Legislative powers of the Council of Europe have a crucial impact on the domestic legal systems of the EU Member States including substantive administrative law, i.e. such an area of administrative law which defines rights and responsibilities of the public administration bodies and citizens. The legislation created by the Council of Europe's bodies has a great impact on the areas of law which were earlier regarded as the exclusive responsibility of a given country. The Council of Europe has always been a major source of standard setting. This paper analyses selected areas of substantive administrative law taking into account hard law and soft law documents developed under the auspices of the Council of Europe. ; Kompetencje legislacyjne Rady Europy mają istotny wpływ na systemy prawa krajowego państw członkowskich, włącznie z materialnym prawem administracyjnym, a więc działem prawa administracyjnego regulującym prawa i obowiązki organów administracji publicznej i obywateli. Akty prawne tworzone przez organy organizacji mają znaczący wpływ na te obszary prawne, które wcześniej uważane były za wyłączną kompetencję wewnętrzną. Rada Europy zawsze była ważnym źródłem stanowienia standardów. W niniejszym artykule analizie poddano wybrane obszary materialnego prawa administracyjnego, biorąc pod uwagę dokumenty hard law i soft law opracowane pod auspicjami Rady Europy.
The reforms carried out in 1990, which included the reactivation of local self-government, constituted one of the most important elements of the systemic transformation in our country. They were also an important element of the reform measures undertaken to implement the three main goals of the political transformation after 1989: democracy, the free market and decentralization. The postulate of restoring local self-government was included in the Solidarity programme in 1981, and it was the subject of renewed focus during the Round Table talks in 1989. Among the supporters and propagators of this idea in the anti-communist opposition were representatives of the study of administrative law, who envisioned the creation of a completely new institution that would not be indebted to the communist regime. It was therefore assumed that the old system of local authorities had been rejected. The self-government reform carried out in 1990 was at the same time a powerful shock to the study of systemic administrative law, which lost its subject of research, namely the issues of national councils, which from then on were treated only in the context of 'negative experiences'. The reactivation of the local self-government in 1990 was accompanied by discussions and disputes on the concept of its essence, basic political assumptions and detailed rules of functioning. However, the reform did not come to an end in 1990, as local government law is characterized by a significant dynamic of changes concerning specific solutions, which is reflected in numerous amendments to local government laws. Subsequent reforms were accompanied by the activities of experts in the field of administrative law. At the same time, one should note significant development in the study of administrative law with regard to the consideration of local self-government issues. ; Przeprowadzone w 1990 r. reformy obejmujące reaktywowanie samorządu terytorialnego stanowiły jeden z najważniejszych elementów przemian ustrojowych w naszym kraju i były one istotnym elementem działań reformatorskich w ramach realizacji trzech głównych celów transformacji ustrojowej po roku 1989: demokracja, wolny rynek, decentralizacja. Postulat przywrócenia samorządu terytorialnego znalazł się w 1981 r. w programie Solidarności i powrócono do niego podczas obrad Okrągłego Stołu w 1989. Wśród zwolenników i propagatorów tej idei w opozycji antykomunistycznej byli przedstawiciele nauki prawa administracyjnego, którzy przewidywali stworzenie całkowicie nowej instytucji, niemieszczącej się w ramach ustroju komunistycznego. Zakładano zatem jednoznaczne odrzucenie starego systemu władz lokalnych. Przeprowadzona w 1990 r. reforma samorządowa stanowiła jednocześnie potężny wstrząs dla nauki ustrojowego prawa administracyjnego, które utraciło swój przedmiot badań w postaci problematyki rad narodowych, traktowanych odtąd wyłącznie w kontekście "negatywnych doświadczeń". Reaktywowaniu samorządu terytorialnego w 1990 r. towarzyszyły dyskusje i spory wokół koncepcji jego istoty, podstawowych założeń ustrojowych i szczegółowych zasad funkcjonowania. Reforma nie zakończyła się w 1990 r., gdyż prawo samorządowe charakteryzuje się znaczną dynamiką przemian dotyczących konkretnych rozwiązań, co znajduje swój wyraz w licznych nowelizacjach ustaw samorządowych. Kolejnym reformom towarzyszyła działalność ekspertów z zakresu nauki prawa administracyjnego. Jednocześnie odnotować należy znaczny rozwój nauki prawa administracyjnego w zakresie problematyki samorządowej.
Deprivation of an entity of acquired rights deriving from an administrative act is possible through the combined application of administrative provisions of substantive and procedural law. The limits of durability acquired under an administrative decision rights are the constitutional principle of the protection of acquired rights and the general principles of administrative procedure. The permanence of the right acquired by the administrative decision is not absolute. Repeal or change of the administrative decision is possible only in the mode provided in the law, since the administrative decision makes use of the presumption of regularity. The deprivation of administrative and legal powers in the area of public law takes place in the context of an assessment of the implementation of an administrative decision carried out by a state body. This assessment is possible with the use of two procedural institutions for the expiry of an administrative decision and a substantive institution for the withdrawal of rights. The body assesses whether the addressee of an administrative act has implemented the administrative decision not only in accordance with its content but also the provisions of the generally applicable law. The deprivation of a party of an acquired right is often accompanied by the need to award damages (grant compensation). The procedure and premises for claiming compensation liability have been regulated in the provisions of substantive administrative law. The principle of the effectiveness of public administration bodies is one of the basic principles of administrative law. Its application is not limited only to the creation of law, but also includes the application of law by public administration bodies. The problem of the efficiency of operations of state bodies is of particular importance not only in the area of enforceability of an administrative decision, but also its authorising function. The efficiency of operations of entities in the State structure is assessed through the prism of the implementation of a given administrative decision.
