacré. Ayant acté et analysé les conflits associés au skyline (Appert, 2008, 2011 ; Appert et Montès, 2015), J'ai proposé de le décrypter, d'en stabiliser le contenu et les contours, et d'en discuter les représentations matérielles et mentales pour alimenter le débat public. L'horizon de la réflexion est aussi celui d'un appareillage des acteurs, municipalités et associations, confrontés à une accentuation de la pression à la verticalisation. La dernière partie du volume 3 constitue une programmation des recherches à venir dans le prolongement du programme ANR SKYLINE. Ces recherches futures s'inscrivent dans le champ de la ville verticale, que je continue à alimenter à travers deux axes distincts : l'habiter dans les tours (chaire industrielle HEVD Université de Lyon, labex IMU) et la formalisation et la mesure de la canopée urbaine (ANR CANOPY).

With the SKYLINE (ANR) research programme, I led a group of researchers in exploring the landscape issues at stake in connection with towers, focusing attention on a particular dimension of the city landscape: the skyline. Because of their architectural characteristics and their prominence, towers become part of the material landscape at all levels. On the other hand, only they can be read and have an impact on the wider landscape in its volume. Sometimes, they act as symbols of a dynamic economy and/or urban renewal and translate into a political project (McNeill 2005; Appert 2008, 2011, 2012). As they are highly visible from far and near, they are among the most widely contested buildings at a time when the landscape is being remobilised both as a living environment, and to win over local populations when it comes to urban projects. In European cities, opposition to towers has become more organised and more widespread: London (Appert and Drozdz 2010), Paris (d'Aboville 2015), but also Seville, Vienna, Barcelona, Geneva and even Saint-Petersburg are affected (Dixon 2009). The first part of Volume 3 describes the resurgence of towers in Europe and elucidates the motivations behind this. The post-war boom years and adherence to urban and architectural modernism precipitated the first construction phase of skyscrapers, both in Eastern and Western Europe. Verticalization of the cities of the continent was brought about by the combined effect of real estate developers and large-scale planning projects by public authorities. The repeated economic crises in the 1970s and 1980s and the rise of heritage preservation aspirations diminished the desire for towers, which were rejected both by a sector of the population and city councils. The 1980's and 1990's saw an all-time low, with just a few exceptions.After this "fallow" period during which very few towers were built, European cities saw a renewed enthusiasm for this architectural and urban form. While the resurgence of skyscrapers has, to date, been somewhat timid in France, it has reached unprecedented proportions in a significant number of other European countries, reflecting a complete change in economic and political contexts. The need to densify cities to meet the demands of sustainable development has broad political consensus. This need is met by a public-private partnership in which city councils become entrepreneurial and adopt an agenda of growth, which usually takes the form of policies that aim to make urban districts more attractive. In this context, towers are once again justified. They are synonymous with maximising land use for residential and commercial functions and – when they are located close to public transport hubs – with signs of network centrality and urban renewal. Economic logic will prevail in what is offered; the choice of towers does not emanate from the people and not necessarily from city councils either. Real estate promoters are henceforth the key players in verticalization. Elected representatives, such as Gérard Colomb in Lyon, or indeed Ken Livingstone and Boris Johnson in London, won over by the symbolism of the towers, mastermind projects to promote their areas. Negotiated urbanism, particularly in the case of London, aims first to accommodate urban growth to the detriment of heritage protection or housing supply.The image of towers will often remain complex and polarised. French players questioned for this part of the study confirmed the hypothesis of the shock factor of modernist architecture of large housing developments among professionals, elected representatives and a section of the population. Taking cognizance of this negative mindset, promoters are not reckoning on a "spontaneous" resurgence of towers (Fincher, 2007; Mollé, 2016). Rather they are tending towards remobilising the mindsets of elevation, domination and distinction to reformulate their vertical housing and office offers as commercial products that combine accommodation, views and lifestyles.The second part of volume 3 revisits the landscape issues at stakes with the return of towers in Europe. Scientific research that has sustainability in its sights, had for a long time failed to recognise the impact the towers had on the landscape. Promoting a sustainable city should not be limited to identifying and creating conditions for lower energy consumption. We should also consider the potential change in the relationship between urban societies and their landscape in the context of verticalization. Projecting urban activities, standards and regulations, the urban landscape is also a territorial marker, a sign of living together and a social and economic resource. The return of towers is mobilising several landscape dimensions. In most cases the skyline - even if it is not always named - is at the core of conflicts between economic players, professionals, elected representatives and associations in terms of material existence and representation of a large part of the urban area read vertically. The second part of the Volume is devoted to this idea. Having recorded and analysed the conflicts in relation to the skyline (Appert, 2008, 2011; Appert and Montès, 2015), I now propose to decrypt the skyline, to stabilise its content and contours, and to discuss its physical and mental representations in order to feed the public debate. The reflection is also intended for a host of players, city councils and associations who are confronted with increasing pressure in favour of verticalization. The proposal I have devised to define the skyline is based on three assumptions. First, the skyline covers a material dimension: it corresponds with an entire combination of views and viewpoints which lead the eye to observe large portions of the urban territory engaging its verticality against the sky. Then, the skyline has a social and cultural dimension: it projects human activities, cultural, social and regulatory norms. In return, through the representation of players, it carries economic values and contributes to lifestyle and well-being. Finally, the skyline is political: as projector and landmark of a pluralist urban society, it is the subject of debates and regulations. The term skyline thus becomes a scientific object that the geographer may engage with, both in a heuristic perspective and in the purpose of decision-making (Chapter 3). Defining the skyline constitutes a first phase in which to discuss three dimensions of the notion, with as many different methodological approaches: the material presence of the vistas and visibility, especially through modelling (Chapter 4), the significance and aesthetic aspects of the skyline, mobilising more sensitive and cultural approaches (Chapter 5) and their reception by experts and lay people gathered by means of surveys (Chapter 6). The last part of Volume 3 constitutes a programme of future research to be carried out in an extension of the ANR SKYLINE programme. This future research will deal with the vertical city, which I continue to feed through two distinct lines of research: dwelling practices in the towers, and the definition and assessment of the urban canopy.The first line, one of the 4 of the industrial chair HEVD (Université de Lyon, labex IMU) is examining dwelling practice in the towers through the production of a vertical home, its representations and the lifestyles therein in France and the United Kingdom. The first observation is the exclusion of the choice of towers in urban renewal schemes in France, even though the other European countries have cumulatively approved more than 350 projects (Appert, 2015). After characterisation of the projects approved in the United Kingdom, it will be a question of examining the exclusion of this architectural choice in France through the recension and analysis of the strategies employed by the players in the real estate industry, as well as the representations with respect to residential towers in France, whether by professionals, players in the real estate industry or people living in towers. Then I will do a more specific study on lifestyles and habits (domestic, mobility, sociability and use of spaces) in private and social housing in residential towers using several case studies. Finally, I will analyse the regulatory constraints and the technical and economical contexts associated with the construction of vertical accommodation in order to understand their repercussions for, on the one hand, the strategies of the players in the real estate industry and on the other, the conditions of occupation and use by the residents. The planned case studies will be about contemporary works involving the partner GFC/Bouygues in London and Lyon, as well as two case studies on social housing, the Montée de l'Observance towers in Lyon and a housing scheme in East London. The second line of research is based on developing the research project for submission of an application to the ANR which I will lead during the next "Villes et bâtiments durables"* call for projects (AAP) in 2016. The project brings together researchers and professionals from various disciplines (geography, information technology, urbanism, architecture, law and sociology) to study the capacity, visibility, potential and possible uses of the urban canopy. Facing the pressures of environmental sustainability and steady urbanisation, roofs (built element of the urban canopy) could contribute