Suchergebnisse

This thesis includes three articles on the subject of competition policy along with an econometric contribution. Regarding the former, the two first articles focus on the relationship between antitrust enforcement and the labor market. The first measures levels of labor market concentration in France (2011-2015) through the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI) defined over local labor markets. We find a negative relationship between labor market concentration and both wages and employment. This suggests the existence of oligopsonistic and monopsonistic labor market power on behalf of employers ; potentially resulting from and influenced by competition policy. The second article quantifies the importance of antitrust laws in protecting workers' wages. We look at a mechanism allocating American baseball players, in a quasi-random way, to a competitive labor market from a highly monopsonistic market ; the difference resulting from the application of antitrust laws. We find such laws allow wages to increase by at least 30%. A third article looks at the need for regulatory oversight in the mobile phone video game industry. Exploiting both quasi-natural variation stemming from the game's structure and artificially induced variation from a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT), we estimate demand for content on behalf of consumers using a discrete choice model. We use this model to simulate alternative pricing schemes, including individual level pricing, in order to study the potential for additional profits. We find limited evidence that higher profits can be obtained through price discrimination. Rather, revenues could be improved through a lower fixed price ; suggesting the absence of a need for regulatory oversight. Finally, this thesis includes a methodological contribution. This fourth article discusses the problem of zeros in log-linear and log-log regressions when the analyst is interested in measuring a semi-elasticity or an elasticity ; as is commonly done in empirical industrial organization, labor economics, ...

This thesis includes three articles on the subject of competition policy along with an econometric contribution. Regarding the former, the two first articles focus on the relationship between antitrust enforcement and the labor market. The first measures levels of labor market concentration in France (2011-2015) through the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI) defined over local labor markets. We find a negative relationship between labor market concentration and both wages and employment. This suggests the existence of oligopsonistic and monopsonistic labor market power on behalf of employers ; potentially resulting from and influenced by competition policy. The second article quantifies the importance of antitrust laws in protecting workers' wages. We look at a mechanism allocating American baseball players, in a quasi-random way, to a competitive labor market from a highly monopsonistic market ; the difference resulting from the application of antitrust laws. We find such laws allow wages to increase by at least 30%. A third article looks at the need for regulatory oversight in the mobile phone video game industry. Exploiting both quasi-natural variation stemming from the game's structure and artificially induced variation from a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT), we estimate demand for content on behalf of consumers using a discrete choice model. We use this model to simulate alternative pricing schemes, including individual level pricing, in order to study the potential for additional profits. We find limited evidence that higher profits can be obtained through price discrimination. Rather, revenues could be improved through a lower fixed price ; suggesting the absence of a need for regulatory oversight. Finally, this thesis includes a methodological contribution. This fourth article discusses the problem of zeros in log-linear and log-log regressions when the analyst is interested in measuring a semi-elasticity or an elasticity ; as is commonly done in empirical industrial organization, labor economics, ...

This thesis includes three articles on the subject of competition policy along with an econometric contribution. Regarding the former, the two first articles focus on the relationship between antitrust enforcement and the labor market. The first measures levels of labor market concentration in France (2011-2015) through the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI) defined over local labor markets. We find a negative relationship between labor market concentration and both wages and employment. This suggests the existence of oligopsonistic and monopsonistic labor market power on behalf of employers ; potentially resulting from and influenced by competition policy. The second article quantifies the importance of antitrust laws in protecting workers' wages. We look at a mechanism allocating American baseball players, in a quasi-random way, to a competitive labor market from a highly monopsonistic market ; the difference resulting from the application of antitrust laws. We find such laws allow wages to increase by at least 30%. A third article looks at the need for regulatory oversight in the mobile phone video game industry. Exploiting both quasi-natural variation stemming from the game's structure and artificially induced variation from a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT), we estimate demand for content on behalf of consumers using a discrete choice model. We use this model to simulate alternative pricing schemes, including individual level pricing, in order to study the potential for additional profits. We find limited evidence that higher profits can be obtained through price discrimination. Rather, revenues could be improved through a lower fixed price ; suggesting the absence of a need for regulatory oversight. Finally, this thesis includes a methodological contribution. This fourth article discusses the problem of zeros in log-linear and log-log regressions when the analyst is interested in measuring a semi-elasticity or an elasticity ; as is commonly done in empirical industrial organization, labor economics, ...

