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George Washington Ellis published Negro Culture in West Africa in 1914 in response to the social gospel prophets' racist and stereotypical perspectives of West Africa and Africans. In so doing. Ellis attempted to shift the discourse from one that emphasized African barbarism to one that repudiated the idea of African inferiority. Unwittingly, however, Ellis preached a brand of romantic racialism—a benign doctrine that was commonplace in the racial discourse of African American elites at the Turn of the Century. Asa consequence, his loyalties were divided between 19th‐century ethnological science and the "new ethnology" of Franz Boas. [Keywords: George Washington Ellis, history of racism, antiracism, African American anthropology, social gospel prophets]

A LOOK INTO THE FUTURE TO DETERMINE WHAT THE POST-COLD WAR ERA AND THE NEW CENTURY MAY BRING REVEALS SOME STARTLING SIMILARITIES TO PROGNOSTICATIONS MADE AT THE END OF THE 19TH CENTURY. THE SAME OPTIMISM ABOUT FUTURE POTENTIAL, ABOUT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, ABOUT THE PROSPECT OF THE ERADICATION OF WAR. THE SAME UNEASE ABOUT THE INDIVIDUALIZING TENDENCIES OF COMMERCE AND THE OPEN MARKET. THE SAME QUESTIONS ABOUT UNIVERSAL EDUCATION AND PARTICIPATION. THE QUESTION OF WHO IS TO BE INCLUDED IN THE UNIVERSAL EXCHANGE OF OPINIONS, OF WHO IS EQUAL IN A UNIVERSE OF ENDLESS AND INDIVIDUAL COMPETITION, OF WHO IS TO BE RESPECTED IN A UNIVERSE OF ENDLESS CHANGE REMAINS A QUESTION OF OUR TIMES.

Irène Tieder, The republican calendar and its litterary effect.
Whereas Michelet powerfully praised the adoption of the republican calendar by the Convention, the writers who used the revolution as their subject matter or as a framework have shown little interest for its use, Stendhal being the exception who adopted it to date his diary until 1805. The writers who are chronologicaly the closest to the revolution are the most discret or the most critical. On the other hand at the end of the 19th century and during the 20th century, the republican calendar became positively (Zola) or negatively (Anouilh) emblematic of the revolution, whilst Anatole France used it in a neutral manner.

Allegations that stock dividends serve as a vehicle for deceptive financing, evasion of taxes, misleading financial reporting, and stock market manipulation resulted in legislation that prohibited their use in the United States in the latter part of the 19th century. In the 20th century, efforts of the Supreme Court to determine the economic substance and taxability of stock dividends catalyzed a pioneering effort by the Court to define income within the 16th Amendment. As early as 1930 market reactions to stock dividends were investigated; this may have been one of the earliest forms of capital market research. This paper examines the effects of stock dividends on the development of accounting.

AbstractThe National Municipal League should and can be of greater importance to the strengthening of American self‐government in the final decades of the 20th century than at any time since the organization was established during the last decade of the 19th century… As the only national organization which has consistently stressed the importance of sound structure and procedure, it has for 86 years provided guidance needed to increase the effectiveness of the state and local elements of American federalism in meeting the challenges of a highly complex, pluralistic society. The need for such guidance has never been greater than it is as we enter the 1980s.

"The Imperfect Form: Literary Fragments and Politics in the Early Republic" examines a style of writing that grew in popularity in America from the 1770s through the middle of the nineteenth century—the fragment. In the burgeoning literary culture of the early American republic, authors commonly titled essays, poems, articles, and portions of novels "fragments" to create an unfinished aesthetic. Early republican reading audiences regularly encountered literary fragments in the corners of periodicals, in newspaper columns, in the pages of novels, and scattered throughout verse collections. By and large, literary fragments exemplify two trends: the political, in the late eighteenth century, and the aesthetic, in the early nineteenth century. In the first half of my project, I examine how writers in the late eighteenth century consistently associated fragments with marginalized individuals. Material texts like a fragment of a letter, the shred of a diary page, or an illegible pamphlet provided resonant symbols for the fractured subjectivities of veterans, prostitutes, slaves, free blacks, the disabled, and other outcasts. The fragment form presents a way of accessing identities that are otherwise relatively unavailable, and authors like Samuel Jackson Pratt, Mathew Carey, Susannah Rowson, and Hannah Webster Foster used fragmentary texts to reconstruct the political agency of marginal individuals in new, vitally significant ways.However, during the turn of the century writers began to move away from the intensely political emphasis and toward a more aesthetic fragment (though this movement transpired unevenly). The second half of my project focuses on writers like Charles Brockden Brown, Washington Irving, and Nathaniel Hawthorne, who all explored the formal features of the fragment. According to the Oxford English Dictionary the first usage of "fragment" as a verb occurs in a line from John Keats's poem Endymion in 1818. Influenced by British and German Romantics, early nineteenth-century American authors begin to think of the fragment more as a verb—something in motion or in process. Attending to the literary history of the fragment thus provides insight into the complex connections among politics, material form, and aesthetic tradition in the early years of American literary culture.