additional capacity, constitute spaces for living, leisure and even production, agriculture and electricity, etc. The project envisages: 1/ cross-disciplinary reflection on the delineation of the urban canopy; 2/ an analysis of experience in using rooftops and developing rooftop spaces; 3/ an assessment of the capacity and visibility of the urban canopy and 4/ the development and testing of scenarios for reuse of roofs (in cooperation with the post-doctoral researcher in information technology). ; Avec le programme de recherche SKYLINE (ANR), j'ai emmené un collectif de chercheurs dans l'exploration des enjeux paysagers des tours en focalisant l'attention sur une dimension particulière du paysage de la ville : le skyline. Du fait de leurs caractéristiques architecturales et de leur proéminence, les tours s'inscrivent dans le paysage matériel à toutes les échelles. En revanche, elles seules sont lisibles et impactent le grand paysage lu dans son volume. Elles y jouent parfois le rôle d'emblèmes de dynamisme économique et/ou de renouvellement urbain et traduisent un projet politique (McNeill 2005 ; Appert 2008, 2011, 2012). Par leur visibilité, de près comme de loin, elles font partie des édifices les plus contestés, ce au moment où le paysage est remobilisé à la fois comme cadre de vie et pour faire adhérer les populations aux projets urbains. Dans les villes européennes, la contestation des tours s'organise et s'amplifie : Londres (Appert et Drozdz 2010), Paris (d'Aboville 2015), mais aussi Séville, Vienne, Barcelone, Genève et même Saint-Pétersbourg sont concernées (Dixon 2009). La première partie du volume 3 consiste à caractériser le retour des tours en Europe et à en expliciter les ressorts. Les crises économiques qui se succèdent dans les années 1970 et 1980 et la montée des aspirations à la patrimonialisation réduisent l'appétence pour les tours nées du modernisme et de la phase de verticalisation des Trente Glorieuses. Elles sont rejetées à la fois par une partie de la population et les municipalités. Les décennies 1980 et 1990 sont celles d'un étiage marqué, à quelques exceptions prés.Après cette période d'étiage durant laquelle très peu de tours ont été construites, les villes européennes connaissent un regain d'intérêt pour cette forme architecturale et urbaine. Si le retour des tours est encore modeste en France, il atteint une ampleur sans précédent dans bon nombre de pays européens, témoignant tout d'un changement de contexte économique et politique.La nécessité de densifier les villes pour en réponse aux injonctions du développement durable fait quasi-consensus politique. Elle s'arrime sur une gouvernance publique-privée dans laquelle les municipalités devenues entrepreneuriales adoptent un agenda de croissance qui passe le plus souvent par des politiques visant à rendre plus attractifs les territoires urbains. Dans ce contexte, les tours se trouvent de nouveau légitimées. Elles sont synonymes de maximisation de l'usage du sol pour des fonctions résidentielles et commerciales et, lorsqu'elles sont localisées à proximité des nœuds de transport collectif, des signaux de centralité de réseau et de régénération urbaine. C'est une logique économique de l'offre qui prévaudrait : le choix des tours n'émane pas des populations et pas non plus nécessairement des municipalités. La promotion immobilière est désormais le principal acteur de la verticalisation. Les élus, tels que Gérard Colomb à Lyon, ou encore Ken Livingstone et Boris Johnson à Londres, conquis par la symbolique des tours, instrumentalisent les projets pour commercialiser leurs territoires.Les représentations des tours resteraient souvent complexes et polarisées. Les acteurs français interrogés dans cette partie ont confirmé l'hypothèse d'un traumatisme de l'architecture moderniste, des grands ensembles, parmi les praticiens, les élus et une partie de la population. Prenant acte de cette imaginaire négatif, les promoteurs ne tableraient donc pas sur un retour « spontané » vers les tours (Fincher, 2007; Mollé, 2016). Ils tendraient plutôt à remobiliser les imaginaires de l'élévation, de la domination et de la distinction, pour reformuler leur offre de logements et de bureaux verticaux dans des produits commerciaux qui associent habitat, vue et lifestyles.La deuxième partie du volume 3 revient sur les conflits paysagers suscités par le retour des tours en Europe. Les recherches scientifiques qui ont pour horizon la durabilité, ont longtemps laissé de côté l'impact paysager des tours. Promouvoir une ville durable ne se limite pas à identifier et mettre en œuvre les conditions d'une ville moins énergivore, il s'agit aussi de considérer l'altération potentielle des rapports des sociétés urbaines à leur paysage dans le contexte de verticalisation. Projection des activités, des normes et des règlements urbains, le paysage urbain est aussi un marqueur territorial, une signalétique du vivre ensemble et une ressource économique et sociale. Le retour des tours mobilise plusieurs dimensions du paysage. Dans la majorité des cas, le skyline - même s'il n'est pas toujours nommé - en tant que matérialité et représentation d'une vaste portion du territoire urbain lue dans sa verticalité, est au cœur de conflits entre acteurs économiques, praticiens, élus et associations. La deuxième partie du volume lui est consacré. Ayant acté et analysé les conflits associés au skyline (Appert, 2008, 2011 ; Appert et Montès, 2015), J'ai proposé de le décrypter, d'en stabiliser le contenu et les contours, et d'en discuter les représentations matérielles et mentales pour alimenter le débat public. L'horizon de la réflexion est aussi celui d'un appareillage des acteurs, municipalités et associations, confrontés à une accentuation de la pression à la verticalisation. La dernière partie du volume 3 constitue une programmation des recherches à venir dans le prolongement du programme ANR SKYLINE. Ces recherches futures s'inscrivent dans le champ de la ville verticale, que je continue à alimenter à travers deux axes distincts : l'habiter dans les tours (chaire industrielle HEVD Université de Lyon, labex IMU) et la formalisation et la mesure de la canopée urbaine (ANR CANOPY).

En la arena educativa, uno de los focos de tensión irresuelto en la actualidad es el propio de las relaciones entre la escuela pública y la escuela privada. Los partidarios de cada opción participan en un debate apasionado con posiciones sustentadas básicamente en argumentos religiosos, políticos y sociales y ello, ante la carencia de estudios que posibiliten el conocimiento de la génesis y desarrollo de la escuela privada y permitan su tratamiento propiamente educativo. En consecuencia se ha determinado seguir el devenir histórico de la conformación de un sistema de instrucción nacional público y privado junto con el concepto de libertad de enseñanza, garante entre otros de la libertad de creación de centros, al menos desde el liberalismo doceañista hasta los albores de la Guerra Civil en un triángulo matriz cuyos vértices quedan determinados en cada momento histórico por ia ideología gubernamental, la todopoderosa actuación de la Iglesia católica y las siempre escasas partidas económicas dedicadas a la instrucción. El trabajo sigue la metodología de la investigación histórica tradicional procurando interpretar los hechos acaecidos basándose en documentos históricos. El punto de partida no puede ser otro que el R.D. de 1 de julio de 1902 documento que conforma un instrumento de inspección estatal de escuelas privadas que tradicionalmente habían quedado fuera de su control y la documentación consiguiente de más de un centenar de centros educativos que solicitan los trámites de apertura y funcionamiento dirigidos a la Universidad Literaria de Sevilla. Ellos son una fuente de información primigenia acerca de los cuadros de enseñanza (asignaturas, gabinetes y material científico) y documentos de filiación (certificados de buena conducta y residencia )entre otros, además de las condiciones de moralidad e higiene en que se desenvolvían .imprescindibles en la autorización del establecimiento. En esos momentos históricos , la necesaria reforma educativa en cuanto a leyes educativas, planes de estudios, contenidos.etc, cede paso al pulso, estatista de una parte; confesional de otra, por el control político e ideológico de la escuela. A comienzos del s. XX la ciudad de Huelva alcanza elevados índices demográficos y económicos debidos en buena parte a la actividad minera. Así, las necesidades de la población se traducen, bajo la premisa de la mejora de los servicios públicos, a veces en manos privadas, en una mayor demanda de agua, mercados de abastos y escuelas, entre otros. En 1901 el Gobernador civil propondrá al Consistorio una profunda reforma en el abastecimiento de aguas . Urge trazar una red apropiada que provea de agua potable a la población. A este problema se le une poco después, en el verano, las obras de la nueva plaza de abastos que quedarán paralizadas debido a problemas en el ensamblaje metálico de la cubierta .En lo referente a las escuelas, no pocas veces los planteamientos educativos quedarán en un segundo plano, advirtiéndose principalmente el coste que suponen las subvenciones, gratificaciones, construcciones, pago de haberes. en un mapa escolar variopinto donde toman acomodo la escuela pública - nacional, la católica, 1a escuela laica y un colegio. Otro de los problemas que preocupa ai consistorio es el de la mendicidad de oficio, que será estudiado en la Comisión de Beneficencia y el abaratamiento de los artículos de primera necesidad, aspectos de una sociedad en rápido crecimiento. El estudio de la escuela primaria privada requiere el establecimiento de cortes cronológicos. En el primero, que abarca desde principios de siglo hasta 1923 se hace patente el desarrollo "autónomo" de los colegios religiosos aprovechando los pactos con la Iglesia, las confrontaciones políticas, los beneficiosos procedimientos administrativos , al menos en lo relativo a la titulación^ la desidia que acompañaba estos temas. Con Primo de Rivera, el restablecimiento del R.D. de i de julio de 1902 y la proliferación de escuelas y colegios de congregaciones e institutos religiosos. El planteamiento novedoso de la escuela unificada de manos