Suchergebnisse

Pharmacies were not only places where drugs were produced and sold. Historical sources reveal that, at the beginning of the 19th century, pharmacy laboratories became the centers of medicinal research and new drug development. In the second half of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century, they also were meeting places for members of resistance against the Tsarist government. During these years of national revival, pharmacies served as shelters for the Lithuanian press and ethnic schools–both of which the Tsarist government prohibited. People who worked in the pharmacies, thus, often had much wider interests and higher aspirations than their direct duties demanded. This book analyzes the social activity of Lithuanian pharmacists and the changes in their community caused by new social conditions. It also surveys the growth in the number of pharmacies and changes in the availability of pharmaceutical services. The chronological range of this work includes the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century. The book compares the social peculiarities of Lithuanian pharmaceutical development during the period when Lithuania was part of the Russian Empire – from the beginning of 19th century until the World War I – with the practice of pharmacy during the interwar period when Lithuania became an independent state (1918–1940). The book consists of four parts. The first chapter describes the regulations that governed the establishment of pharmacies, the influence of the legal framework on pharmaceutical development, competition between pharmacies and drugstores, and some economic indicators that showed a gradual increase in the availability of pharmacists' services. The second part of the book discusses the social activities of Lithuanian pharmacists. The ethnic origins of pharmacy owners and employees are examined in the third part of the book. The last – and fourth – chapter of th[.].

The current study tries to pragmatically investigate pejoration in Trump's Selected Speeches. This analytic-descriptive study examines how Grice's (1975) cooperative principles are broken and maintained in some of former President Donald Trump's speeches. The study involves viewing and studying his speeches and interviews for harsh and ridiculous interpretations in the context of a variety of events selected at random from online sites. Its goal is to evaluate the violation and observance of Grice's (1975) cooperative principles (CPs) and maxims from a practical standpoint. Pragmatically, this study looks into a novel approach of looking at speakers' non-cooperative and cooperative attitudes, as well as their violations of the Cooperative Principles and their maxims, throughout the communication process. Conversational implicature and evaluation of Grice's four proposed maxims under the cooperative principle, are used to examine the work samples. To investigate and evaluate the data in question, the researcher has used both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. Grice's (1975) model is adopted in the current study. The results of the present study show that language can be utilized to spread pejoration, which is often employed indirectly by implying more senses than is overtly established. Pejorative utterances are more achieved in terms of conversational implicature than conventional ones. Additionally, the analysis of the current study has revealed that the violation of quantity maxim scores (1) occurrence with a percentage of (25%). As for the violation of quality maxim, it scores (4) occurrences with a percentage of (100%). Concerning the violation of manner maxim, it is about (3) occurrences with a percentage of (75%). Thus, the quality maxim represents the one that is frequently violated.

Este artigo objetiva analisar concepções de professores da Educação de Jovens e Adultos sobre o fracasso escolar, à luz da perspectiva crítica em Psicologia Escolar e Educacional, fundamentada no pensamento marxista. Para tanto, foram realizadas entrevistas individuais com dois professores de uma unidade escolar pública do CIEJA e dois professores de um projeto filantrópico em uma escola particular para estudantes da EJA. Os professores concebem o fracasso escolar como um fenômeno social e historicamente constituído e revelam ideais freirianos, por meio dos quais se concebe a Educação como prática de liberdade, especialmente na dimensão da Educação de Jovens e Adultos, marcada pela presença da exclusão social subjacente ao fracasso escolar produzido em uma sociedade de classe

Contributor(s): Dr Jonathan Birch, Professor Kristin Andrews, Dr Rosalind Arden | Since this episode was recorded the UK Animal Welfare Act 2022 has become law. This extends animal welfare protections to animals such as octopuses, lobsters and crabs - a direct result of the findings of LSE academic Dr Jonathan Birch – featured in this episode - that animals are sentient. They have the capacity to experience pain, distress or harm.For this episode, James Rattee travels to the local park to find out how smart dogs are, he'll hear about a campaign arguing that chimpanzees are animals deserving of their own rights and, finally, he'll ask whether insects and other invertebrates have feelings.
The episode features Jonathan Birch, Associate Professor in LSE's Department of Philosophy, Logic and Scientific Method, Professor Kristin Andrews, the York Research Chair in Animal Minds at York University (Toronto) and Dr Rosalind Arden, Research Fellow at the Centre for Philosophy of Natural and Social Science.
Research Foundations of Animal Sentience Project Chimpanzee Rights: The Philosophers' Brief, Kristin Andrews, Gary L Comstock, Crozier G.K.D., Sue Donaldson, Andrew Fenton, Tyler M John, L. Syd M Johnson, Robert C Jones, Will Kymlicka, Letitia Meynell, Nathan Nobis, David Pena-Guzman and Jeff Sebo. A general intelligence factor in dogs, Rosalind Arden, Mark James Adams, Intelligence Volume 55, March–April 2016, Pages 79-85

The purpose of the article is to determine the scenic phenomenon of the anthropological boundary in the context of the synthesis of arts as iconography, according to P. Florenskyi. The research methodology is presented with comparative and systematic approaches. Transcendental, phenomenological and dialectical methods are used from philosophical methods, which make it possible to carry out a philosophical and anthropological analysis of the synthesis of arts as a dynamic integrity in the context of possible, existing and post-existing modes of existence of an artistic work. Scientific novelty of the article. It is proved that Pavlo Florenskyi, in the context of the search for the Silver Century, carried out a monumental project of the synthesis of arts, which presents several faces of the human artist as a subject of the culture of the 20th century.