The processes of legislation and the development of systems for the preservation of ancient remains, including archaeological heritage, were under development in the countries of Western Europe during the 19th century. The paper seeks to observe the ideas and practices of heritage preservation in Lithuania under the Russian Empire – it is intended to reveal the circumstances under which the notion of heritage protection was born and the ways of its practical implementation. The origins of archaeological science and heritage protection in Lithuania can be traced to the beginning of the 19th c. By the middle of the century, elements of professional heritage protection were implemented in the activities of the Vilnius Museum of Antiquities and the Vilnius Temporary Archaeological Commission. Certain components of professional heritage protection were established in the end of the 19th c.; nevertheless, attempts to pass the general law and to introduce the system of archaeological heritage protection in the Russian Empire were not successful. The birth of a modern Lithuanian nation demanded relevant approaches toward its past in late 19th–early 20th centuries. Efforts were put into the development of the modern Lithuanian national state thus delaying the development of a professional heritage protection system.

The processes of legislation and the development of systems for the preservation of ancient remains, including archaeological heritage, were under development in the countries of Western Europe during the 19th century. The paper seeks to observe the ideas and practices of heritage preservation in Lithuania under the Russian Empire – it is intended to reveal the circumstances under which the notion of heritage protection was born and the ways of its practical implementation. The origins of archaeological science and heritage protection in Lithuania can be traced to the beginning of the 19th c. By the middle of the century, elements of professional heritage protection were implemented in the activities of the Vilnius Museum of Antiquities and the Vilnius Temporary Archaeological Commission. Certain components of professional heritage protection were established in the end of the 19th c.; nevertheless, attempts to pass the general law and to introduce the system of archaeological heritage protection in the Russian Empire were not successful. The birth of a modern Lithuanian nation demanded relevant approaches toward its past in late 19th–early 20th centuries. Efforts were put into the development of the modern Lithuanian national state thus delaying the development of a professional heritage protection system.

The processes of legislation and the development of systems for the preservation of ancient remains, including archaeological heritage, were under development in the countries of Western Europe during the 19th century. The paper seeks to observe the ideas and practices of heritage preservation in Lithuania under the Russian Empire – it is intended to reveal the circumstances under which the notion of heritage protection was born and the ways of its practical implementation. The origins of archaeological science and heritage protection in Lithuania can be traced to the beginning of the 19th c. By the middle of the century, elements of professional heritage protection were implemented in the activities of the Vilnius Museum of Antiquities and the Vilnius Temporary Archaeological Commission. Certain components of professional heritage protection were established in the end of the 19th c.; nevertheless, attempts to pass the general law and to introduce the system of archaeological heritage protection in the Russian Empire were not successful. The birth of a modern Lithuanian nation demanded relevant approaches toward its past in late 19th–early 20th centuries. Efforts were put into the development of the modern Lithuanian national state thus delaying the development of a professional heritage protection system.

The processes of legislation and the development of systems for the preservation of ancient remains, including archaeological heritage, were under development in the countries of Western Europe during the 19th century. The paper seeks to observe the ideas and practices of heritage preservation in Lithuania under the Russian Empire – it is intended to reveal the circumstances under which the notion of heritage protection was born and the ways of its practical implementation. The origins of archaeological science and heritage protection in Lithuania can be traced to the beginning of the 19th c. By the middle of the century, elements of professional heritage protection were implemented in the activities of the Vilnius Museum of Antiquities and the Vilnius Temporary Archaeological Commission. Certain components of professional heritage protection were established in the end of the 19th c.; nevertheless, attempts to pass the general law and to introduce the system of archaeological heritage protection in the Russian Empire were not successful. The birth of a modern Lithuanian nation demanded relevant approaches toward its past in late 19th–early 20th centuries. Efforts were put into the development of the modern Lithuanian national state thus delaying the development of a professional heritage protection system.