de la República y su programa laico y secular izad or culminará con disposiciones que dictarán la supresión de subvenciones a colegios religiosos, la incautación de sus edificios y la desaparición de algunos colegios. La escuela no oficial de Huelva forma un mosaico complejo y variado. Junto a la escuela de la mina surgida a partir de 1873 con la llegada de capitales extranjeros para la explotación de los criaderos de minerales y a escuela evangélica, tan ligada a ella y algunas pocas escuelas privadas no confesionales .laicas y racionalistas toleradas y vigiladas de cerca , ya en la capital, ya en la provincia, por los servidores de la Iglesia católica. Junto a unos pocos colegios para hijos de obreros, los colegios de primera y segunda enseñanza, garantes de una educación de calidad para la pujante clase media y los colegios y escuelas de órdenes, institutos y congregaciones religiosas, que se asientan en la capital y en desarrolladas localidades provinciales para ofertar junto a una educación de calidad otra de caridad para los más desfavorecidos. Queda patente la importancia de la escuela católica > parte medular del sistema educativo y ello por un doble motivo; por el número creciente de escuelas y colegios establecidos, y por la colonización creciente de sus enseñanzas en el currículo , sin olvidar el papel inspector que ejercen en el resto de escuelas, Restan las escuelas particulares, las más numerosas, las que se encuentran diseminadas por toda la geografía onubense, de corte mayoritariamente femenino si se atiende a la dirección y clientela y que subsiste a duras penas con exiguos pagos o cicateras subvenciones de los ayuntamientos a cambio de matricular a un determinado número de alumnos pobres, aliviando así las sonrojantes listas de matriculación escolar. El mapa escolar ha de completarse con la labor educativa y social de Manuel Siurot en sus Escuelas del Sagrado Corazón de Jesús, transmisor de las enseñanzas de Manjón y !a Escuela Francesa , verdadero referente educativo capitalino que perdura actualmente, Finaliza este trabajo reparando en los protagonistas inmediatos del hecho educativo: el profesorado y el alumnado. Dividido el periodo acotado en cuatro décadas , se estudian en cada una las titulaciones y obligaciones de maestros y maestras, haciendo referencia a los planes de estudio y, cuando los datos lo permiten, reparar en aspectos tales como el estado civil, procedencia, edad y número de maestros y maestras, así como la oferta educativa y los niveles de asistencia en las escuelas públicas, privadas, de patronato y subvencionadas, aspectos que permiten caracterizar la escuela en el periodo mencionado. Esta es nuestra contribución al conocimiento de la escuela privada, conocimiento modesto tanto por la dimensión local como por el estudio de una documentación que refleja parcialmente la realidad, pues si bien es cierto que hemos seguido fielmente todos los documentos de los archivos mencionados, también es cierto que por el camino se han quedado cientos de escuelas "amigas" que quedan fuera de control aunque aún perduren en la memoria. Queda abierta una vía para futuras investigaciones. ; In the educational arena, one of the tension focal points still unresolved at present Is the one belonging to the relationship between the state school and the private (Independent) school. Supporters of each option take part in a passionate debate with positions essentially sustained by religious, political and social arguments due to the lack of studies that make possible the understanding of the genesis and development of the private (independent) school and enable their proper educational treatment. Consequently, it has been determined to follow the historical development of configuration of a national state and private education system together with the concept of academic freedom, guarantor of, among others, the freedom of establishment of centres, at least from the doceanista liberalism to the dawn of the Civil War in a matrix triangle whose vertices are determined in each historical period by the governmental ideology, the powerful action of the Catholic Church and the always scarce economic funds devoted to instruction. The study follows the methodology of traditional historical research trying to interpret the events based on historical documents. The starting point can not be other than the Royal Decree of 1st July 1902, a document that functions as a state inspection instrument of private (independent) schools that had traditionally been beyond its control and the consequent documentation of more than a hundred education centres applying for the opening and operation procedures directed to the Literary University of Seville. They are a primal source of information with regards to teaching charts (subjects, offices and scientific equipment) and affiliation documents (certificates of good behaviour and residence) among others, including the morality and hygiene conditions where they were working, essential for the approval of the establishment. In those historical moments, the necessary educational reform in terms of education laws, curricula, contents.etc, gives way to the arm wrestle, state-controlled on the one hand, confessional on the other, for the political and ideological control of the school. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the city of Huelva reaches high demographic and economic indices largely due to the mining activity. Thus, the population necessities are translated, under the premise of improving public services, sometimes in private hands, in a higher demand for water, food markets and schools among others. In 1901 the Civil Governor will propose to the City Council a major remodelling of the water supply, it urges to design an appropriate network for providing drinking water to the population. This concern is joined shortly after, in summertime, by the building work of the new food market that will be paralysed due to problems with the metallic structure of the roof. With regards to schools, not rarely educational approaches will remain in the background, noticing mainly the costs involving subsidies, school fees, building work, salary payments.in a diverse school map that accomodates the state elementary school - the national, the Catholic, the secular school and a secondary school. Other problems that concern the City Council are the proffesional begging, which will be studied by the Charity Committee, and the price reduction of prime necessity goods, aspects of a society in rapid growth, The study of the private elementary school requires the establishment of chronological frames. In the first one, spanning from the beginning of the century until 1923, is patent the "autonomous" development of religious schools taking advantage of pacts with the Church, political confrontations, beneficial administrative procedures, at least in terms of qualifications, or the apathy that accompanied these issues. With Primo de Rivera, the restoration of the Royal Decree of 1st July 1902 and the proliferation of elementary and secondary schools of religious congregations and religious high schools. The original approach of the unified school thanks to the Republic and its lay and secular plan will culminate in provisions that will dictate the abolition of subsidies to religious schools, the seizure of their buildings and the dissapearance of some schools. The non-official school of Huelva forms a complex and varied mosaic. Together with the school of the mine emerged from 1873 with the arriving of foreign capital for the exploitation of mineral farms and the Evangelical school, so bound to it and a few non-religious private schools, secular and rationalist tolerated and closely monitored, in the capital and the province, by the servants of the Catholic Church. Together with a few schools for the children of labourers, primary and secondary schools, guarantors of a quality education for the burgeoning middle class and elementary and secondary schools of religious orders, high schools and religious congregations, that establish themselves in the capital and in developed provincial localities to offer besides a quality education, a charity one for the most deprived people, it becomes clear the importance of the Catholic school, core of the education system and this is obvious for two reasons: because of the growing number of established primary and secondary schools, and the growing colonisation of their teachings in the curriculum, not forgetting the inspector role they play in the other schools. It remains to mention private home-schools, the most numerous ones, which are scattered throughout the geography of Huelva, mainly for girls if we look into their management and customers, and that hardly survive with meagre payments or stingy subsidies from Town Councils in exchange of enrolling a certain number of poor pupils, relieving in that way the embarrasing school enrolment lists. The school map should be completed with the educational and social work of Manuel Siurot in his schools of the Sagrado Corazón de Jesús, transmitter of the Manjon and French School pedagogies, real capital educational model that currently endures. This paper finishes noticing the immediate leading figures in the educational process: teachers and pupils. Dividing the chosen period in four decades, the qualifications and duties of teachers are estudied in each of them, referencing to the curricuium and, when data allows it, notice aspects such as marital status, origin, age and number of teachers as well as the educational provision and attendance standards of state schools, private (independent) schoois, sponsored schools and subsidised schools, ail aspects that allow to picture the school in the mentioned period of time. This is our contribution to the knowledge of the private (independent) school, modest knowledge for both the local dimension and the study of documentation that reflects the reality only partially, even if we have accurateily followed all the documents of the mentioned archives, it is also true that we had left behind hundred of private "child-friendly" schools (escuelas "amigas3) outside our matter of study even if they still endure in our memory, An avenue for future research remains open.