Consistent with a number of facts from suicide research and an evolutionary view of suicidal behavior, positive ecological (group-level) correlations between contemporary suicide rates and intelligence level have been observed in several geographical (cross-national and within-nation)
studies (e.g., Lester, 1993, 1995, 2003; Voracek, 2004, 2005a, 2005b, 2006a-h, 2007). The present research extended these accounts cross-temporally to a test of the social ecology of U.S. state IQ and suicide rates during the early 20th century. Analysis of historical state suicide rates (1913–24),
along with validated state IQ figures derived from the Army Alpha and Beta Intelligence Test data of Yerkes (1921), showed a clear positive correlation of state IQ with suicide rates (independent of state wealth) across the USA, thus suggesting temporal stability of the effect.

Anotācija Atslēgvārdi: politiskā leksika, svešvārdi, aizguvumi, leksiskā semantika, vācu un latviešu valoda Promocijas darbs "Politiskās jomas svešvārdi vācu 20. gadsimta leksikogrāfiskajos avotos sastatījumā ar latviešu valodu" ir veltīts svešvārdu semantiskajai analīzei. Pētījuma ievaddaļā ir izvērtēti teorētiskie viedokļi par valodas saistību ar politiku, par politisko leksiku un tās noteikšanas kritērijiem, kā arī apkopoti iespējamie kritēriji svešvārdu un asimilētu aizguvumu diferencēšanai pētniecības nolūkos. Pētījuma vārdu korpusu veido 110 vācu un 110 latviešu leksēmas, kuru sastatījumam ir izvēlēti salīdzināmi 20. gadsimta vācu un latviešu leksikogrāfiskie avoti. Analīzes teorētiskajam pamatojumam ir izvērtētas leksiskās semantikas koncepcijas un apkopoti leksiski semantiskās ekvivalences noteikšanas paņēmieni. Balstoties uz tertium comparationis, ir veikts vācu un latviešu svešvārdu sastatījums, kas ļauj tālāk analizēt vārdu korpusa "viltusdraugu" semantiskās attieksmes. Sastatāmās analīzes rezultāti ir apskatīti no valodas un politikas mijiedarbības viedokļa un interpretēti kā valodu kontaktu rezultāti. ; Annotation Keywords: political word-stock, foreign words, loanwords, lexical semantics, German and Latvian languages The promotional paper "Foreign Words of Political Sphere in 20th Century German Lexicographical Sources Contrasted with Latvian" deals with the semantic analysis of foreign words. The introductory part of the present study evaluates theoretical views on the interface between language and politics, on political word-stock, and on the criteria of determining the latter. Feasible criteria to differentiate foreign words and assimilated loan words for the purpose of the study have been compiled. The corpus of studied words contains 110 German lexemes and corresponding 110 Latvian lexemes, and for their contrasts 20th century German and Latvian lexicographical sources have been selected. For the theoretical basis, various lexicosemantic considerations have been evaluated, and strategies for determining lexicosemantic equivalence have been provided. With the help of tertium comparationis, the contrasts between German and Latvian foreign words have been established and thus permitting to analyse semantic relationships between false friends of the word-stock corpus. The results of the study have been interpreted from the aspect of the interaction between language and politics and from the aspect of language contacts.

Introduction. As a result of the renaissance process in Russia at the end of the 20th century, the Cossacks became active actors in political, social, and economic processes. Positioning themselves as warriors and defenders of the Fatherland, the Cossacks also joined the foreign policy processes taking place in the post-Soviet space and in Eastern Europe. The motives and formats of this participation are clarified in this article. Methods and materials. The historiography of the topic is small due to its poor knowledge. The historiography of the topic is small due to its poor knowledge. The main sources were the memoirs of participants and contemporaries of the events, materials from information and analytical websites, and Telegram channels of Cossack societies. Analysis. The participation of the Cossacks in several of the largest military-political conflicts of the post-Soviet space is considered: Transnistrian (1991–1992), Georgian-Abkhazian (1992), Georgian-South Ossetian (2008), events in Yugoslavia in the early 1990s, in Donbas and Crimea in 2014, as well as in special military operations. The motives of the Cossacks are revealed, and changes in the number and organization of their participation in these events are determined. Results. The voluntary nature of the Cossacks' participation in military and political conflicts has been determined. The main motive of the 1990s was to help the brothers (Cossacks, Slavs, and Orthodox Christians). In the 2000s and early 2020s, the main motive was to protect the country's security. During this period, the number of volunteer Cossacks increased significantly, and they became more organized and openly supported by the state.