European rural areas have experienced deep socio-spatial mutations since 1950 (Diry, 2004). After years of economic decline, some rural areas have observed a population growth which fuels a rural rebirth, called "renaissance rurale" (Kayser, 1990). These new populations are characterized by a life style specific to detached house areas (Bourdieu, 1990) which has been detrimental to the refurbishment of old buildings. This phenomenon has led to an important vacancy of old dwellings in village centers and small towns in rural surroundings. Likewise, the shopping mall surge has been responsible for the demise of local stores. The villages and small towns in rural areas which have known a loss of interest for their housing and shopping buildings, now rely on residential economy (Talandier, Jousseaume, 2013) or economically depend on tourism (Madeline, 1996). Through the analysis and characterization of the dynamics of the real estate market, this thesis, to a greater extent, questions the decline of villages and small towns in rural areas, not only as regards structural dynamics (demographic and economic) but also in relation to political strategies of revitalization. Three fields of study have been selected, each of which corresponding to three steps of rural revitalization: Galice, Normandy and the South West of England. ; Les espaces ruraux européens ont connu de profondes mutations socio-spatiales depuis 1950 (Diry, 2004). Après des années de déclin démographique, certaines campagnes regagnent de la population alimentant la « renaissance rurale » (Kayser, 1990). Ces nouvelles populations se caractérisent par leur mode de vie centré sur le modèle pavillonnaire (Bourdieu, 1990) au détriment surtout du bâti ancien. Cela a entraîné une vacance du logement importante dans les centres des bourgs et des petites villes du rural isolé. Dans le même temps, la montée en puissance des centres commerciaux a contribué à la déprise des commerces de proximité. Les bourgs et les petites villes de l'espace rural, qui ont connu une déprise de leurs logements et de leurs commerces, reposent aujourd'hui sur une économie résidentielle (Talandier et Jousseaume, 2013) ou dépendent d'une économie touristique (Madeline, 1996). À travers l'analyse et la caractérisation des dynamiques du marché immobilier, cette thèse interroge plus largement le déclin des bourgs et des petites villes des campagnes inhérentes à des dynamiques structurelles (démographiques et économiques) mais aussi aux stratégies politiques de revitalisation. Trois terrains d'études ont été choisis, chacun correspondant à trois étapes de la revitalisation rurale : la Galice, la Normandie et le Sud-Ouest de l'Angleterre.

European rural areas have experienced deep socio-spatial mutations since 1950 (Diry, 2004). After years of economic decline, some rural areas have observed a population growth which fuels a rural rebirth, called "renaissance rurale" (Kayser, 1990). These new populations are characterized by a life style specific to detached house areas (Bourdieu, 1990) which has been detrimental to the refurbishment of old buildings. This phenomenon has led to an important vacancy of old dwellings in village centers and small towns in rural surroundings. Likewise, the shopping mall surge has been responsible for the demise of local stores. The villages and small towns in rural areas which have known a loss of interest for their housing and shopping buildings, now rely on residential economy (Talandier, Jousseaume, 2013) or economically depend on tourism (Madeline, 1996). Through the analysis and characterization of the dynamics of the real estate market, this thesis, to a greater extent, questions the decline of villages and small towns in rural areas, not only as regards structural dynamics (demographic and economic) but also in relation to political strategies of revitalization. Three fields of study have been selected, each of which corresponding to three steps of rural revitalization: Galice, Normandy and the South West of England. ; Les espaces ruraux européens ont connu de profondes mutations socio-spatiales depuis 1950 (Diry, 2004). Après des années de déclin démographique, certaines campagnes regagnent de la population alimentant la « renaissance rurale » (Kayser, 1990). Ces nouvelles populations se caractérisent par leur mode de vie centré sur le modèle pavillonnaire (Bourdieu, 1990) au détriment surtout du bâti ancien. Cela a entraîné une vacance du logement importante dans les centres des bourgs et des petites villes du rural isolé. Dans le même temps, la montée en puissance des centres commerciaux a contribué à la déprise des commerces de proximité. Les bourgs et les petites villes de l'espace rural, qui ont connu ...

