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Sacred kingship has been the core political form, in small-scale societies and in vast empires, for much of world history. This collaborative and interdisciplinary book recasts the relationship between religion and politics by exploring this institution in long-term and global comparative perspective.Editors A. Azfar Moin and Alan Strathern present a theoretical framework for understanding sacred kingship, which leading scholars reflect on and respond to in a series of essays. They distinguish between two separate but complementary religious tendencies, immanentism and transcendentalism, which mold kings into divinized or righteous rulers, respectively. Whereas immanence demands priestly and cosmic rites from kings to sustain the flourishing of life, transcendence turns the focus to salvation and subordinates rulers to higher ethical objectives. Secular modernity does not end the struggle between immanence and transcendence—flourishing and righteousness—but only displaces it from kings onto nations and individuals. After an essay by Marshall Sahlins that ranges from the Pacific to the Arctic, the book contains chapters on religion and kingship in settings as far-flung as ancient Egypt, classical Greece, medieval Islam, Mughal India, modern European drama, and ISIS. Sacred Kingship in World History sheds new light on how religion has constructed rulership, with implications spanning global history, religious studies, political theory, and anthropology

Musicologists have increasingly taken a wide-angled lens on the study of music in society, to explore how it can be intertwined with issues of politics, gender, religion, race, psychology, memory, and space. Recent studies of music in connection with society take in a variety of musical phenomena from diverse periods and genres-medieval, classical, opera, rock, etc. This ten-chapter book not only asks how music and society are, and have been, intertwined and mutually influential, but it also examines the agents behind these connections: who determines musical cultures in society? Which social groups are represented in particular musical contexts? Which social groups are silenced or less well represented in music's histories, and why?

Though it has been virtually ignored by historians of political thought, Pizan's The Book of the City of Ladies (1405) is the first work of political theory on the grand scale by a woman. It is a serious analysis of the nature of political reality, & offers a remedy common in the Western political tradition -- the creation of a kallipolis, a utopian "city in words," to serve as a guide to political thought & practice. Though written in the form of a medieval allegory, The Book of the City of Ladies is remarkably modern in its elevation of individual reason, its analysis & critique of the social construction of private & public gender roles, & its hard-headed analysis of the use of power in political life. The book functions as a manual for princesses, in fact, as a manual of empowerment for all women, & in its substance & its use of esoteric literary techniques can be fruitfully compared to Niccolo Machiavelli's The Prince. 31 References. Adapted from the source document.

El siguiente artículo tiene como propósito indagar en el pensamiento de Marsilio de Padua y de Thomas Hobbes a través de sus reconocidas obras, El Defensor de la Paz y el Leviatán, razón por la cual, éste se centrará en comprender no sólo las circunstancias bajo las cuales surgieron sus ideas, sino también aquellos aspectos en los que se acercan y en los que se separan. Para dicho fin se tomaron cuatro fundamentos comunes bajo los cuales ambos edificaron su arquitectura teórica: el primero, la condición natural del hombre; el segundo, la figura de la representación política; el tercero, la institución del soberano, y cuarto, la relación del poder civil con el eclesial. La posibilidad de comprender y relacionar tales conceptos contribuirá al diálogo entre medievales y modernos dentro de la historia de la filosofía occidental. ; The following article is based on the thought of Marsilio de Padua and Thomas Hobbes through his acknowledged works: The Defender of Peace and Leviathan, for this reason, focuses on understanding not only the circumstances under which they arose. Their ideas, but also all the elements in which they approach and in which they separate. To this end, four common foundations were taken under which both constructed their political architecture and that competes to this study: the first, the natural condition of the man, the second, the figure of the political representation, the third, the institution of the sovereign and fourth, the relationship of civil power with the ecclesial. The possibility of understanding and relating such concepts will contribute to the dialogue between medieval and modern since the development of western philosophy.

Выдающийся ученый и литератор, историк и дипломат Лисан ад-Дин Ибн ал-Хатиб занимает важное место в средневековой культуре мусульманской Испании. В своем творчестве он объединил многие отрасли науки, литературы и политологии, за что арабские современники почтительно называли его 'аллама, «ученнейший», а испанцы el-Poligrafo: «ученый-универсал», энциклопедист. Перу Ибн ал-Хатиба принадлежит около 60 научных трудов. Особое место в этом собрании занимают сочинения по истории, которые составили наиболее полную историческую летопись мусульманской Испании. В своих сочинениях автор сумел создать панораму религиозно-политической жизни средневекового арабского Запада Ал-Андалуса и Магриба, уделив главное внимание истории Гранадского эмирата Насридов его родины, ставшей последним оплотом исламского владычества на земле Испании. ; An outstanding man of science and literature, diplomat and politician, historian and physician, Lisan ad-Din Ibn al-Khatib (1313-1374) played an important role in the cultural and political life of the medieval Muslim Spain. In his impressive scientific and literary legacy he managed for present to the generations to come about 60 books and treaties on medicine and science, philosophy and poetry, political and social studies, that is why his Muslim contemporaries called him "al-'Allama" ("the greatest scientist"), and the Spaniards gave him an honorary title of "el Poligrafo" "the Encyclopaedist". The history and historiography of the medieval Muslim West Al-Andalus and al-Maghreb attracted a special attention of Ibn al-Khatib, who succeeded in creating a unique panorama of religious, social and political life of his motherland the land of Granada, which under the Nasrid dynasty (of the 13 th-15 th CC.) became the last stronghold of the realm of Islam within the Iberian Peninsula.