1. Introduction. Changing yet Persistent: Revolutions and Revolutionary Events -- 2. The Phenomenon and Theories of Revolution -- 3. On Revolutionary Situations, Stages of Revolution, and Some Other Aspects of the Theory of Revolution -- 4. Revolutions, Counterrevolutions, and Democracy -- 5. Revolutions and Historical Process -- 6. Evolution and Typology of Revolutions -- 7. The "Problem of Structure and Agency" and Contemporary Sociology of Revolution and Social Movements -- 8. Revolution and Modernization Traps -- 9. Typology and Principles of Dynamics of Revolutionary Waves in World History -- 10. Revolutionary Waves of the Early Modern Period: Types and Phases -- 11. The European Revolutions and Revolutionary Waves of the 19th Century: Their Causes and Consequence -- 12. Revolutionary Waves and Lines of the 20th Century -- 13. On Revolutionary Waves since the 16th Century -- 14. All Around the World: Revolutionary Potential in the Age of Authoritarian Revanchism -- 15. "Color" Revolutions. Successes and Limitations of Non-Violent Protest -- 16. The Bulldozer Revolution in Serbia -- 17. Serbian "Otpor" and the Color Revolutions' diffusion -- 18. The Rose Revolution in Georgia -- 19. The Orange Revolution in Ukraine -- 20. Revolutions in Kyrgyzstan -- 21. 'Moldovan Spring' 2009. The Atypical 'Revolution' of April 7 and the Days that Followed.-22. The Green Movement in Iran: 2009–2010 -- 23. The Arab Spring: Causes, Conditions, and Driving Forces -- 24. The Jasmine Revolution in Tunisia and the Birth of the Arab Spring Uprisings -- 25. Egypt's 2011 Revolution. A Demographic Structural Analysis -- 26. The Arab Spring in Yemen -- 27. The Syrian Revolution -- 28. Revolution in Libya -- 29. The Extent of Military Involvement in Non-Violent, Civilian Revolts and Their Aftermath -- 30. The Arab Spring: A Quantitative Analysis -- 31. Global Echo of the Arab Spring -- 32. Euromaidan Revolution in Ukraine -- 33. Two Experiences of the Islamic "Revival": The 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran and the Formation of the Islamic State in Syria and Iraq in the 2010s -- 34. Turkey. The (Gülen) Cemaat and the State: An Unfinished Conquest -- 35. The Armenian Revolution of 2018: A Historical-Sociological Interpretation -- 36. Modern Protest Civil Movements in Sub-Saharan Africa in the Context of Global Political Destabilization -- 37. Articulating the Web of Transnational Social Movements -- 38. Revolutions of the 21st Century as a Factor of the World System Reconfiguration -- 39. Global Inequality and World Revolutions: Past, Present and Future -- 40. Revolution Forecasting. Formulation of the Problem -- 41. Conclusion. How Many Revolutions.

