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本文旨在闡釋十九世紀中葉的儒者如何理解基督宗教。筆者以兩位中層官員(姚瑩與魏源)作為主要例子,說明儒者思想和信仰構成的世界觀對世俗世界和超越世界都有一套完整的理解,亦引伸出儒者「經世」的信念。本文認為儒者對基督宗教的理解與他們的世界觀有密不可分的關係,但由於理解的目的在於「經世」,他們亦會在一些情況下基於現實考慮或新資訊的出現而暫時放棄自身的觀感,並進而修正他們的世界觀。藉著相類案例的比較,本文嘗試說明十九世紀中葉的儒者並非單純以自身的信仰批判基督宗教,亦非純粹以帝國官員的立場以純粹的管治和外交原則應對異國的宗教。對他們而言,理解基督宗教的過程就是世界觀、新資訊與現實考慮三者互動的結果。 ; This thesis attempts to explain Confucian understanding of Christianity in the mid-nineteeth century through the views of two government officials, Yau Yin and Wai Yuin, who based their beliefs on both the immanent and transcendent aspects of "Jinshi" or the philosophy of statecraft. This work asserts that the Confucian understanding of Christianity was very much tied to the officials' perception of secular society. Further, with the increase in knowledge and information, their view of Christianity began to change. Chinese officials' criticism of Christianity was based on a complex set of factors which included the influx of new ideas, information, government edicts, diplomatic considerations as well as their status in the imperial government. In other words, understanding of Chrisitanity in China developed and evolved with new understanding of historical realities. ; Detailed summary in vernacular field only. ; 孔德維. ; Parallel title from English abstract. ; Thesis (M.Phil.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2015. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 289-341). ; Abstracts in English and Chinese. ; Kong Dewei.

by Cheng Chi-man, Francis. ; Thesis submitted in: December 1998. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 177-199). ; Abstract also in Chinese. ; Acknowledgments --- p.i ; Abstract --- p.iii ; List of Figures --- p.v ; Chapter CHAPTER ONE: --- INTRODUCTION ; Background of This Study --- p.1 ; Aims and Objectives --- p.6 ; Conceptual Framework --- p.7 ; Civil Organization --- p.12 ; Civil Society --- p.14 ; State-Society Relationship --- p.15 ; justification of this study --- p.20 ; A Methodological Note --- p.24 ; Chapter Outline --- p.26 ; Chapter CHAPTER TWO: --- CONCEPT OF CIVIL SOCIETY REVISITED ; Introduction --- p.30 ; Western Tradition --- p.35 ; Political Society and Civil Society --- p.36 ; Economic Society and Civil Society --- p.37 ; Paradoxes of Civil Society --- p.39 ; Western Definition of Civil Society --- p.43 ; Eastern Europe Tradition --- p.45 ; Civil Society in Poland --- p.45 ; Chinese Tradition --- p.48 ; Philosophical-moral Reflection in China --- p.50 ; Historical-sociological Reflection in China --- p.53 ; Concluding Remarks --- p.56 ; Chapter CHAPTER THREE: --- "STATE OVERWHELMED SOCIETY: STATE- MERCHANTS RELATIONSHIP FROM EARLY TO MIDDLE QING," ; Introduction --- p.59 ; Autocratic Legacies of Qing Dynasty --- p.61 ; Merchants under Autocratic Tradition --- p.64 ; Co-hong System: Representation of State-Merchants Relationship --- p.69 ; Guilds of Merchant: A Long Haul --- p.76 ; Concluding Remarks --- p.80 ; Chapter CHAPTER FOUR: --- "GENERAL BACKGROUND OF MERCHANTS' ORGANIZATIONS AT CANTON IN THE LATE QING,1896-1911" ; Introduction --- p.84 ; Popular Type of Merchants' Organization --- p.86 ; Semi-official Type of Merchants' Organization --- p.89 ; Concluding Remarks --- p.93 ; Chapter CHAPTER FIVE: --- ANALYSIS OF CANTON GENERAL CHAMBER OF COMMERCE: REALIZATION OF MERCHANTS' AUTONOMY? ; Introduction --- p.96 ; Autonomy over Election and Decision Making Process --- p.98 ; Autonomy over Finance --- p.103 ; Autonomy over ...