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The twentieth century is an era of pervasive turmoil. There were two cataclysmic full-scale wars and many wars and conflicts of lesser importance in all parts of the world. The term crisis is among the most widely used verbal symbols of turmoil in politics among nations. Scholars and journalists, too, often write about such things as incidents, disputes, riots, and rebellions etc. as crisis. In short, crisis is a pervasive term to describe dis ruption and disorder in the global arena. Many political scientists have been researching this phenomenon of international system but there is still a need for new researches and analysis of crisis in world politics. New technological tools and data-sets enable further development of analytical aspects of crisis theory: eruption of conflictual situations, context and reasons of crisis escalation and de-escalation, decision making process etc. The main reason impelled to write this article is the lack of integral theory on crisis issues. That is why the main objective of this study is to make a quantitative and comparative research of the crisis in the 20th century in order to highlight the main influential factors of this process in different time and space dimensions. A quantitative and comparative analysis in this article was performed using International Crisis Behavior (ICB) data-set of international crisis (by the SPSS 12.0 package). The results of the research confirm the presumption that the analysis of different "levels" provides different outcomes.[.].

The twentieth century is an era of pervasive turmoil. There were two cataclysmic full-scale wars and many wars and conflicts of lesser importance in all parts of the world. The term crisis is among the most widely used verbal symbols of turmoil in politics among nations. Scholars and journalists, too, often write about such things as incidents, disputes, riots, and rebellions etc. as crisis. In short, crisis is a pervasive term to describe dis ruption and disorder in the global arena. Many political scientists have been researching this phenomenon of international system but there is still a need for new researches and analysis of crisis in world politics. New technological tools and data-sets enable further development of analytical aspects of crisis theory: eruption of conflictual situations, context and reasons of crisis escalation and de-escalation, decision making process etc. The main reason impelled to write this article is the lack of integral theory on crisis issues. That is why the main objective of this study is to make a quantitative and comparative research of the crisis in the 20th century in order to highlight the main influential factors of this process in different time and space dimensions. A quantitative and comparative analysis in this article was performed using International Crisis Behavior (ICB) data-set of international crisis (by the SPSS 12.0 package). The results of the research confirm the presumption that the analysis of different "levels" provides different outcomes.[.].

The twentieth century is an era of pervasive turmoil. There were two cataclysmic full-scale wars and many wars and conflicts of lesser importance in all parts of the world. The term crisis is among the most widely used verbal symbols of turmoil in politics among nations. Scholars and journalists, too, often write about such things as incidents, disputes, riots, and rebellions etc. as crisis. In short, crisis is a pervasive term to describe dis ruption and disorder in the global arena. Many political scientists have been researching this phenomenon of international system but there is still a need for new researches and analysis of crisis in world politics. New technological tools and data-sets enable further development of analytical aspects of crisis theory: eruption of conflictual situations, context and reasons of crisis escalation and de-escalation, decision making process etc. The main reason impelled to write this article is the lack of integral theory on crisis issues. That is why the main objective of this study is to make a quantitative and comparative research of the crisis in the 20th century in order to highlight the main influential factors of this process in different time and space dimensions. A quantitative and comparative analysis in this article was performed using International Crisis Behavior (ICB) data-set of international crisis (by the SPSS 12.0 package). The results of the research confirm the presumption that the analysis of different "levels" provides different outcomes.[.].

the High Tribunal turned into the court of appeal for the cases tried by the general competence courts, military competence courts and the courts of Klaipeda region. There were developed and regulated the possibilities of law interpretation and application equalization as well as setting the distribution of cases and some functions of administrative court. It remained the trial of cases brought against the President of the Republic and the members of government for high treason and malfeasance as the first instance. The article describes the structure, practice organization and statistical data on practice load analyzing the complaints against the decisions of the lower courts as well as the practice on law interpretation of the Tribunal, which was regarded as one of the most important functions of the Tribunal.

the High Tribunal turned into the court of appeal for the cases tried by the general competence courts, military competence courts and the courts of Klaipeda region. There were developed and regulated the possibilities of law interpretation and application equalization as well as setting the distribution of cases and some functions of administrative court. It remained the trial of cases brought against the President of the Republic and the members of government for high treason and malfeasance as the first instance. The article describes the structure, practice organization and statistical data on practice load analyzing the complaints against the decisions of the lower courts as well as the practice on law interpretation of the Tribunal, which was regarded as one of the most important functions of the Tribunal.