European rural areas have experienced deep socio-spatial mutations since 1950 (Diry, 2004). After years of economic decline, some rural areas have observed a population growth which fuels a rural rebirth, called "renaissance rurale" (Kayser, 1990). These new populations are characterized by a life style specific to detached house areas (Bourdieu, 1990) which has been detrimental to the refurbishment of old buildings. This phenomenon has led to an important vacancy of old dwellings in village centers and small towns in rural surroundings. Likewise, the shopping mall surge has been responsible for the demise of local stores. The villages and small towns in rural areas which have known a loss of interest for their housing and shopping buildings, now rely on residential economy (Talandier, Jousseaume, 2013) or economically depend on tourism (Madeline, 1996). Through the analysis and characterization of the dynamics of the real estate market, this thesis, to a greater extent, questions the decline of villages and small towns in rural areas, not only as regards structural dynamics (demographic and economic) but also in relation to political strategies of revitalization. Three fields of study have been selected, each of which corresponding to three steps of rural revitalization: Galice, Normandy and the South West of England. ; Les espaces ruraux européens ont connu de profondes mutations socio-spatiales depuis 1950 (Diry, 2004). Après des années de déclin démographique, certaines campagnes regagnent de la population alimentant la « renaissance rurale » (Kayser, 1990). Ces nouvelles populations se caractérisent par leur mode de vie centré sur le modèle pavillonnaire (Bourdieu, 1990) au détriment surtout du bâti ancien. Cela a entraîné une vacance du logement importante dans les centres des bourgs et des petites villes du rural isolé. Dans le même temps, la montée en puissance des centres commerciaux a contribué à la déprise des commerces de proximité. Les bourgs et les petites villes de l'espace rural, qui ont connu ...

European rural areas have experienced deep socio-spatial mutations since 1950 (Diry, 2004). After years of economic decline, some rural areas have observed a population growth which fuels a rural rebirth, called "renaissance rurale" (Kayser, 1990). These new populations are characterized by a life style specific to detached house areas (Bourdieu, 1990) which has been detrimental to the refurbishment of old buildings. This phenomenon has led to an important vacancy of old dwellings in village centers and small towns in rural surroundings. Likewise, the shopping mall surge has been responsible for the demise of local stores. The villages and small towns in rural areas which have known a loss of interest for their housing and shopping buildings, now rely on residential economy (Talandier, Jousseaume, 2013) or economically depend on tourism (Madeline, 1996). Through the analysis and characterization of the dynamics of the real estate market, this thesis, to a greater extent, questions the decline of villages and small towns in rural areas, not only as regards structural dynamics (demographic and economic) but also in relation to political strategies of revitalization. Three fields of study have been selected, each of which corresponding to three steps of rural revitalization: Galice, Normandy and the South West of England. ; Les espaces ruraux européens ont connu de profondes mutations socio-spatiales depuis 1950 (Diry, 2004). Après des années de déclin démographique, certaines campagnes regagnent de la population alimentant la « renaissance rurale » (Kayser, 1990). Ces nouvelles populations se caractérisent par leur mode de vie centré sur le modèle pavillonnaire (Bourdieu, 1990) au détriment surtout du bâti ancien. Cela a entraîné une vacance du logement importante dans les centres des bourgs et des petites villes du rural isolé. Dans le même temps, la montée en puissance des centres commerciaux a contribué à la déprise des commerces de proximité. Les bourgs et les petites villes de l'espace rural, qui ont connu une déprise de leurs logements et de leurs commerces, reposent aujourd'hui sur une économie résidentielle (Talandier et Jousseaume, 2013) ou dépendent d'une économie touristique (Madeline, 1996). À travers l'analyse et la caractérisation des dynamiques du marché immobilier, cette thèse interroge plus largement le déclin des bourgs et des petites villes des campagnes inhérentes à des dynamiques structurelles (démographiques et économiques) mais aussi aux stratégies politiques de revitalisation. Trois terrains d'études ont été choisis, chacun correspondant à trois étapes de la revitalisation rurale : la Galice, la Normandie et le Sud-Ouest de l'Angleterre.

International audience ; Faced with a terrorist movement, the authoritarian or democratic power deploys a repressive response. At certain times, it was massive against the armed group Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA). To study its effects on the group's operationality, we used two original databases (ETA actions, arrests of its activists). Statistical analysis underlines that the most intense deployments of police repression had a radicalising effect on the Basque national liberation movement, whether under authoritarian or democratic regimes until at least the 1980s, and that this radicalisation phenomenon does not occur at the end of a protest cycle as a backlash against its exhaustion. The effectiveness of repression is only real when it is not only police-related but also judicial, and when it is supported by transnational cooperation. ; Face à un mouvement terroriste, le pouvoir autoritaire ou démocratique déploie une réponse répressive. À certaines époques, elle fut massive contre le groupe armé Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA). Pour étudier ses effets sur l'opérationnalité du groupe, nous avons utilisé deux bases de données originales (actions d'ETA, arrestations de ses militants). L'analyse statistique permet de dire que les déploiements les plus intenses de la répression policière ont un effet de radicalisation du mouvement de libération nationale basque, que ce soit en régime autoritaire ou démocratique jusque dans les années 1980 au moins, et que ce phénomène de radicalisation n'intervient nullement à la fin d'un cycle de protestation comme contrecoup de son essoufflement. L'efficacité de la répression n'est réelle que lorsqu'elle n'est pas seulement policière mais judiciaire et nourrie de coopération transnationale.