NOTICIAS / NEWS ("Transfer", 2016) 1) CONGRESOS / CONFERENCES: 1. Languages & the Media – Agile Mediascapes: Personalising the Future, Hotel Radisson Blu, Berlín, 2-4 Nov. 2016 www.languages-media.com 2. Third Chinese Drama Translation Colloquium Newcastle University, UK, 28-19 Junio 2016. www.ncl.ac.uk/sml/about/events/item/drama-translation-colloquium 3. 16th Annual Portsmouth Translation Conference – Translation & Interpreting: Learning beyond the Comfort Zone, University of Portsmouth, UK, 5 Nov. 2016. www.port.ac.uk/translation/events/conference 4. 3rd International Conference on Non-Professional Interpreting & Translation (NPIT3) Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Suiza
5-7 Mayo 2016. www.zhaw.ch/linguistics/npit3 5. 3rd Postgraduate Symposium – Cultural Translation: In Theory and as Practice. University of Nottingham, UK, 18 Mayo 2016. Contact: uontranslation2016@gmail.com 6. 3rd Taboo Conference – Taboo Humo(u)r: Language, Culture, Society, and the Media, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (Barcelona) 20-21 Sep. 2016.
https://portal.upf.edu/web/taco 7. Postgraduate Conference on Translation and Multilingualism Lancaster University, UK, 22 Abril 2016. Contacto: c.baker@lancaster.ac.uk 8. Translation and Minority University of Ottawa (Canadá), 11-12 Nov. 2016. Contacto: rtana014@uottawa.ca 9. Translation as Communication, (Re-)narration and (Trans-)creation Università di Palermo (Italia), 10 Mayo 2016 www.unipa.it/dipartimenti/dipartimentoscienzeumanistiche/convegni/translation 10. From Legal Translation to Jurilinguistics: Interdisciplinary Approaches to the Study of Language and Law, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla,
27-28 Oct. 2016. www.tinyurl.com/jurilinguistics 11. Third International Conference on Research into the Didactics of Translation. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 7-8 Julio 2016 http://grupsderecerca.uab.cat/pacte/en/content/second-circular-1 12. EST Congress – Expanding the Boundaries or Strengthening the Bases: Should Translation Studies Explore Visual Representation? Aarhus University (Dinamarca), 15-17 Sep. 2016 http://bcom.au.dk/research/conferencesandlectures/est-congress-2016/panels/18-expanding-the-boundaries-or-strengthening-the-bases-should-translation-studies-explore-visual-representation/ 13. Tourism across Cultures: Accessibility in Tourist Communication Università di Salento, Lecce (Italia). 25-27 Feb. 2016 http://unisalento.wix.com/tourism 14. Translation and Interpreting Studies at the Crossroad: A Dialogue between Process-oriented and Sociological Approaches – The Fourth Durham Postgraduate Colloquium on Translation Studies Durham University, UK. 30 Abril – 1 Mayo 2016. www.dur.ac.uk/cim 15. Translation and Interpreting: Convergence, Contact, Interaction Università di Trieste (Italia), 26-28 Mayo 2016 http://transint2016.weebly.com 16. 7th International Symposium for Young Researchers in Translation, Interpreting, Intercultural Studies and East Asian Studies. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 1 Julio 2016. http://pagines.uab.cat/simposi/en 17. Translation Education in a New Age The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China 15-16 Abril 2016. Contact: Claire Zhou (clairezhou@cuhk.edu.cn) 18. Audiovisual Translation: Dubbing and Subtitling in the Central European Context, Constantine the Philosopher University, Nitra (Eslovaquia). 15-17 Junio 2016. https://avtnitraconference.wordpress.com 19. Cervantes, Shakespeare, and the Golden Age of Drama Madrid, 17-21 Oct. 2016 http://aedean.org/wp-content/uploads/Call-for-papers.pdf 20. 3rd International Conference Languaging Diversity – Language/s and Power. Università di Macerata (Italia), 3-5 Marzo 2016 http://studiumanistici.unimc.it/en/research/conferences/languaging-diversity 21. Congreso Internacional de Traducción Especializada (EnTRetextos) Universidad de Valencia, 27-29 Abril 2016 http://congresos.adeituv.es/entretextos 22. Translation & Quality 2016: Corpora & Quality Université Charles de Gaulle Lille 3 (Francia), 5 Feb. 2016 http://traduction2016.sciencesconf.org/?lang=en 23. New forms of feedback and assessment in translation and interpreting training and industry. 8th EST Congress – Translation Studies: Moving Boundaries, Aarhus University (Dinamarca), 15-17 Sep. 2016. www.bcom.au.dk/est2016 24. Intermedia 2016 – Conference on Audiovisual Translation University of Lodz (Polonia), 14-16 Abril 2016 http://intermedia.uni.lodz.pl 25. New Technologies and Translation Université d'Algiers (Argelia). 23-24 Feb. 2016 Contacto: newtech.trans.algiers@gmail.com 26. Circulation of Academic Thought - Rethinking Methods in the Study of Scientific Translation. 11 - 12 Dec. 2015, University of Graz (Austria).https://translationswissenschaft.uni-graz.at/de/itat/veranstaltungen/circulation-of-academic-thought 27. The 7th Asian Translation Traditions Conference Monash University, Malaysia Campus, 26-30 Sep. 2016. http://future.arts.monash.edu/asiantranslation7 28. "Translation policy: connecting concepts and writing history" 8th EST Congress – Translation Studies: Moving Boundaries Aarhus University (Dinamarca), 15-17 Sep. 2016 http://bcom.au.dk/research/conferencesandlectures/est-congress-2016/panels/13-translation-policy-connecting-concepts-and-writing-history 29. International Conference – Sound / Writing: On Homophonic Translation. Université de Paris (Francia), 17-19 Nov. 2016 www.fabula.org/actualites/sound-writing-on-homophonic-translationinternational-conference-paris-november-17-19-2016_71295.php 30. Third Hermeneutics and Translation Studies Symposium – Translational Hermeneutics as a Research Paradigm Technische Hochschule, Colonia (Alemania), 30 Junio-1 Julio 2016 www.phenhermcommresearch.de/index.php/conferences 31. II International Conference on Economic Financial and Institutional Translation. Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (Canadá), 17-18 Agosto 2016. www.uqtr.ca/ICEBFIT 32. International Congress - liLETRAd 2016-Cátedra LILETRAD. Literature Languages Translation, Universidad de Sevilla, 6-8 Julio 2016. https://congresoliletrad.wordpress.com 33. Transmediations! Communication across Media Borders Linnæus University, Växjö (Suecia), 13–15 Oct. 2016 http://lnu.se/lnuc/linnaeus-university-centre-for-intermedial-and-multimodal-studies-/events/conferences/transmediations?l=en 34. Translation Education in a New Age, 15-16 Abril 2016. School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen. Contacto: chansinwai@cuhk.edu.cn 35. Translation and Time: Exploring the Temporal Dimension of Cross-cultural Transfer, 8-10 Diciembre 2016. Departamento de Traducción, The Chinese University of Hong Kong. Contacto: translation-and-time@cuhk.edu.hk. 36. Du jeu dans la langue. Traduire les jeux de mots / Loose in Translation. Translating Wordplay, 23-24 Marzo 2017, Université de Lille (France) https://www.univ-lille3.fr/recherche/actualites/agenda-de-la-recherche/?type=1&id=1271. Contacto: traduirejdm@univ-lille3.fr, julie.charles@univ-lille3.fr 37. Translation and Translanguaging across Disciplines. EST Congress 2016 "Translation Studies: Moving Boundaries", European Society for Translation Studies, Aarhus (Dinamarca), 15-17 Sep. 2016 http://bcom.au.dk/research/conferencesandlectures/est-congress-2016/panels/12-translation-and-translanguaging-across-disciplines/ Contacto: nune.ayvazyan@urv.cat; mariagd@blanquerna.url.edu; sara.laviosa@uniba.it http://bcom.au.dk/research/conferencesandlectures/est-congress-2016/submission/ 38. Beyond linguistic plurality: The trajectories of multilingualism in Translation. An international conference organized jointly by Bogaziçi University, Department of Translation and Interpreting Studies, and Research Group on Translation and Transcultural Contact, York University, Bogaziçi University, 1-12 Mayo 2016. Contacto: sehnaz.tahir@boun.edu.tr, MGuzman@glendon.yorku.ca 39. "Professional and Academic Discourse: an interdisciplinary perspective". XXXIV IConferencia Internacional de la Sociedad Española de Lingüística Aplicada (AESLA), 14-16 Abril 2016. Interuniversity Institute for Applied Modern Languages (IULMA) / Universidad de Alicante. http://web.ua.es/aesla2016. Contacto: antonia.montes@ua.es. 2) CURSOS, SEMINARIOS, POSGRADOS / COURSES, SEMINARS, MASTERS: 1. Seminario: Breaking News for French>English and English>French Translators King's College Cambridge, UK, 8-10 Agosto 2016 Contacto: translateincambridge@iti.org.uk 2. Curso on-line: Setting Up as a Freelance Translator Enero – Marzo 2016. Institute of Translation & Interpreting, UK https://gallery.mailchimp.com/58e5d23248ce9f10c161ba86d/files/Application_Form_SUFT_2016.pdf?utm_source=SUFT+December+Emailer&utm_campaign=11fdfe0453-Setting_Up_as_a_Freelance_Translator12_7_2015&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_6ef4829e50-11fdfe0453-25128325 3. Curso: Using Interpreters for Intercultural Communication and Other Purposes (COM397CE) http://darkallyredesign.com/what-we-do/using-interpreters-for-intercultural-communication 4. Workshop: How to Write and Publish Your Scholarly Paper In cooperation with the European Association of Science Editors (EASE) New Bulgarian University, Sofia (Bulgaria), 21-23 Marzo 2016 www.facebook.com/events/1511610889167645 http://esnbu.org/data/files/resources/ease-nbu-seminar-march-2016-fees.pdf 5. Posgrado: II Postgraduate Course on Spanish Law Taught in English "Global study". Universidad Internacional de Andalucía / Colegio de Abogados de Málaga. www.unia.es/cursos/guias/4431_english.pdf 3) CURSOS DE VERANO / SUMMER COURSES: 1. STRIDON – Translation Studies Doctoral and Teacher Training Summer School, Piran (Eslovenia), 27 Junio – 8 Julio 2016 www.prevajalstvo.net/doctoral-summer-school 2. Training in Translation Pedagogy Program School of Translation and Interpretation, University of Ottawa (Canadá), 4-29 Julio 2016. https://arts.uottawa.ca/translation/summer-programs 3. 2016 Nida School of Translation Studies. Translation, Ecology and Entanglement, San Pellegrino University Foundation, Misano Adriatico, Rimini (Italia), 30 Mayo – 10 Junio 2016. http://nsts.fusp.it/Nida-Schools/NSTS-2016 4. TTPP - Intensive Summer Program in Translation Pedagogy University of Ottawa (Canadá), 4-29 Julio 2016. http://arts.uottawa.ca/translation/summer-programs-2016/ttpp 5. CETRA Summer School 2016. 28th Research Summer School University of Leuven, campus Antwerp (Bélgica), 22 Agosto – 2 Sep. 2016. Contacto: cetra@kuleuven.be. http://www.arts.kuleuven.be/cetra 4) LIBROS / BOOKS: 1. Varela Salinas, María-José & Bernd Meyer (eds.) 2016. Translating and Interpreting Healthcare Discourses / Traducir e interpretar en el ámbito sanitario. Berlín : Frank & Timme. www.frank-timme.de/verlag/verlagsprogramm/buch/verlagsprogramm/bd-79-maria-jose-varela-salinasbernd-meyer-eds-translating-and-interpreting-healthcare-disc/backPID/transued-arbeiten-zur-theorie-und-praxis-des-uebersetzens-und-dolmetschens-1.html 2. Ordóñez López, Pilar and José Antonio Sabio Pinilla (ed.) 2015. Historiografía de la traducción en el espacio ibérico. Textos contemporáneos. Madrid: Ediciones de Castilla-La Mancha. www.unebook.es/libro/historiografia-de-latraduccion-en-el-espacio-iberico_50162 3. Bartoll, Eduard. 2015. Introducción a la traducción audiovisual. Barcelona: Editorial UOC. www.editorialuoc.cat/introduccion-a-la-traduccion-audiovisual 4. Rica Peromingo, Juan Pedro & Jorge Braga Riera. 2015. Herramientas y técnicas para la traducción inglés-español. Madrid: Babélica. www.escolarymayo.com/libro.php?libro=7004107&menu=7001002&submenu=7002029 5. Le Disez, Jean-Yves. 2015. F.A.C.T. Une méthode pour traduire de l'anglais au français. París: Ellipses. www.editions-ellipses.fr/product_info.php?cPath=386&products_id=10601 6. Baker, Mona (ed.) 2015. Translating Dissent: Voices from and with the Egyptian Revolution. Londres: Routledge. www.tandf.net/books/details/9781138929876 7. Gallego Hernández, Daniel (ed.) 2015. Current Approaches to Business and Institutional Translation / Enfoques actuales en traducción económica e institucional. Berna: Peter Lang. www.peterlang.com/download/datasheet/86140/datasheet_431656.pdf 8. Vasilakakos, Mary. 2015. A Training Handbook for Health and Medical Interpreters in Australia. www.interpreterrevalidationtraining.com/books-and-resources.html 9. Jankowska, Anna & Agnieszka Szarkowska (eds) 2015. New Points of View on Audiovisual Translation and Media Accessibility. Oxford: Peter Lang. www.peterlang.com/index.cfm?event=cmp.ccc.seitenstruktur.detailseiten&seitentyp=produkt&pk=83114 10. Baer, Brian James (2015). Translation and the Making of Modern Russian Literature, Londres: Bloomsbury. Translation and the Making of Modern Russian Literature is the inaugural book in a new Translation Studies series: Bloomsbury's "Literatures, Cultures, Translation." 11. Camps, Assumpta. 2016. La traducción en la creación del canon poético (Recepción de la poesía italiana en el ámbito hispánico en la primera mitad del siglo XX). Berna: Peter Lang. 5) REVISTAS / JOURNALS: 1. JoSTrans, The Journal of Specialised Translation, nº especial sobre Translation & the Profession, Vol. 25, Enero 2016. www.jostrans.org 2. Translation and Interpreting – Nº especial sobre Community Interpreting: Mapping the Present for the Future www.trans-int.org/index.php/transint. 3. inTRAlinea – Nº especial sobre New Insights into Specialised Translation. www.intralinea.org/specials/new_insights 4. Linguistica Antverpiensia NS-Themes in Translation Studies, 2015 issue, Towards a Genetics of Translation. https://lans-tts.uantwerpen.be/index.php/LANS-TTS/issue/view/16 5. Quaderns de Filologia, Nº especial sobre Traducción y Censura: Nuevas Perspectivas, Vol. 20, 2015. https://ojs.uv.es/index.php/qdfed/issue/view/577 6. The Translator – Nº especial sobre Food and Translation, Translation and Food, 2015, 21(3). www.tandfonline.com/eprint/ryqJewJUDKZ6m2YM4IaR/full 7. Current Trends in Translation Teaching and Learning E, 2015, 2 www.cttl.org/cttl-e-2015.html 8. Dragoman Journal of Translation Studies. www.dragoman-journal.org 9. Current Trends in Translation Teaching and Learning E. Edición especial sobre Translation Studies Curricula Across Countries and Cultures. www.cttl.org 10. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, Nº especial sobre Translation Policies and Minority Languages: Theory, Methods and Case Studies http://fouces.webs.uvigo.es/CallForPapersIJSLTranslationPolicies.pdf 11. Nº especial de The Interpreter and Translator Trainer 11(2) – Employability and the Translation Curriculum www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1750399X.2015.1103092 12. InTRAlinea. Nº especial sobre Building Bridges between Film Studies and Translation Studies www.intralinea.org/news/item/cfp_building_bridges_between_film_studies_and_translation_studies 13. Nº especial de TranscUlturAl: Comics, BD & Manga in translation/en traduction https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/TC/announcement/view/290 14. The Journal of Translation Studies 2015, 16(4) Nº especial sobre Translator and Interpreter Training in East Asia Contacto: Won Jun Nam: wjnam@hufs.ac.kr, wonjun_nam@daum.net 15. TRANS Revista de Traductología, 19(2), 2015. www.trans.uma.es/trans_19.2.html 16. Between, 9, 2015 – Censura e auto-censura http://ojs.unica.it/index.php/between/index 17. Translation Studies, Nº especial sobre Translingualism & Transculturality in Russian Contexts of Translation http://explore.tandfonline.com/cfp/ah/rtrs-cfp3 18. Translation & Interpreting, 7:3, 2016 www.trans-int.org/index.php/transint/issue/view/38 19. "The translation profession: Centres and peripheries" The Journal of Specialised Translation (Jostrans), Nº. 25, Enero 2016. The Journal of Translation Studies is a joint publication of the Department of Translation of The Chinese University of Hong Kong and the Chinese University Press. Contact: jts.tra@cuhk.edu.hk, james@arts.cuhk.edu.hk 19. Nuevo artículo: "The Invisibility of the African Interpreter" por Jeanne Garane, Translation: a transdisciplinary journal http://translation.fusp.it/. Contact: siri.nergaard@gmail.com.

