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AbstractThis article develops a theoretical approach to stigma in international relations and resituates conventional approaches to the study of norms and international order. Correcting the general understanding that common values and norms are the building blocks of social order, this article claims that international society is in part constructed through the stigmatization of "transgressive" and norm-violating states and their ways of coping with stigma. Drawing on Erving Goffman, this article shows that states are not passive objects of socialization, but active agents. Stigmatized states cope strategically with their stigma and may, in some cases, challenge and even transform a dominant moral discourse. A typology of stigma management strategies is presented:stigma recognition(illustrated by Germany);stigma rejection(illustrated by Austria); and finallycounter-stigmatization(illustrated by Cuba). Because of the lack of agreement on what constitutes normal state behavior, attempts to impose stigma may even have the opposite effect—the stigmatizers become the transgressive. A focus on stigma opens up new avenues for research on norms, identities, and international order.

When the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic started,[1] science came to the immediate attention of the broad public. People and politicians were hanging on every word of medical doctors, virologists, molecular biologists, data scientists and many others in the hope of finding other protective measures than those used for centuries such as basic hygiene, distance, or quarantine. Here, at the Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology at the Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW) we were also willing to provide scientific solutions to overcome the pandemic. Together with our partners from industry, we contributed to the development of a Swiss vaccine, are working on filters for active ventilated full protective suits and are developing tests to show the efficacy and safety of an active antiviral textile that allows controlled virus inactivation through an electrochemical reaction by applying a small current.

When an object purchased proves defective the consumer can ask to have either the sale cancelled with a full refund of the price or to have part of the price returned to him. The purchaser would have to prove: (a) that the object has a defect; (b) that the defect is serious; (c) that the defect is hidden; (d) that the defect existing at the time of the sale; The action needs to be instituted within one month from when the purchaser could have discovered the defect. The period increases to one year in the case of irremovable property. ; N/A

Mate selection is often explained by either the homogeneity or the complementary need model. The Stimulus-Value-Response (SVR) model that offers a framework for integration of the two models was assessed in the present study. The sample included forty-eight engaged Israeli couples.
Results support the SVR model and confirm earlier research in this area. Conceptual and methodological issues are discussed.

The essence of the irenic function of labor law is the amicable settlement of disputes in the work environment. It applies to both individual and collective disputes. In the system of Polish labor law, there are not only settlements but also other collective agreements. Scrutinizing this problem is the crucial issue of the given paper.