European rural areas have experienced deep socio-spatial mutations since 1950 (Diry, 2004). After years of economic decline, some rural areas have observed a population growth which fuels a rural rebirth, called "renaissance rurale" (Kayser, 1990). These new populations are characterized by a life style specific to detached house areas (Bourdieu, 1990) which has been detrimental to the refurbishment of old buildings. This phenomenon has led to an important vacancy of old dwellings in village centers and small towns in rural surroundings. Likewise, the shopping mall surge has been responsible for the demise of local stores. The villages and small towns in rural areas which have known a loss of interest for their housing and shopping buildings, now rely on residential economy (Talandier, Jousseaume, 2013) or economically depend on tourism (Madeline, 1996). Through the analysis and characterization of the dynamics of the real estate market, this thesis, to a greater extent, questions the decline of villages and small towns in rural areas, not only as regards structural dynamics (demographic and economic) but also in relation to political strategies of revitalization. Three fields of study have been selected, each of which corresponding to three steps of rural revitalization: Galice, Normandy and the South West of England. ; Les espaces ruraux européens ont connu de profondes mutations socio-spatiales depuis 1950 (Diry, 2004). Après des années de déclin démographique, certaines campagnes regagnent de la population alimentant la « renaissance rurale » (Kayser, 1990). Ces nouvelles populations se caractérisent par leur mode de vie centré sur le modèle pavillonnaire (Bourdieu, 1990) au détriment surtout du bâti ancien. Cela a entraîné une vacance du logement importante dans les centres des bourgs et des petites villes du rural isolé. Dans le même temps, la montée en puissance des centres commerciaux a contribué à la déprise des commerces de proximité. Les bourgs et les petites villes de l'espace rural, qui ont connu ...

International audience ; Faced with a terrorist movement, the authoritarian or democratic power deploys a repressive response. At certain times, it was massive against the armed group Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA). To study its effects on the group's operationality, we used two original databases (ETA actions, arrests of its activists). Statistical analysis underlines that the most intense deployments of police repression had a radicalising effect on the Basque national liberation movement, whether under authoritarian or democratic regimes until at least the 1980s, and that this radicalisation phenomenon does not occur at the end of a protest cycle as a backlash against its exhaustion. The effectiveness of repression is only real when it is not only police-related but also judicial, and when it is supported by transnational cooperation. ; Face à un mouvement terroriste, le pouvoir autoritaire ou démocratique déploie une réponse répressive. À certaines époques, elle fut massive contre le groupe armé Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA). Pour étudier ses effets sur l'opérationnalité du groupe, nous avons utilisé deux bases de données originales (actions d'ETA, arrestations de ses militants). L'analyse statistique permet de dire que les déploiements les plus intenses de la répression policière ont un effet de radicalisation du mouvement de libération nationale basque, que ce soit en régime autoritaire ou démocratique jusque dans les années 1980 au moins, et que ce phénomène de radicalisation n'intervient nullement à la fin d'un cycle de protestation comme contrecoup de son essoufflement. L'efficacité de la répression n'est réelle que lorsqu'elle n'est pas seulement policière mais judiciaire et nourrie de coopération transnationale.

International audience ; To turn the page on industry, Nantes is betting on culture since the 1990s. Initiated by a few major players like Jean-Marc Ayrault and Jean Blaise, this strategy has accelerated the change of the city's image and contributed to make it the attractive metropolis it has become. From Les Allumées to the Voyage à Nantes and the project of L'Arbre aux Hérons, the city stands out for the continuity and depth of its policy mobilizing art and culture as levers for tourism development, and more broadly for urban transformation. ; Pour tourner la page de l'industrie, Nantes a fait le pari de la culture dès les années 1990. Initiée par quelques acteurs majeurs comme Jean-Marc Ayrault et Jean Blaise, cette stratégie a accéléré le changement d'image de la ville et contribué à en faire la métropole attractive qu'elle est devenue. Des Allumées au Voyage à Nantes jusqu'au projet de l'Arbre aux Hérons, la ville se distingue par la continuité et l'ampleur de sa politique mobilisant l'art et la culture comme leviers du développement touristique, et plus largement de la transformation urbaine.