Innovation is a core topic for the social and administrative sciences concerned with organizations management. Hence the name of our journal: INNOVAR, depicted as action and reflection. Insights about innovation are diverse, ranging from the importance of change in production techniques pointed out by Marx, to the structural vision by Schumpeter and the Neo-Schumpeterians about creative destruction as one of the drivers of capitalist development (Chang, 2016). In recent decades, innovation has been gaining an increasingly prominent role in economic and organizational processes due to the emergence and consolidation of the so-called "knowledge-based society" (Drucker, 1994; Castells, 1996; Dubina, Carayannis & Campbell, 2012).Innovation demands the confluence of multiple factors and dimensions, such as creativity, science and technology, the interactions between University, business and society, as well as competition, the role of the State and innovation financing, among others. Precisely, the intersection between the role of the State and innovation financing has been one of the research interests of the Italian economist Mariana Mazzucato. In her book The Entrepreneurial State - Debunking Public vs. Private Sector Myths, Mazzucato (2016) advocates for a change in the understanding of the role of the State within innovation processes. Using empirical evidence from the sectors of communications technology (exemplifying companies like Apple), renewable energies and the pharmaceutical sector, Mazzucato points out to the active and paramount role of the State in contemporary innovation, considering that states have been investors and executors of projects in the base of innovations such as the touch screen, the cps, the Internet or Siri, which were later exploited by private companies. Whether in the field of military defense, aeronautics or the energy sector, investments by the State and the resulting projects have been vital for the conception and subsequent diffusion of innovations. The characteristics of high-risk investments that can be undertaken by the State added to the way it brings together and articulates multiple capacities and institutions, constitute transmission chains that are essential for innovation.Mazzucato's contribution is questioning a series of myths around innovation that suggest this phenomenon arises only by the activities of private entrepreneurs and investors. This perspective, now dominant, demands a downsized State focused on encouraging private forces, so that the invisible hand and competition promote the emergence of new knowledge leading to innovations. Mazzucato's book (2016) opens wide paths for research since it does not deny the relevance of companies and innovative entrepreneurs, but it calls to recognize, characterize and assess the importance of public organizations and projects in the dynamics of innovation. All of this encourages the academic research interests of INNOVAR, to which we summon Ibero-American academic community of the Management Sciences.Our current issue is made up by four of our traditional sections: Strategy and Organizations, Marketing, Human Factor, and Business Ethics. These gather ten papers by Colombian and international partners.Three research papers are published in Strategy and Organizations section.As a results of an international cooperation, Professors Julio César Acosta, from Externado de Colombia University, Mónica Longo-Somoza, from the Council of Education of the Community of Madrid - Spain, and María Belén Lozano, from the University of Salamanca - Spain, introduce their work "Does Family Ownership Affect Innovation Activity? A Focus on the Biotechnological Industry". This work tried to identify the profile of innovative firms in order to analyze whether family ownership is a feature related to innovation initiatives and processes. For that purpose, a hierarchical cluster analysis is performed in a sample of 243 Spanish companies within the biotechnology sector. It is concluded from the study that innovative Spanish firms belonging to this sector are non-family-owned firms. The negative relationship between innovation and family ownership could be explained by the conservative behavior of family-owned companies, which avoid taking the risks demanded by innovation.Professors Valentin Azofra, from the University of Valladolid - Spain, Magda Lizet Ochoa, from the Autonomous University of Tamaulipas - Mexico, and Begoha Prieto and Alicia Santidrian, from the University of Burgos - Spain, present the paper "Creating Value through the Application of Intellectual Capital Models". This research aims to link both the adoption level and the use of intellectual capital models with the creation of value in companies under a long-term perspective. Empirical work involved the selection of companies showing commitment towards the use of information systems on intellectual capital. Based on information from 79 Spanish companies a model was developed and then applied in order to relate the variables of growth in sales, productivity per employee and intellectual capital index, among others, to the adoption level and use of indicators on intellectual capital. Results show that companies with higher levels of intellectual capital models report better indexes related to aforementioned variables, which represent, in turn, greater creation of value.Additionally, independent researcher Giuseppe Vanoni and Professor Carlos Rodriguez from the National University of Colombia authored the paper "Growth Strategies Implemented by Economic Groups in Ecuador (2007-2016)", a study intended to identify growth strategies of 132 economic groups in Ecuador during the time frame previously stated. After a complete literature review and the introduction of the conceptual notions of "economic group" and "growth strategy", empirical work shows that a specialization-based concentration strategy prevails among the studied groups. Furthermore, this work allowed concluding that Ecuadorian economic groups belong to some specific families, and that the economic stability experienced by this country over the course of the period under study had a direct influence on the concentration strategy by specialization adopted by economic groups.Marketing section in this issue of INNOVAR introduces four papers.Brazilian researchers Celso Ximenes and Josemeire Alves, and Professors Gabriel Aguiar, from the Faculdade Mauricio de Nassau, and Danielle Miranda de Oliveira, from the Uni-versidade Estadual do Ceará in the city of Fortaleza - Brazil, take part in this issue with the work "You Solved my Problem, but I Won't Buy from You Anymore! Why Don't Consumers Want to Go Back Doing Business in Online Stores?". This study set as its main goal to understand the motives driving online consumers not to make new purchases when experiencing troubles with purchase processes, even when inconveniences were solved. Following a qualitative approach and based on a sample of 200 complaints over four e-commerce enterprises, a descriptive focus allowed classifying the possible problems and solutions deployed by companies. Results point that consumers manifest their wish of not making further purchases with the same company due to problems with logistics as well as delays with problemsolving and handling complaints.From the University of Seville in Spain, Professors Carlos Javier Rodríguez and Encarnación Ramos add to this current issue the paper "Influence of Religiosity and Spirituality on Consumer Ethical Behavior", whose objective is to analyze consumers' ethical behavior. For this reason, a model of structural equations relating the scales of religiosity and spirituality and contrasting the results of 286 surveys to Spanish citizens is developed. The study implied resizing the Consumer Ethics Scale based on the results found in the literature in order to fit the purposes of this work. The paper concludes by presenting evidence on the existence of a relationship between religiosity-spirituality and the ethical behavior shown by consumers.Professors Alejandro Tapia, associated to the University Loyola Andalucía, and Elena Martín Guerra, from the University of Valladolid, both institutions in Spain, are the authors of "Neuroscience and Advertising. An Experiment on Attention and Emotion in Television Advertising". This paper presents the results of a neuroscience experiment applied to advertising, whose purpose was to study how attention and the generation of emotional responses influence the recall of w spots. The experiment was carried out in a group of 30 students aged 18-22, who were exposed to advertising spots of the University of Valladolid. Results from this exercise show important aspects influencing attention and emotion towards the spots, both positively and negatively, among them: comic content, language, loudness or negative and sad contents, and some others.From the Center of Economic and Management Sciences at the University of Guadalajara - Mexico, Professors José Sánchez, Guillermo