Deprivation of an entity of acquired rights deriving from an administrative act is possible through the combined application of administrative provisions of substantive and procedural law. The limits of durability acquired under an administrative decision rights are the constitutional principle of the protection of acquired rights and the general principles of administrative procedure. The permanence of the right acquired by the administrative decision is not absolute. Repeal or change of the administrative decision is possible only in the mode provided in the law, since the administrative decision makes use of the presumption of regularity. The deprivation of administrative and legal powers in the area of public law takes place in the context of an assessment of the implementation of an administrative decision carried out by a state body. This assessment is possible with the use of two procedural institutions for the expiry of an administrative decision and a substantive institution for the withdrawal of rights. The body assesses whether the addressee of an administrative act has implemented the administrative decision not only in accordance with its content but also the provisions of the generally applicable law. The deprivation of a party of an acquired right is often accompanied by the need to award damages (grant compensation). The procedure and premises for claiming compensation liability have been regulated in the provisions of substantive administrative law. The principle of the effectiveness of public administration bodies is one of the basic principles of administrative law. Its application is not limited only to the creation of law, but also includes the application of law by public administration bodies. The problem of the efficiency of operations of state bodies is of particular importance not only in the area of enforceability of an administrative decision, but also its authorising function. The efficiency of operations of entities in the State structure is assessed through the prism of the implementation of a given administrative decision.
This study is devoted to analysing the structural decisions related to the administrative jurisdiction in Germany in comparison with other European countries. It focuses, in particular, on the institutional structure of the administrative jurisdiction and the functions associated with it to it. Different understanding of the scope of the administrative jurisdiction pre-determine how individual regulations of administrative procedural law are designed, for example, regulations concerning access to courts and the judicial powers of the administrative courts. Therefore, the article aims to demonstrate – from a comparative legal perspective – the processes of mutual interaction, namely how the structural decisions made about the administrative jurisdiction have been received, and to highlight the different developmental trends characteristic of individual countries. ; pracowanie poświęcone jest analizie decyzji strukturalnych dotyczących sądownictwa administracyjnego w Niemczech na tle innych krajów europejskich. Koncentruje się w szczególności na strukturze instytucjonalnej sądownictwa administracyjnego i związanych z nim funkcjach. Odmienne rozumienie zakresu sądownictwa administracyjnego przesądza o kształcie poszczególnych przepisów administracyjnego prawa procesowego, np. regulacji dotyczących dostępu do sądów i kompetencji orzeczniczej sądów administracyjnych. Dlatego niniejszy artykuł ma na celu ukazanie – z perspektywy prawnoporównawczej – procesów wzajemnego oddziaływania, czyli sposobu przyjęcia decyzji strukturalnych dotyczących sądownictwa administracyjnego oraz zwrócenie uwagi na różne tendencje rozwojowe charakterystyczne dla poszczególnych krajów.
This study is devoted to analysing the structural decisions related to the administrative jurisdiction in Germany in comparison with other European countries. It focuses, in particular, on the institutional structure of the administrative jurisdiction and the functions associated with it to it. Different understanding of the scope of the administrative jurisdiction pre-determine how individual regulations of administrative procedural law are designed, for example, regulations concerning access to courts and the judicial powers of the administrative courts. Therefore, the article aims to demonstrate – from a comparative legal perspective – the processes of mutual interaction, namely how the structural decisions made about the administrative jurisdiction have been received, and to highlight the different developmental trends characteristic of individual countries. ; Opracowanie poświęcone jest analizie decyzji strukturalnych dotyczących sądownictwa administracyjnego w Niemczech na tle innych krajów europejskich. Koncentruje się w szczególności na strukturze instytucjonalnej sądownictwa administracyjnego i związanych z nim funkcjach. Odmienne rozumienie zakresu sądownictwa administracyjnego przesądza o kształcie poszczególnych przepisów administracyjnego prawa procesowego, np. regulacji dotyczących dostępu do sądów i kompetencji orzeczniczej sądów administracyjnych. Dlatego niniejszy artykuł ma na celu ukazanie – z perspektywy prawnoporównawczej – procesów wzajemnego oddziaływania, czyli sposobu przyjęcia decyzji strukturalnych dotyczących sądownictwa administracyjnego oraz zwrócenie uwagi na różne tendencje rozwojowe charakterystyczne dla poszczególnych krajów.