The paper attempts to reconstruct the picture of the state savings bank system and its structure in Lithuanian governorates in the beginning of the 20th century. The same economic, political, social contradictions as in the whole credit system of the lagging behind Russian Empire as compared with Western European states were typical in the creation and activity of savings banks. Among other means (accumulation of land in the hands of Russians, colonial policy of taxes and customs), discriminative credit policies were used. The formation of credit resources using savings of the occupied countries also served for the imperial purposes of Russia. The opening and activities of savings banks were regulated by special statutes in which the objective of savings banks was indicated: to provide the possibility for poor people to accumulate funds in small amounts and get interest for them. However, the operations of savings banks were trivial, they managed to accumulate only very small amounts of money. In 1895, the new Statute of savings banks was approved and they were called State Savings Banks. The State Bank of Russia headed over the savings banks. According to the new Statute, the order of the opening of savings banks was easier. It became possible to open state savings banks and their branches in all cities and settlements - at the State Bank, treasuries, customs, at all governmental and public offices, private offices and enterprises. The spread of the network of savings banks became easier, deposits grew up. Deposits in saving banks in the period 1899-1913 increased rather rapidly: in the Vilnius governorate 2.9, in Kaunas 2.6, and in Suvalkai 3.1 times. The number of savings banks in Lithuanian governorates in this period increased 1.45 times. At the beginning of 1913, in Lithuanian governorates operated 29 central savings banks and one city branch, 241 savings banks at post offices, 11 at railway stations, and 2 saving banks in factories. The number of all V types of savings banks was biggest in Siauliai district (22), Vilnius and Raseiniai districts (21 in each), and the smallest in Naumiestis district (4). The biggest amount of deposits in total, its average per one savings bank, and the average amount of passbooks per one saving bank was in the Vilnius governorate and the smallest in the Suvalkai governorate. The average biggest amount of passbooks in savings banks per one thousand inhabitants was in the Vilnius governorate and the smallest in the Suvalkai governorate, too. Savings banks' deposit funds were invested in state bonds. Formation of the credit resources of the Russian Empire using savings of people of the occupied countries was one of the means of the realization of Russia's colonial policy. The Lithuanian deposit funds brought away from Lithuania have never been returned.

The paper attempts to reconstruct the picture of the state savings bank system and its structure in Lithuanian governorates in the beginning of the 20th century. The same economic, political, social contradictions as in the whole credit system of the lagging behind Russian Empire as compared with Western European states were typical in the creation and activity of savings banks. Among other means (accumulation of land in the hands of Russians, colonial policy of taxes and customs), discriminative credit policies were used. The formation of credit resources using savings of the occupied countries also served for the imperial purposes of Russia. The opening and activities of savings banks were regulated by special statutes in which the objective of savings banks was indicated: to provide the possibility for poor people to accumulate funds in small amounts and get interest for them. However, the operations of savings banks were trivial, they managed to accumulate only very small amounts of money. In 1895, the new Statute of savings banks was approved and they were called State Savings Banks. The State Bank of Russia headed over the savings banks. According to the new Statute, the order of the opening of savings banks was easier. It became possible to open state savings banks and their branches in all cities and settlements - at the State Bank, treasuries, customs, at all governmental and public offices, private offices and enterprises. The spread of the network of savings banks became easier, deposits grew up. Deposits in saving banks in the period 1899-1913 increased rather rapidly: in the Vilnius governorate 2.9, in Kaunas 2.6, and in Suvalkai 3.1 times. The number of savings banks in Lithuanian governorates in this period increased 1.45 times. At the beginning of 1913, in Lithuanian governorates operated 29 central savings banks and one city branch, 241 savings banks at post offices, 11 at railway stations, and 2 saving banks in factories. The number of all V types of savings banks was biggest in Siauliai district (22), Vilnius and Raseiniai districts (21 in each), and the smallest in Naumiestis district (4). The biggest amount of deposits in total, its average per one savings bank, and the average amount of passbooks per one saving bank was in the Vilnius governorate and the smallest in the Suvalkai governorate. The average biggest amount of passbooks in savings banks per one thousand inhabitants was in the Vilnius governorate and the smallest in the Suvalkai governorate, too. Savings banks' deposit funds were invested in state bonds. Formation of the credit resources of the Russian Empire using savings of people of the occupied countries was one of the means of the realization of Russia's colonial policy. The Lithuanian deposit funds brought away from Lithuania have never been returned.