Vázquez and Juan Mejía sign the work "Marketing and Elements Influencing the Competitiveness of Commercial Micro, Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in Guadalajara, Mexico". This study seeks to state the correlation between different key marketing elements that impact micro, small and medium-sized enterprises of clothing items in Guadalajara, Mexico. Based on structural equation modelling, strategies, knowledge and planning in marketing were identified as determinants for the competitiveness of this type of companies. Empirical work used a sample of 380 companies of the retail-clothing sector. The results confirm a positive and significant correlation between key marketing factors and competitiveness, where marketing factors are decisive for companies within the sector, which have been regarded as the weakest link in Mexican economy.Our Human Factor section gathers two studies derived from research processes.We include the paper titled "Subjectivity and Power in Business Organizations: A Case Study", authored by Adriana Valencia Espinosa, Professor at the University of Valle -Colombia. This work was praised as one of the best lectures presented during the First International Congress on Organizations Management that was venued at the National University of Colombia. The objective of this research was to understand the impact of business organizations on the subjectivity of employees, emphasizing the implications of labor breakdown (the termination of a contract). The case study is carried out at a renowned company in Valle del Cauca - Colombia, whose core business, among other lines, is mass printing and editorial processes. This paper addresses testimonies by key participants, that is, workers who experienced labor ruptures with the company. The article also identifies some mechanisms deployed by the organization in the process of sensemaking and the creation of meaning for subjectivity mobilization.Professors Matias Ginieis, María Victoria Sánchez and Fernando Campa from the Rovira i Virgili University, in Spain, present in this issue the paper "How much is the Staff According to the Type of Airline and its Geographical Location in Europe? A Comparative Analysis". This research study was aimed at determining the link between the costs per employee, the types of airlines (traditional or low cost) and the different geographical locations of the headquarters of the studied airlines (Western Europe, Eastern Europe, the United Kingdom and the Nordic countries). A total of 152 airlines were analyzed during the period 2008-2013. Based on statistical correlation tests it was possible to determine there is no relationship between the type of airline and staff-related costs.Last but not least, our Business Ethics section presents a research paper for this issue of INNOVAR.At the University of Zaragoza in Spain, Professors Francisco José López and Ana Bellosta contribute to this issue with the work titled "Corporate Social Responsibility and Good Corporate Governance practices in Spanish Ethical Mutual Funds: Analysis of Investee Companies". This paper studies the type of firms composing the portfolio of Spanish ethical mutual funds, characterizing such companies on the basis of the Corporate Governance model they follow, their organizational structure and some of their economic and financial variables. Different models of Corporate Governance by investee companies and their relationship with financial variables are presented and then evaluated. Results show that companies under the German corporate governance model are preferred by ethical mutual funds, followed by those companies with Anglo-Saxon corporate governance models, which means that, for allocating resources, ethical mutual funds take an interest in companies that involve different stakeholders in their governance processes.We are sure these contributions will be of great interest for the academic community of the Social and Management Sciences both in Colombia and abroad. ; La innovación es un tópico medular para las ciencias sociales y administrativas preocupadas por la gestión de las organizaciones. De allí el nombre de nuestra publicación: INNOVAR, expresado como acción y reflexión. Las concepciones sobre la innovación son diversas y van desde la importancia del cambio en las técnicas de producción, señalado por Marx, hasta la visión estructural de Schumpeter y de los neoschumpeterianos, según la cual la destrucción creativa es uno de los motores del desarrollo capitalista (Chang, 2016). En las últimas décadas, la innovación ha venido ganando un lugar cada vez más protagónico en los procesos económicos y organizacionales, por el surgimiento y consolidación de la llamada "sociedad del conocimiento" (Drucker, 1994; Castells, 1996; Dubina, Carayannis y Campbell, 2012).La innovación requiere la confluencia de múltiples factores y dimensiones, como la creatividad; la ciencia y la tecnología; las relaciones entre universidad, empresa y sociedad; la competencia; el papel del Estado, y la financiación de la innovación, entre otros. Precisamente, la intersección entre el papel del Estado y la financiación de la innovación ha sido uno de los temas de investigación de la economista italiana Mariana Mazzucato. En su libro El Estado emprendedor. Mitos del sector público frente al privado, Mazzucato (2016) aboga por un cambio en la comprensión del papel del Estado en los procesos de innovación. Con evidencia empírica de los sectores de tecnología de las comunicaciones (ejemplarizando con empresas como Apple), las energías renovables y del sector farmacéutico, Mazzucato señala que el Estado ha tenido un papel activo y determinante en la innovación contemporánea, debido a que ha sido inversor y ejecutor de proyectos que están en la base de innovaciones como la pantalla táctil, el CPS, Internet o Siri, que luego son aprovechadas por empresas privadas. Bien sea en el campo del sector defensa, el aeronáutico o el energético, las inversiones del Estado y los proyectos que ejecuta han sido vitales para la gestación y posterior difusión de las innovaciones. Las características de las inversiones de riesgo, que puede ejecutar el Estado, y la forma como congrega y articula múltiples capacidades e instituciones se constituyen realmente en cadenas de transmisión vitales para la innovación.La aportación de Mazzucato (2016) consiste en cuestionar una serie de mitos sobre la innovación, que plantean que tal proceso emerge solo en virtud del actuar de emprededores e inversores privados. Desde esa mirada, hoy dominante, se reclama un Estado mínimo, concentrado en incentivar las fuerzas privadas, para que la mano invisible y la competencia promuevan el surgimiento de nuevos conocimientos que desemboquen en innovaciones. El libro de Mazzucato (2016) abre un sinfín de oportunidades de investigación, puesto que no niega la relevancia de la empresa y los emprendedores innovadores, sino que nos convoca a reconocer, caracterizar y evaluar la importancia de las organizaciones y los proyectos públicos en la dinámica de la innovación. Todo ello alienta la investigación académica que interesa a INNOVAR, y a la que convocamos a la comunidad académica de las ciencias de la gestión en Iberoamérica.La presente edición está organizada en cuatro de nuestras tradicionales secciones: Estrategia y Organizaciones, Marketing, Factor Humano y Ética Empresarial, en las que publicamos diez artículos de nuestros colaboradores nacionales e internacionales.En la sección de Estrategia y Organizaciones, se publican tres trabajos, resultado de investigación.Fruto de una colaboración internacional, los profesores Julio César Acosta, de la Universidad Externado de Colombia; Mónica Longo-Somoza, de la Consejería de Educación de la Comunidad de Madrid, España, y María Belén Lozano, de la Universidad de Salamanca, España, aportan el trabajo titulado "Does family ownership affect innovation activity? A focus on the biotechnological industry". Este trabajo buscó identificar el perfil de las empresas innovadoras, para analizar si la propiedad familiar es una característica que se relaciona con las iniciativas y procesos de innovación. En la investigación se realiza un análisis clúster jerárquico con una muestra de 243 empresas españolas del sector de la biotecnología. Se concluye que las empresas españolas que innovan en este sector no son empresas de propiedad familiar. La relación negativa que se encuentra entre innovación y propiedad familiar, puede ser explicada porque las empresas familiares en tal industria son conservadoras y evitan tomar riesgos como los que la innovación reclama.Los profesores Valentín Azofra, de la Universidad de Valladolid, España; Magda Lizet Ochoa, de la Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, México, y Begoña Prieto y Alicia Santidrián, de la Universidad de Burgos, España, aportan el artículo "Creando valor mediante la aplicación de modelos de capital intelectual". La investigación pretende vincular el nivel de implantación y uso de modelos de