[spa] Desde comienzos del siglo XIX, como eje fundamental para la construcción de la nación, el Estado chileno impulsó una serie de políticas educativas intelectualizadas y ejecutadas desde la elite dirigente con el fin de autoafirmar el Estado en el plano político y construir un ideal de nación unificada bajo aspectos como el territorio, la población, los recursos naturales, la historia y las costumbres. Entre las entidades estatales que dieron sustento físico a este ideario, se encontraban los museos nacionales. La primera institución museal de Chile, el Museo Nacional, comprende el objeto de estudio de esta investigación, siendo su objetivo principal el entender cómo se proyectó y desarrolló esta institución como parte de una política de Estado, y su relación con la construcción de una cultura científica y la representación de una identidad nacional. Se estudia este proceso en un periodo temporal que se extiende entre 1813 y 1929. En una introducción de carácter teórico se reflexiona sobre el porqué de la creación de un museo nacional en el contexto de construcción de los Estados-nación latinoamericanos, particularmente el chileno, y sobre cómo el Museo Nacional de Chile se inserta dentro del proceso de construcción de la nación y la conformación de identidad, así como los museos nacionales orientados al estudio de las ciencias naturales, particularmente en Chile y Latinoamérica, intervienen en la construcción de una cultura científica. El primer capítulo propone una periodificación general del Museo Nacional, sintetizándose para cada momento los objetivos y políticas de administración de la institución, los espacios físicos utilizados y el personal que formó su plantilla. Además se analiza el grado de relación de la institución con el Estado, la intervención gubernamental en la organización del museo y su integración como parte de un proyecto educativo impulsado como soporte para la enseñanza de las ciencias naturales. El segundo capítulo aborda las actividades de exploración del territorio y el conocimiento del medio natural de la República fomentadas desde el Museo Nacional, como respuesta a los intereses territoriales estatales y para alcanzar objetivos de coleccionismo y científicos. Se analiza el papel que jugó el Museo a medida que eran anexadas nuevas áreas, tanto en el conocimiento de la flora y la fauna como en la búsqueda de materias primas de importancia para el desarrollo industrial y comercial de Chile, y cómo la institución definió las características del territorio chileno y la zonificación de los espacios naturales, permitiendo configurar una imagen de prosperidad y desarrollo de cara al exterior. En el tercer capítulo se abordan las políticas de formación de colecciones de ciencias naturales y los cambios y diferencias de énfasis observados en los materiales y su proveniencia. Las colecciones se analizaron considerando los paradigmas científicos del siglo XIX y comienzos del XX, y como ello orientó la organización interna de la institución, sus secciones y la exhibición. A su vez se analiza el papel del Museo Nacional en la definición de una identidad nacional basada en características naturales, y la definición de especies autóctonas en la demarcación del territorio chileno en contraposición a los países vecinos. Además, se aborda la relación del Museo Nacional con la construcción de una cultura científica que colaboró en que el país se posicionase en el panorama científico internacional. El capítulo cuatro se centra en las políticas de formación de colecciones de carácter histórico, etnográfico y arqueológico, describiendo sus características y formas de exhibición. Se analiza su uso en la construcción de una identidad nacional a partir de la exaltación de símbolos patrios, de marcar la diferencia entre lo nacional y lo extranjero, y de cómo se entendía el mundo indígena dentro del Estado-nación. Además, se analiza el papel de este tipo de colecciones en relación al desarrollo de la historia y las ciencias antropológicas y arqueológicas en Chile. El quinto capítulo busca entender cómo el Museo Nacional se relaciona con su entorno -público general, instituciones educativas y museales, colonias de extranjeros- y cómo este conforma una red de soporte para la institución al momento de formar colecciones y desde el punto de vista político-administrativo. Además, se reflexiona sobre la apertura del museo a nivel internacional y su relación con otras instituciones equivalentes y diversas personalidades del mundo de las ciencias. Finalmente se entregan conclusiones finales que retoman todas las ideas vertidas en los capítulos anteriores y se vuelven a revisar objetivos e hipótesis entregando un panorama general del desarrollo del Museo Nacional en el período estudiado. ; [eng] Since the beginning of 19th century, as a fundamental axis for the construction of the nation, the State of Chile promoted a series of educational policies, intellectualized and executed by the ruling elite, in order to assert the State on a political level and build the ideal of a unified nation, under aspects as history and customs. The national museums were among the entities that gave physical support to this ideology. The first museum institution in Chile, The National Museum, conforms the aim of study of this research. Its main objective is to understand how this institution was projected and developed as part of a State policy, and its relation with the construction of a scientific culture and the representation of a national identity. This process is studied in a temporal period that extends between 1813 and 1929. Through its chapters the study defines the different moments of development of The National Museum, its objectives and administrative and museographic characteristics, describing continuities and changes. At the same time, its study how the relation of the National Museum with the State is outlined, to what extent the governmental apparatus intervened in the development of the institution and the objectives that were established in time. The research also recognise who intervened in the definition and execution of the museographic-educational project developed by the National Museum, both at managerial and executive level. It describes the objects included in the collections, highlighting differences and permanence over time, how they were arranged in the exhibitions, and the internal variations of the script or theme that was wanted to be stand out in relation to the representation of the nation and the construction of a collective identity. Likewise, the study recognizes the collections provenance, with an accent on the formation of support networks, distinguishing scientific figures and institutions involved both nationally and internationally. Finally, conclusions are delivered taking up all the ideas expressed in the previous chapters and it turns to revisit objectives and hypotheses, giving a general and compelling overview of the development of the National Museum in the studied period.

"Diversifying the current art historical scholarship, this edited volume presents the untold story of modern art by exposing global voices and perspectives excluded from the privileged and uncontested narrative of "isms." This volume tells a worldwide story of art with expanded historical narratives of modernism. The chapters reflect on a wide range of issues, topics and themes that have been marginalized or outright excluded from the canon of modern art. The goal of this book is to be a starting point for understanding modern art as a broad and inclusive field of study. The topics examine diverse formal expressions, innovative conceptual approaches and various media used by artists around the world and forcefully acknowledge the connections between art, historical circumstances, political environments and social issues such as gender, race and social justice. The book will be of interest to scholars working in art history, imperial and colonial history, modernism, and globalization"--

"Bring them what they lack" : Spanish-Creek exchange and alliance-making along Florida's Gulf Coast, 1763-1783 -- "Victorious over the Americans in every quarter" : Creek Alliances confront the American Republic, 1784-88 -- A voyage "ill-advised" : a transatlantic journey, 1787-1791 -- Autonomy, rivalry, continuity : competing political and diplomatic visions, 1790- -- "The voice of the nation" : "Prophets' men," intra- and inter-Talwa tensions, and civil war, 1799-1814 -- "Driven to the desert lands of the sea" : the long Creek War and diplomacy's failure, 1814-1818.