The paper attempts to reconstruct the picture of the state savings bank system and its structure in Lithuanian governorates in the beginning of the 20th century. The same economic, political, social contradictions as in the whole credit system of the lagging behind Russian Empire as compared with Western European states were typical in the creation and activity of savings banks. Among other means (accumulation of land in the hands of Russians, colonial policy of taxes and customs), discriminative credit policies were used. The formation of credit resources using savings of the occupied countries also served for the imperial purposes of Russia. The opening and activities of savings banks were regulated by special statutes in which the objective of savings banks was indicated: to provide the possibility for poor people to accumulate funds in small amounts and get interest for them. However, the operations of savings banks were trivial, they managed to accumulate only very small amounts of money. In 1895, the new Statute of savings banks was approved and they were called State Savings Banks. The State Bank of Russia headed over the savings banks. According to the new Statute, the order of the opening of savings banks was easier. It became possible to open state savings banks and their branches in all cities and settlements - at the State Bank, treasuries, customs, at all governmental and public offices, private offices and enterprises. The spread of the network of savings banks became easier, deposits grew up. Deposits in saving banks in the period 1899-1913 increased rather rapidly: in the Vilnius governorate 2.9, in Kaunas 2.6, and in Suvalkai 3.1 times. The number of savings banks in Lithuanian governorates in this period increased 1.45 times. At the beginning of 1913, in Lithuanian governorates operated 29 central savings banks and one city branch, 241 savings banks at post offices, 11 at railway stations, and 2 saving banks in factories. The number of all V types of savings banks was biggest in Siauliai district (22), Vilnius and Raseiniai districts (21 in each), and the smallest in Naumiestis district (4). The biggest amount of deposits in total, its average per one savings bank, and the average amount of passbooks per one saving bank was in the Vilnius governorate and the smallest in the Suvalkai governorate. The average biggest amount of passbooks in savings banks per one thousand inhabitants was in the Vilnius governorate and the smallest in the Suvalkai governorate, too. Savings banks' deposit funds were invested in state bonds. Formation of the credit resources of the Russian Empire using savings of people of the occupied countries was one of the means of the realization of Russia's colonial policy. The Lithuanian deposit funds brought away from Lithuania have never been returned.

The paper attempts to reconstruct the picture of the state savings bank system and its structure in Lithuanian governorates in the beginning of the 20th century. The same economic, political, social contradictions as in the whole credit system of the lagging behind Russian Empire as compared with Western European states were typical in the creation and activity of savings banks. Among other means (accumulation of land in the hands of Russians, colonial policy of taxes and customs), discriminative credit policies were used. The formation of credit resources using savings of the occupied countries also served for the imperial purposes of Russia. The opening and activities of savings banks were regulated by special statutes in which the objective of savings banks was indicated: to provide the possibility for poor people to accumulate funds in small amounts and get interest for them. However, the operations of savings banks were trivial, they managed to accumulate only very small amounts of money. In 1895, the new Statute of savings banks was approved and they were called State Savings Banks. The State Bank of Russia headed over the savings banks. According to the new Statute, the order of the opening of savings banks was easier. It became possible to open state savings banks and their branches in all cities and settlements - at the State Bank, treasuries, customs, at all governmental and public offices, private offices and enterprises. The spread of the network of savings banks became easier, deposits grew up. Deposits in saving banks in the period 1899-1913 increased rather rapidly: in the Vilnius governorate 2.9, in Kaunas 2.6, and in Suvalkai 3.1 times. The number of savings banks in Lithuanian governorates in this period increased 1.45 times. At the beginning of 1913, in Lithuanian governorates operated 29 central savings banks and one city branch, 241 savings banks at post offices, 11 at railway stations, and 2 saving banks in factories. The number of all V types of savings banks was biggest in Siauliai district (22), Vilnius and Raseiniai districts (21 in each), and the smallest in Naumiestis district (4). The biggest amount of deposits in total, its average per one savings bank, and the average amount of passbooks per one saving bank was in the Vilnius governorate and the smallest in the Suvalkai governorate. The average biggest amount of passbooks in savings banks per one thousand inhabitants was in the Vilnius governorate and the smallest in the Suvalkai governorate, too. Savings banks' deposit funds were invested in state bonds. Formation of the credit resources of the Russian Empire using savings of people of the occupied countries was one of the means of the realization of Russia's colonial policy. The Lithuanian deposit funds brought away from Lithuania have never been returned.

The article deals with the changing basic upbringing and confrontation in the second half of the 20th century. People understood the meaning and influence of education even in old times. The focal attention for a long time was paid to boys' upbringing and teaching, but secondary and, mostly, non-formal - to girls. In ancient countries boys were taught to be noble, in Middle Ages - courageous knights and devotional Christians, in newest ages national upbringing becomes an important factor. The 20th century and especially its second half were distinguished by upbringing variety: long-drawn-out nationalism or softer, more human form of nationality, buildup of homo sovieticum and Anglo-Saxon civil upbringing, liberalism and democracy that spread from Western countries after World War II. In the 20th century Lithuania had to experience upbringing accents and their changes.

The article deals with the changing basic upbringing and confrontation in the second half of the 20th century. People understood the meaning and influence of education even in old times. The focal attention for a long time was paid to boys' upbringing and teaching, but secondary and, mostly, non-formal - to girls. In ancient countries boys were taught to be noble, in Middle Ages - courageous knights and devotional Christians, in newest ages national upbringing becomes an important factor. The 20th century and especially its second half were distinguished by upbringing variety: long-drawn-out nationalism or softer, more human form of nationality, buildup of homo sovieticum and Anglo-Saxon civil upbringing, liberalism and democracy that spread from Western countries after World War II. In the 20th century Lithuania had to experience upbringing accents and their changes.