capital intelectual con la creación de valor en la empresa, desde una perspectiva de largo plazo. Para el trabajo empírico se seleccionaron empresas que muestran compromiso hacia la utilización de sistemas de información sobre el capital intelectual. Con base en información de 79 empresas españolas, se realizó y aplicó un modelo para relacionar las variables de crecimiento en ventas, productividad por empleado, índice de capital intelectual, entre otras, con el nivel de uso e implantación de indicadores sobre capital intelectual. Los resultados evidencian que las empresas con mayores niveles de implantación de modelos de capital intelectual presentan mejores índices de productividad, crecimiento en ventas y eficiencia del capital intelectual, es decir, mayor creación de valor.Por otra parte, en una colaboración interinstitucional, el investigador independiente Giuseppe Vanoni, y el profesor Carlos Rodríguez, de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, suscriben el artículo titulado "Estrategias de crecimiento implementadas por los grupos económicos del Ecuador (2007-2016)", con la que se pretende identificar las estrategias de crecimiento de 132 grupos económicos en el Ecuador, durante el periodo señalado. Luego de una importante revisión de la literatura y de la definición conceptual de "grupo económico" y de "estrategia de crecimiento", el trabajo empírico muestra que prevalece una estrategia de concentración, basada en la especialización. Se concluye que los grupos económicos en Ecuador son pertenecientes a familias concretas. La estabilidad que vivió el país en los años del estudio influyó en la estrategia de concentración por especialización de los grupos económicos.La sección de Marketing del presente número de INNOVAR está conformada por cuatro artículos.Los investigadores brasileños Celso Ximenes y Josemeire Alves, y los profesores Gabriel Aguiar, Facultade Mauricio de Nassau, y Danielle Miranda de Oliveira, de la Universi-dade Estadual do Ceará, en Fortaleza-Brasil, participan con el trabajo "Resolveram meu problema, porém nao compro mais! Por que os consumidores nao desejam voltar a fazer negócios com Lojas Virtuais? El trabajo se planteó como objetivo comprender los motivos que llevan a los consumidores online a no realizar nuevas compras, cuando tuvieron problemas en el proceso, pese a que tales problemas hubiesen sido resueltos. Desde un enfoque cualitativo, con base en 200 quejas de cuatro empresas que venden sus productos en Internet, se realizó un trabajo descriptivo y cualitativo que permitió categorizar los posibles problemas y las soluciones desplegadas por las empresas. Los consumidores expresan su voluntad de no realizar otra compra con la misma empresa por problemas logísticos, demora en resolución del problema y demora en la atención de la queja.De la Universidad de Sevilla, España, los profesores Carlos Javier Rodríguez y Encarnación Ramos aportan a esta edición el artículo titulado "Influencia de la religiosidad y la espiritualidad en el comportamiento ético del consumidor". El objetivo de la investigación es analizar el comportamiento ético del consumidor, para lo que realiza un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales que relaciona las escalas de religiosidad y espiritualidad, y que contrasta los resultados de 286 encuestas realizadas a ciudadanos españoles. La investigación implicó redimensionar la Consumer Ethics Scale, con base en los resultados encontrados en la literatura y con el propósito de ajuste perseguido en el trabajo. Se concluye el artículo presentando evidencia de la existencia de una relación entre la religiosidad-espiritualidad y el comportamiento ético del consumidor.Los profesores Alejandro Tapia, vinculado a la Universidad Loyola de Andalucía, y Elena Martín Guerra, de la Universidad de Valladolid, ambas instituciones en España, son los autores de "Neurociencia y publicidad. Un experimento sobre atención y emoción en publicidad televisiva". El artículo presenta los resultados de un experimento en neuro-ciencia, aplicado a la publicidad. El propósito era estudiar cómo la atención y la generación de respuesta emocional influyen en el recuerdo de una cuña publicitaria (spot) en televisión. El experimento se desarrolló con un grupo de 30 estudiantes de entre 18 y 22 años, que fueron expuestos a cuñas publicitarias de la Universidad de Valladolid. Los resultados muestran que existen condiciones importantes que impactan en la atención y la emoción hacia los spots, tanto positiva como negativamente, entre ellos, el contenido cómico, el idioma, la fuerza del sonido, la presencia de contenidos negativos y tristes, entre otros.Desde el Centro Universitario de Ciencias Económico-Administrativas, de la Universidad de Guadalajara, México, los profesores José Sánchez, Guillermo Vázquez y Juan Me-jía suscriben el trabajo "La mercadotecnia y los elementos que influyen en la competitividad de las mipymes comerciales en Guadalajara, México". El artículo busca establecer la correlación que existe entre los diferentes factores clave de mercadotecnia que impactan en las micro, medianas y pequeñas empresas de prendas de vestir en Guadalajara, México. A partir de un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales, se establecieron como factores clave las estrategias, el conocimiento y la planeación, todos de mercadotecnia, como variables determinantes de la competitividad de la mipyme. Para el trabajo empírico, se usa una muestra de 380 empresas del sector de prendas de vestir al menudeo. Los resultados verifican que existe una correlación positiva y significativa entre los factores clave de marketing y la competitividad, por lo que resultan determinantes para estas empresas, consideradas por muchos como el eslabón más débil de la economía mexicana.La sección de Factor Humano recoge dos trabajos, resultado de procesos de investigación.Publicamos el artículo titulado "Subjetividad y poder en la organización empresarial: un estudio de caso", de la profesora de la Universidad del Valle, Colombia, Adriana Valencia Espinosa, y que fue una de las mejores ponencias presentadas en el Primer Congreso Internacional de Gestión de las Organizaciones, realizado en la Universidad Nacional de Colombia. El objetivo del trabajo de investigación fue comprender la incidencia de la organización empresarial en la subjetividad de los empleados, enfatizando en las implicaciones de la ruptura laboral (la finalización del contrato). El estudio de caso se realiza en una reconocida empresa del Valle del Cauca, dedicada, entre otros negocios, a la impresión masiva y los procesos editoriales. Se abordan relatos de participantes clave, trabajadores que vivieron rupturas laborales con la empresa. El artículo identifica algunos dispositivos desplegados por la organización en el proceso de creación de sentido y producción de significado que moviliza la subjetividad.De los profesores Matias Ginieis, María Victoria Sánchez y Fernando Campa, de la Universitat Rovira i Virgili, España, en esta edición se publica el artículo "¿Cuánto cuesta el personal según el tipo de aerolínea y su ubicación geográfica en Europa? Un análisis comparativo". La investigación se planteó establecer la relación existente entre los costos por empleado, los tipos de aerolíneas (tradicionales y de bajo costo) y las diferentes zonas geográficas de ubicación en Europa en que están domiciliadas las aerolíneas (Europa occidental, Europa del este, Reino Unido y países nórdicos). Se estudiaron 152 compañías áreas, en el periodo comprendido entre el 2008 y el 2013. A partir de pruebas estadísticas de correlación, se estableció que no hay una relación entre el tipo de aerolínea y el costo del personal.Finalmente, la sección de Ética Empresarial para este número de INNOVAR recoge un artículo de investigación.Desde la Universidad de Zaragoza, España, los profesores Francisco José López y Ana Bellosta aportan el trabajo "Corporate Social Responsibility and Good Corporate Governance Practices in Spanish Ethical Mutual Funds: Analysis of Investee Companies". El artículo analiza los tipos de compañías que conforman el portafolio de los fondos mutuos de inversión ética españoles, caracterizando tales empresas desde el modelo de Gobierno corporativo que siguen, su estructura organizacional y algunas de sus variables económicas y financieras. Se presentan y evalúan diferentes modelos de Gobierno corporativo de las empresas en que se invierte y su relación con variables financieras. Los resultados muestran que las empresas que siguen un modelo de gobierno corporativo alemán son las preferidas por los fondos mutuos de inversión ética, seguidas de las empresas con modelos de Gobierno corporativo anglosajones. Es decir, a los fondos mutuos de inversión ética les interesa que las empresas en que invierten incluyan diferentes grupos de interés en sus procesos de gobernanza.Confiamos en que estos trabajos resulten de interés para la comunidad académica en ciencias sociales y administrativas a nivel nacional e internacional.