How could small pharmaceutical companies based in India gain a foothold in a global market dominated by large multinational firms? To address the issue, this doctoral thesis borrows from development geography, economic sociology, and institutional economics. It draws on various sources and methodologies, including semi-structured interviews conducted with directors of micro, small and medium companies in Ahmedabad and Mumbai (n = 99), interviews with the actors of India's pharmaceutical industry (n = 61), and quantitative data from public and private databases. The analysis shows that these small companies compete in various pharmaceutical fields with specific norms and hierarchies, in which they occupy diverse positions, better in generic and emerging markets. Highly specialized, capitalizing on their commercial know-how, they innovate in marginal but idiosyncratic ways, driven by various entrepreneurial rationalities in which needs for achievement are as important as material motivations. Operating in adverse political, economic, and legal environments, at many scales, their strategies are embedded in flexible territorial and community ties, better resource-endowed when they are metropolitan and globalized. With their particular approach to economy and health, these agents participate in the globalization of the pharmaceutical market in alternate ways. ; Comment de petites entreprises pharmaceutiques basées en Inde trouvent-elles leur place sur un marché mondial dominé par de grandes firmes multinationales ? Pour répondre à cette question, cette thèse mobilise les outils théoriques de la géographie du développement, de la sociologie économique, et de l'économie institutionnelle. Elle s'appuie sur des sources et méthodologies diverses : des entretiens semi-directifs menés à Ahmedabad et à Mumbai auprès de directeurs d'entreprises pharmaceutiques de taille micro, petite, et moyenne (n = 99), des entretiens non-directifs auprès d'acteurs du secteur en Inde (n = 61), et des données quantitatives ...

International audience ; To turn the page on industry, Nantes is betting on culture since the 1990s. Initiated by a few major players like Jean-Marc Ayrault and Jean Blaise, this strategy has accelerated the change of the city's image and contributed to make it the attractive metropolis it has become. From Les Allumées to the Voyage à Nantes and the project of L'Arbre aux Hérons, the city stands out for the continuity and depth of its policy mobilizing art and culture as levers for tourism development, and more broadly for urban transformation. ; Pour tourner la page de l'industrie, Nantes a fait le pari de la culture dès les années 1990. Initiée par quelques acteurs majeurs comme Jean-Marc Ayrault et Jean Blaise, cette stratégie a accéléré le changement d'image de la ville et contribué à en faire la métropole attractive qu'elle est devenue. Des Allumées au Voyage à Nantes jusqu'au projet de l'Arbre aux Hérons, la ville se distingue par la continuité et l'ampleur de sa politique mobilisant l'art et la culture comme leviers du développement touristique, et plus largement de la transformation urbaine.

International audience ; In the wake of recent political developments around the world, the prospects of future oil supplies have become doubtful and the uncertainty has come to play a non-negligible role in determining the dynamics of major macroeconomic variables. This study carries out a factor model with time-varying loadings to decompose the variance of a set of important macroeconomic and financial series for the top ten oil-producing countries into contributions from country-specific uncertainty and common uncertainty. The relative importance of the uncertainty estimates in explaining the volatility of production, investment, total exports, exchange rate and stock prices seems to differ over time, with evidence of alternating periods of high and low persistent uncertainties. The global uncertainty plays the primary role for output growth, investment, exports and stock prices in all countries. The globalization and trade openness contribute in amplifying the international transmission of volatility, explaining therefore the increasing importance of the global uncertainty factor.

International audience ; To turn the page on industry, Nantes is betting on culture since the 1990s. Initiated by a few major players like Jean-Marc Ayrault and Jean Blaise, this strategy has accelerated the change of the city's image and contributed to make it the attractive metropolis it has become. From Les Allumées to the Voyage à Nantes and the project of L'Arbre aux Hérons, the city stands out for the continuity and depth of its policy mobilizing art and culture as levers for tourism development, and more broadly for urban transformation. ; Pour tourner la page de l'industrie, Nantes a fait le pari de la culture dès les années 1990. Initiée par quelques acteurs majeurs comme Jean-Marc Ayrault et Jean Blaise, cette stratégie a accéléré le changement d'image de la ville et contribué à en faire la métropole attractive qu'elle est devenue. Des Allumées au Voyage à Nantes jusqu'au projet de l'Arbre aux Hérons, la ville se distingue par la continuité et l'ampleur de sa politique mobilisant l'art et la culture comme leviers du développement touristique, et plus largement de la transformation urbaine.