The article deals with the changing basic upbringing and confrontation in the second half of the 20th century. People understood the meaning and influence of education even in old times. The focal attention for a long time was paid to boys' upbringing and teaching, but secondary and, mostly, non-formal - to girls. In ancient countries boys were taught to be noble, in Middle Ages - courageous knights and devotional Christians, in newest ages national upbringing becomes an important factor. The 20th century and especially its second half were distinguished by upbringing variety: long-drawn-out nationalism or softer, more human form of nationality, buildup of homo sovieticum and Anglo-Saxon civil upbringing, liberalism and democracy that spread from Western countries after World War II. In the 20th century Lithuania had to experience upbringing accents and their changes.

The article deals with the changing basic upbringing and confrontation in the second half of the 20th century. People understood the meaning and influence of education even in old times. The focal attention for a long time was paid to boys' upbringing and teaching, but secondary and, mostly, non-formal - to girls. In ancient countries boys were taught to be noble, in Middle Ages - courageous knights and devotional Christians, in newest ages national upbringing becomes an important factor. The 20th century and especially its second half were distinguished by upbringing variety: long-drawn-out nationalism or softer, more human form of nationality, buildup of homo sovieticum and Anglo-Saxon civil upbringing, liberalism and democracy that spread from Western countries after World War II. In the 20th century Lithuania had to experience upbringing accents and their changes.

However, the practical implementation of the idea until the division of the Republic of Two Nations and in the 20th century had its own gaps and even painful long-term consequences, having conditioned the gap from the aforementioned civilization space. O. Halecki, who dedicated his research to that idea, argued that the collapse of the Republic of Two Nations was conditioned by the factor that the Jagiellonian idea had not been fully realized, as in the 16th-17th centuries its third member Russia (present Ukraine) had not been included. J. Pilsudski's practical federalist project on the realization of the Jagiellonian idea in the inter-war period foresaw the corrections of the conclusions presented in Polish historiography. However, Poland's war with Bolshevik Russia and the 1921 Treaty of Riga prevented their implementation as they deprived Lithuania of its historical capital Vilnius and parcelled out Ukraine and Belarus, which had just regained their independence. Only as late as after World War II J. Giedroyc, who found himself in emigration, was able to dialectically criticize J. Pilsudski's previous plans and the Jagiellonian idea itself; therefore, he clearly spoke for the creation of sovereign states of the largest nations: the Ukrainians, Lithuanians and Belarusians, that were part of the Republic of Two Nations. For the Polish it meant the recognition of the claims of civil nationalism of its Eastern neighbours, as only they could return all the states to Western Europe and insure smooth future cooperation under new geopolitical conditions. Nowadays, thoughts on the Jagiellonian idea have not been completely disrupted in Polish public discourse and obviously they should be significant not only to the Polish, but also equally importan to the Ukrainians, Lithuanians and Belarusians in the context of the system of the European Union and European regionalism.

However, the practical implementation of the idea until the division of the Republic of Two Nations and in the 20th century had its own gaps and even painful long-term consequences, having conditioned the gap from the aforementioned civilization space. O. Halecki, who dedicated his research to that idea, argued that the collapse of the Republic of Two Nations was conditioned by the factor that the Jagiellonian idea had not been fully realized, as in the 16th-17th centuries its third member Russia (present Ukraine) had not been included. J. Pilsudski's practical federalist project on the realization of the Jagiellonian idea in the inter-war period foresaw the corrections of the conclusions presented in Polish historiography. However, Poland's war with Bolshevik Russia and the 1921 Treaty of Riga prevented their implementation as they deprived Lithuania of its historical capital Vilnius and parcelled out Ukraine and Belarus, which had just regained their independence. Only as late as after World War II J. Giedroyc, who found himself in emigration, was able to dialectically criticize J. Pilsudski's previous plans and the Jagiellonian idea itself; therefore, he clearly spoke for the creation of sovereign states of the largest nations: the Ukrainians, Lithuanians and Belarusians, that were part of the Republic of Two Nations. For the Polish it meant the recognition of the claims of civil nationalism of its Eastern neighbours, as only they could return all the states to Western Europe and insure smooth future cooperation under new geopolitical conditions. Nowadays, thoughts on the Jagiellonian idea have not been completely disrupted in Polish public discourse and obviously they should be significant not only to the Polish, but also equally importan to the Ukrainians, Lithuanians and Belarusians in the context of the system of the European Union and European regionalism.