Suchergebnisse

Christian parties, which emerged as organized parliamentary powers in the second half of the 20th century, have a long history and initial phase, which is presented in this paper. The period of their historical, progressive development was a breakthrough, and a transition from the pre-revolutionary era to the post-revolutionary world, characterized by the liberalization of a strong state, industrialization and the emergence of social problems, new ideologies and processes of secularization. The development of Christian-democratic parties in Poland took place with almost two decades of delay in relation to the flwering of Christian democratic parties in Western Europe. The fist Christian democratic parties appeared in Poland only in the interwar period. During this period, the weakest point of Polish Christian democrats was the small share of intelligence in its ranks and lack of support from the Catholic Church. In the early 1990s, numerous Christian democratic groups began to appear on the Polish political scene, but none of them retained their positions for longer. First of all, it was characterized by a huge gap, almost arbitrary programme, which often had more to do with conservative ideology than with Christian-democratic one.

Azerbaijan went through different political systems and historical developments in the 19th-21st centuries, which had a serious impact on the role and evolution of its government and religious institutions. During this period, Azerbaijan was under the rule of the Russian Empire, established a Democratic Republic (ADR) that lasted only 23 months, was a part of the Soviet Union for 71 years, and eventually proclaimed its independence in 1991. This research paper studies the formation and evolution of Islamic institutions in Azerbaijan over the last three centuries and conducts a comparative analysis of their roles and functions under different rules. The author also identifies the contemporary challenges faced by the major spiritual body in Azerbaijan, especially in terms of status and scope of activities, and explores the possible responses to them.

Youth Movements and Generational Politics, 19th-21st Centuries by Richard and Margaret Braungart is a collection of nineteen of their previously published research articles on youthful political activism, generational conflict and social change. After assessing 1960s' student groups on the political left, right and center, generations of youth movement activity are identified in each world region-from the first student movement in Germany in 1815 to the global surge in youth unrest and demonstrations in the twenty-first century. Representing more than fifty years of research, youth movements and generational politics are explored from historical, generational and global perspectives. As a collection, these articles are theoretically grounded, empirically based, interdisciplinary and comparative. Exploring youth movements at individual, group, societal and international levels, a variety of methodological approaches for studying youth activism are illustrated. In a concluding chapter, the Braungarts update youth movement activity in the twenty-first century and discuss how their previous decades of international research informs the global rise in youthful mobilization over politics. The trends and changes in youth unrest and generational politics are assessed now and into the future.

This paper is devoted to the collective memory during the 20-21th century of women intellectuals in Bulgaria, who had been acive public figures until World War II. It studies the work of memory (its formation, inventing, and forgetting), depending on political conditions in the country and in comparison with Europe. Emphasis is put on absence of female educated elites in the Bulgarian collective memory and in national reputation elites. The paper studies through historical and anthropological approach the presences/absences of women intellectuals in "realms of memory" (Pierre Nora). The research is done basing on discourse analysis of memorial plaques, monuments, names of streets, and squares. DOI:10.5901/ajis.2013.v2n11p48

The aim of this book is to explore and compare the welfare strategies of businesses, including the various forms of «paternalism», over two centuries and across a number of countries. Specifically, the book examines differentiation and variation among the social mindsets of companies. Business history inevitably involves the study of social policies, including analysis of the societal influence of companies and their response to workforce demands concerning living conditions. In this book, historical forms of patronage are considered (old paternalism), as well as structured social policies aim

What interpretation(s) do today's historians make of electrification? Electrification is a process which began almost a hundred and fifty years ago but which more than one billion men and women still do not have access to. This book displays the social diversity of the electric worlds and of the approaches to their history. It updates the historical knowledge and shows the renewal of the historiography in both its themes and its approaches. Four questions about the passage to the electrical age are raised: which innovations or combination of innovations made this passage a reality? According to which networks and appropriation? Evolving thanks to which tensions and alliances? And resulting in which transition and accumulation?
Quel(s) regard(s) les historiens d'aujourd'hui portent-ils sur l'électrification, processus engagé il y a près de cent cinquante ans mais auquel plus d'un milliard d'hommes et de femmes restent encore étrangers ? Le présent volume rend compte de la diversité des mondes sociaux électriques et des manières d'enquêter sur leur histoire. Il actualise les connaissances et témoigne du renouvellement de l'historiographie, dans ses objets et ses approches. Quatre points d'interrogation sur le basculement des sociétés dans l'âge électrique jalonnent le volume : moyennant quelles créations ou combinaisons créatrices ? En vertu de quelles circulations et appropriations ? Selon quelles tensions et alliances ? Et produisant quelles transitions et accumulations ?

"Food consumption and nutrition are historically among the most characteristic features of inequality in living standards driven by socio-economic, gender, generational and geographical reasons. Nutrition directly impacts mortality, life expectancy, height and illness, and thus becomes a good indicator of living standards and their evolution over time. However, one issue that remains unresolved is how to measure past diet inequalities with the available sources. This book evaluates nutritional inequalities in Spain from the 19th century to the present day. It explores the socio-economic, gender, generational and geographical variations in food consumption and nutrition in Spain during this period. Deriving historical data on nutrition and diet has always been difficult due to issues with available sources. This book adopts a multi-dimensional approach and two complementary methodologies capable of presenting a more comprehensive picture: the first analyses diets based on primary sources, while the second examine the effect of nutritional inequalities on biological living standards, with special emphasis on average height. This combination allows for greater precision than previous studies on the impacts of food inequality. This book will be of significant interest to scholars from different academic branches, especially historians, economic historians and historians of science, economists, and also doctors, endocrinologists, paediatricians, anthropologists, nutritionists and expert in cooperation and development."

Conference proceedings ; The annual international agricultural forum Agroforum Mare Balticum will be held, already for the fourth time now, in Tartu, Estonia. The conference is an important meeting point for the agricultural sector's politicians and entrepreneurs, and research institutions from the Baltic sea countries and the Eastern Partnership countries, as well as global organisations such as the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the European Commission and the Council of the Baltic Sea States. This multilevel meeting enables us to use and transfer the best available knowledge at all levels and from all geographical spheres, to discuss and find solutions to the significant challenges faced by the agricultural sector today. The main focus of this year's forum is environmentally smart agriculture. While globally climate smart actions are being discussed, we felt that there is a need to take this concept even further and discuss the future of agriculture, taken into account the state of our environment as a whole, not just the sector's resilience to changing climatic conditions. Society's health depends on the quality of the food, and the highest quality food can be produced only by working in concordance with natural processes, ensuring healthy soils, sustainable water management, reasonable use of pesticides and use of other agricultural chemicals, and so on. The best quality production can be achieved using innovative solutions but also by looking far into the future when making production decisions. 2 This year's presentations will focus on a variety of topics, ranging from the importance of innovations in agriculture and the possibilities for sustainable intensification, all the way to resilience to disease epidemics in animal husbandry and biodiversity dynamics in agriculture. For the first time we will also publish the conference proceedings, to help further spread the ideas discussed at the forum. I hope the conference will encourage you to think further about the important role agriculture plays in our world, not just as a means of producing healthy food, but also as a biodiversity caretaker and driving force in the development of rural areas. Mait Klaassen Rector Eesti Maaülikool / Estonian University of Life Sciences