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In recent decades historians, sociologists and political scientists have attempted to explain why in the late 19th and early 20th centuries some Western countries adopted national corporatist structures while others transformed into liberal market economies. One of the explanatory factors often mentioned is the persistence or absence of guild traditions. Yet how exactly guild traditions influenced the shaping of national political economies largely remains unclear due to a lack of empirical evidence on their 19th-century development. This paper aims to contribute to the debate by investigating the development of various trades in Germany, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands throughout the 19th century. We distinguish six scenarios of what might have happened to crafts during the transition to an industrial economy. Next we focus on the prevalence of these six scenarios in the three countries and their influence on the emerging national political economies. We conclude that the claims put forward in the literature about the importance of guild traditions are only partially correct. By focusing on trades, rather than on the national or local political economy, our analysis demonstrates that in our three sample countries a wide variety of trades – some in which guild traditions survived, others in which these traditions had never existed or were destroyed in the 19th century – existed side-by-side. Decisive in the formation of national political economies and citizenship rights weren't general national patterns, but which of these trades came to dominate the development of national political economies by the end of the 19th century.

In this paper we analyze the Lisbon performance of the countries of the European Union from a long-term, structural perspective. It again turns out that first of all things get worse, before they get better – the old wisdom of classical development economics (Kuznets) and political science modernization theory of the postwar period. In addition, it emerges that foreign savings, "economic freedom", low comparative international price levels, and World Bank type pension reforms are not compatible with a solid and longrun development path, based on our knowledge of 17 component variables, integrating the dimensions growth, environment, human rights, basic human needs satisfaction, and gender equality. In addition, European Union membership (EU-15, "old Europe") has the numerically highest negative effect on the global Lisbon process; while Muslim population shares in no way bloc the development process, on the contrary. Neo-liberal globalization strategies are condemned to failure; while European decision makers in particular would be strongly advised to re-think their Lisbon strategy, which pushes countries towards accepting strategies, which, inter alia, lower instead of increase the comparative international price level. Is a price level of say, the Congo's dimension, really the aim of the Lisbon process? Balassa and Samuelson assumed that rising international price levels for the periphery country are a precondition of positive development. Falling relative price levels would suggest in the neo-classical argument that the price of the nontradables in the European economy decreased dramatically over time. Structuralist economists, like Stanford Professor emeritus Pan Yotopoulos, usually warn the weaker countries of the periphery that:"Currency substitution represents an asymmetric demand from Mexicans to hold dollars as a store of value, a demand that is not reciprocated by Americans holding pesos as a hedge against the devaluation of the dollar!" (Yotopoulos and Sawada, 2005). In addition to the above specified dependency theory and world systems theory arguments, urbanization positively affects Lisbon Process Index Indicator. Ceteris paribus, World Bank pension reforms will be negatively related to the process: Pushing Europe downwards the path of falling comparative prices will only increase the growth impediments of the growingly multicultural Europe. ; peer-reviewed

"The article is devoted to the ethical aspects of artificial intelligence functioning. The problem of the safe coexistence of man and artificial intelligence is taking on increasing importance. The definition of artificial intelligence and the explanation of the difference between weak, strong artificial intelligence and super-intelligence are given. The first ethical problem of artificial intelligence functioning is the existential question of human redundancy due to the spread of artificial intelligence. The article emphasizes that artificial intelligence, on the one hand, frees a person from certain areas of activity, facilitating their existence, on the other hand, it makes them superfluous in production and in personal life. The second is the problem of responsibility for the actions of artificial intelligence. The article argues for the necessity of human responsibility for the actions of artificial intelligence because artificial intelligence does not have consciousness. The third problem is the intensification of the phenomenon of stupidity in society. Artificial intelligence creates the conditions for the increasing cleverness of some segments of the population and stupidity of others, which can result in even greater mental and property inequality. Keywords: intelligence, artificial intelligence, ethics, responsibility, legal responsibility, human existential state, problem of redundancy, stupidity. "

Examines the Chinese approach to the subject of privacy, showing that concepts of privacy have been part of discourse in China from the earliest recorded times to the present, with varying contents, mechanisms, functions and values at different times and among different groups of people.

This week we're beginning a new series of the podcast by surveying some of the big issues in politics around the world today. We'll be covering Ukraine, climate change, the health of democracy in the UK, and much more.

The main aim of the article is to analyze the everyday life of New York Lower East Side at the turn of the 19th and 20th century in American daily press of the time. The article's chronological framework begins with the 1880 when the mass migration era started and ends with the outbreak of the World War I. The author attempts to answer the following research questions: How the everyday life of Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe looked like in the eyes of American tabloid journalists and social workers? With what kind of daily problems Lower East Side Jews needed to cope with? What were the living conditions of the early 20th century New York Jewish slums inhabitants? And how they manage to create the institutional completeness among the district? The research methods are: historical, sociological analysis and interpretation of American daily press and magazines, among others "New York Times", "The Sun", "The Evening World", periodicals and reports of municipal and state commissions published those days like: Report of the Tenement House Committee as Authorized by Chapter 479 of the Laws of 1894, Transmitted to the Legislature January 17, 1895 (Albany 1895); Family desertion: report of the Committee on desertion (National Desertion Bureau), National Conference of Jewish Charities (New York 1912); Tenement House Fires in New York (New York 1900); and Report of the Mayor's Push-Cart Commission (New York 1906). ; Zeszyty Naukowe TDUJ

Sergei Yulievich Witte is one of the outstanding people and reformers of the period of the Russian Empire. The article examines the personality of Sergei Yulievich, his professional activities and reformist ideas. In the article, Sergei Yulievich Witte is presented, first of all, as an innovator in the field of railway traffic management, as the manager of a large railway company. His approach to organizing the tariff business and pricing policy of a large company is especially interesting.

Este artigo baseia-se em um projeto de investigação mais alargado e tem por objetivo estudar as práticas docentes em uma universidade brasileira no que concerne à metodologia de ensino na Programação Introdutória, nomeadamente os métodos de ensino, a lógica de organização das atividades e a percepção docente quanto ao envolvimento dos estudantes nas aulas. Constitui-se em um tema relevante no contexto do Ensino Superior na medida que entender essas práticas ajudará a promover reflexões e mudanças para um processo de ensino-aprendizagem mais eficaz. Os dados foram recolhidos de entrevistas individuais semiestruturadas a docentes de uma universidade brasileira a respeito de seus planejamentos e práticas em sala de aula. Concluiu-se que a lógica dominante de ensino desses professores é bastante tradicional, sobressaindo-se o método magistral, tendo como organização das atividades a explicação de conteúdo seguida de exemplos e atividades práticas, principalmente exercícios, com variações no tempo e no espaço. Apesar da maioria dos docentes relatar um bom envolvimento dos estudantes nas aulas, há uma limitada variedade de tarefas ofertada aos estudantes. Nesse ínterim, uma competência docente essencial é possuir o conhecimento de vários métodos e estratégias para um ensino mais eficaz, o que subjaz uma ressignificação da identidade profissional docente.