As a prominent intellectual figure in the complex political arena of England, during the transition from Tudor to Stuart dinasties, Francis Bacon (1561-1626) assumes the medieval King's two bodies theory in his political and juridical writings. His use of this theory is extremely linked to central concepts of his natural philosphy, which testifies to the deep connection that Bacon finds between politics and nature. This paper addresses Bacon's use of the King's two bodies theory and its link to the rest of the Baconian philosophy. The focus of this study will be his discourse on the naturalization of Scots born after James I assumption of power, where Bacon deals more deeply with the King's two bodies theory. ; Como figura destacada en el complejo escenario político de la transición entre la dinastía Tudor y la dinastía Estuardo de Inglaterra, Francis Bacon (1561-1626) adoptó la teoría de los dos cuerpos del rey en sus textos políticos y jurídicos. Su uso de esta teoría tiene una estrecha conexión con conceptos centrales de su filosofía natural que testimonia la profunda conexión que Bacon encuentra entre la política y la naturaleza. En este trabajo, analizaré su utilización de la teoría medieval de los dos cuerpos del rey y la vinculación que esta tiene con el resto de la filosofía baconiana. Tomaré como eje para el análisis su discurso sobre la naturalización de los escoceses nacidos después de la subida al trono de James I, donde Bacon trata el concepto de los dos cuerpos del rey con más profundidad. ; Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación

Who bears responsibility for the actions of a city or state? Is it the entity that we sometimes call a nation? Or the individual members of the nation? Shakespeare's Henry V includes a brief interchange the night before the battle at Agincourt that addresses this question. A disguised king and the common soldiers of his army debate who is responsible for the deaths that will occur during the forthcoming battle if the war they are fighting is unjust: the king or his soldiers? Who will be punished on Judgment Day? The interchange opens up reflections on the challenge of deciding who acts when a state acts. Henry V is a play that emphasizes the role of the imagination as central to both stagecraft and the politics of creating a nation. Engaging with the medieval theory of the "king's two bodies," the Henry of Shakespeare's play is caught between the desire to be the embodiment of the imagined nation and yet be his own "natural person" when questions of responsibility for the actions of the nation emerge. Dependent on the imagination to build a unified nation of diverse peoples, Henry desires to escape responsibility for the potentially unjust actions of the nation by focusing on the private actions of his individual subjects. The play thereby brings questions of responsibility for the actions of collective bodies founded by the imagination to the fore and forces us to explore who is responsible when states or nations act.

Examining the social and political upheavals that characterized the collapse of public judgment in early modern Europe, Liberating Judgment offers a unique account of the achievement of liberal democracy and self-government. The book argues that the work of John Locke instills a civic judgment that avoids the excesses of corrosive skepticism and dogmatic fanaticism, which lead to either political acquiescence or irresolvable conflict. Locke changes the way political power is assessed by replacing deteriorating vocabularies of legitimacy with a new language of justification informed by a conception of probability. For Locke, the coherence and viability of liberal self-government rests not on unassailable principles or institutions, but on the capacity of citizens to embrace probable judgment. The book explores the breakdown of the medieval understanding of knowledge and opinion, and considers how Montaigne's skepticism and Descartes' rationalism--interconnected responses to the crisis--involved a pragmatic submission to absolute rule. Locke endorses this response early on, but moves away from it when he encounters a notion of reasonableness based on probable judgment. In his mature writings, Locke instructs his readers to govern their faculties and intellectual yearnings in accordance with this new standard as well as a vocabulary of justification that might cultivate a self-government of free and equal individuals. The success of Locke's arguments depends upon citizens' willingness to take up the labor of judgment in situations where absolute certainty cannot be achieved.

The theory of the firm did not exist, in any serious manner, until around 1970. Only then did the current theory of the firm literature begin to emerge, based largely upon the work of Ronald Coase and to a lesser degree Frank Knight. It was work by Armen Alchian, Robert Crawford, Harold Demsetz, Michael Jensen, Benjamin Klein, William Meckling and Oliver Williamson, among others, that drove the upswing in interest in the firm among mainstream economists. This accessible book provides a valuable overview of the 'prehistory' of the firm. Spanning an impressive timeline, it delves into Antiquity, the Medieval era, the pre-classical economics period and the 19th and 20th centuries. Next, the book traces the theoretical contributions from pre-classical, classical and neoclassical economics. It will be illuminating reading for students and researchers of the history of economic thought, industrial organization, microeconomic theory and business history.

The article examines some aspects of the theoretical legacy of Abū 'l-Ḥasan al-Māwardī, a medieval Islamic theologian and jurist. This prominent scholar, who lived a long and eventful life, wrote a number of works that left a noticeable mark in the political and legal thought of Islam. Al-Māwardī also wrote several significant treatises in Islamic theology and Jurisprudence. Among them are works devoted to commenting on the Qur'ān — Nukat wa'l-'uyūn [Tafsīr al-Māwardī], 'Amthāl al-Qur'ān, as well as a treatise on Prophethood — 'A'lām al-Nubuwwa. Another important but still insufficiently studied treatise of al-Māwardī on Jurisprudence is called Kitāb al-Ḥāwī al-kabīr fī fiqh madhhab al-Imām al-Shāfi'ī. It is generally accepted that al-Māwardī's essay called al-'Iqnā' made him famous in his lifetime. This legal guide to the Shafi'i law certainly strengthened the professional authority of al-Māwardī as the leading Shafi'i faqih and apparently contributed to the growth of his political influence in medieval Baghdad. Despite the merits and recognition of al-Māwardī as an authoritative connoisseur of Islam, his creative search was not limited to writing works on religious topics. Al-Māwardī 's obvious interest in scientific disciplines was, in particular, confirmed in several studies on philology. He wrote at least two works on this subject: namely, 'Amthāl wa'l-ḥikam and Kitāb fī al-naḥw. However, the scholars who study the heritage of al-Māwardī deal mainly with his socio-political works. Al-Māwardī was known as a gifted and experienced diplomat who repeatedly acted as a mediator in solving complex political problems. As an adviser for many years at the Abbasid court, al-Māwardī composed several works on the theory of state and governance, such as al-Aḥkām al-Sulṭāniyya, Qawānīn al-wuzarāʾ wa- siyāsat al-mulūk, as well as Tashīl al-naẓar wa-ta'jīl al-ẓafar fī 'akhlāq al-malik wa-siyāsat al-mulk etc. These works, diverse not only in content, but also in genre, mainly reflect the essence of political processes of that time.

"This book attempts to equip the reader with a holistic and accessible account of Islam and evolution. It guides the reader through the different variables that have played a part in the ongoing dialogue between Muslim creationists and evolutionists.

This work views the discussion through the lens of al-Ghazālī (1058-1111), a widely-known and well-respected Islamic intellectual from the medieval period. By understanding al-Ghazālī as an Ash'arite theologian, a particular strand of Sunni theology, his metaphysical and hermeneutic ideas are taken to explore if and how much Neo-Darwinian evolution can be accepted. It is shown that his ideas can be used to reach an alignment between Islam and Neo-Darwinian evolution.

This book offers a detailed examination that seeks to offer clarity if not agreement in the midst of an intense intellectual conflict and polarity amongst Muslims. As such, it will be of great interest to scholars of Science and Religion, Theology, Philosophy of Religion, Islamic Studies, and Religious Studies more generally. "

Citizenship is generally viewed as the most desired legal status an individual can attain, invoking the belief that citizens hold full inclusion in a society, and can exercise and be protected by the Constitution. Yet this membership has historically been exclusive and illusive for many, and in Citizenship and Its Exclusions, Ediberto Román offers a sweeping, interdisciplinary analysis of citizenship's contradictions.Román offers an exploration of citizenship that spans from antiquity to the present, and crosses disciplines from history to political philosophy to law, including constitutional and critical race theories. Beginning with Greek and Roman writings on citizenship, he moves on to late-medieval and Renaissance Europe, then early Modern Western law, and culminates his analysis with an explanation of how past precedents have influenced U.S. law and policy regulating the citizenship status of indigenous and territorial island people, as well as how different levels of membership have created a de facto subordinate citizenship status for many members of American society, often lumped together as the "underclass."

Winner of The Iranian World Prize for the Book of the Year 2007 in the Philosophy and Mysticism category. This new and original text provides a timely re-examination of Islamic thought, presenting a stark contrast to the more usual conservative view. The explanation of the relationship between God and humans, as portrayed in Islam, is often influenced by the images of God and of human beings which theologians, philosophers and mystics have in mind. The early period of Islam reveals a diversity of interpretations of this relationship. Elkaisy-Friemuth discusses the view of three scholars from the tenth and eleventh century: Abd al-Jabbar, Ibn Sina and Al-Ghazali, which introduce three different approaches of looking at the relationship between God and Humans. God and Humans in Islamic Thought attempts to shed light on an important side of medieval rational thought in demonstrating its significance in forming the basis of an understanding of the nature of God, the nature of human beings and the construction of different bridges between them.