The aim of the article is to explain the reasons for the introduction of mediation in administrative law. Mediation is presented in the light of the Recommendation of the Committee of the Council of Ministers R (2001)9 of 5 September 2001 on Alternatives to Litigation Between Administrative Authorities and Private Parties. The adoption of this act was justified by the situation of administrative courts in the member states of the Council of Europe. The common problems in the area of justice were the excessive number of court cases, excessive formalisation of court proceedings and a dispute resolution model that would disregard solutions that could satisfy both parties to the administrative dispute. It was also stated that these problems might have a negative impact on citizens' access to justice and lead to the violation of the rights of the parties to court proceedings, referred to in Article 6 par. 1 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. The measures that may constitute an alternative to the judicial resolution of administrative disputes in the Recommendation include: internal control of administrative acts, amicable proceedings/conciliation, mediation, settlement and arbitration. This Recommendation has shaped the Polish solutions in the field of introducing alternative dispute resolution methods to administrative law. However, in the realities of the Polish legal conditions included in the Recommendation, the proposals have become an incentive to introduce only the institution of mediation. First, it became part of the court-administrative proceedings, and then it was introduced to the administrative proceedings. Currently, when after the introduction of mediation to the Code of Administrative Procedure, the use of ADR methods under administrative law has again become the subject of a broader interest in the doctrine, it is worth recalling the reasons why in 2001 the Council of Europe recommended introducing alternatives to national legal orders. ; The aim of the article is to explain the reasons for the introduction of mediation in administrative law. Mediation is presented in the light of the Recommendation of the Committee of the Council of Ministers R (2001)9 of 5 September 2001 on Alternatives to Litigation Between Administrative Authorities and Private Parties. The adoption of this act was justified by the situation of administrative courts in the member states of the Council of Europe. The common problems in the area of justice were the excessive number of court cases, excessive formalisation of court proceedings and a dispute resolution model that would disregard solutions that could satisfy both parties to the administrative dispute. It was also stated that these problems might have a negative impact on citizens' access to justice and lead to the violation of the rights of the parties to court proceedings, referred to in Article 6 par. 1 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. The measures that may constitute an alternative to the judicial resolution of administrative disputes in the Recommendation include: internal control of administrative acts, amicable proceedings/conciliation, mediation, settlement and arbitration. This Recommendation has shaped the Polish solutions in the field of introducing alternative dispute resolution methods to administrative law. However, in the realities of the Polish legal conditions included in the Recommendation, the proposals have become an incentive to introduce only the institution of mediation. First, it became part of the court-administrative proceedings, and then it was introduced to the administrative proceedings. Currently, when after the introduction of mediation to the Code of Administrative Procedure, the use of ADR methods under administrative law has again become the subject of a broader interest in the doctrine, it is worth recalling the reasons why in 2001 the Council of Europe recommended introducing alternatives to national legal orders.
The aim of the article is to explain the reasons for the introduction of mediation in administrative law. Mediation is presented in the light of the Recommendation of the Committee of the Council of Ministers R (2001)9 of 5 September 2001 on Alternatives to Litigation Between Administrative Authorities and Private Parties. The adoption of this act was justified by the situation of administrative courts in the member states of the Council of Europe. The common problems in the area of justice were the excessive number of court cases, excessive formalisation of court proceedings and a dispute resolution model that would disregard solutions that could satisfy both parties to the administrative dispute. It was also stated that these problems might have a negative impact on citizens' access to justice and lead to the violation of the rights of the parties to court proceedings, referred to in Article 6 par. 1 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. The measures that may constitute an alternative to the judicial resolution of administrative disputes in the Recommendation include: internal control of administrative acts, amicable proceedings/conciliation, mediation, settlement and arbitration. This Recommendation has shaped the Polish solutions in the field of introducing alternative dispute resolution methods to administrative law. However, in the realities of the Polish legal conditions included in the Recommendation, the proposals have become an incentive to introduce only the institution of mediation. First, it became part of the court-administrative proceedings, and then it was introduced to the administrative proceedings. Currently, when after the introduction of mediation to the Code of Administrative Procedure, the use of ADR methods under administrative law has again become the subject of a broader interest in the doctrine, it is worth recalling the reasons why in 2001 the Council of Europe recommended introducing alternatives to national legal orders. ; 83 ; 100 ; 5
This article presents the issues of changing the composition of the voivodeship board in the Republic of Poland as a result of the change in the voivodeship statute. As part of the legal analysis of the institution in question, the authors paid special attention to practical issues and nodal problems that may be encountered when interpreting the provisions of the Act of 5 June 1998 on Voivodeship Self-Government. The issues raised refer to the actual state of affairs in the Sejmik of the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship. The article is of a scientific and research nature. The authors put forward three hypotheses and attempted to prove them in the framework of the conducted analysis. Firstly, a change in the composition of the voivodeship board as a result of the change in the voivodeship statute is possible in the light of the principles of the Polish systemic administrative law without the need to dismiss the entire voivodeship board. Secondly, in a situation where the resolution amending the articles of association did not include any adjusting provisions, it is necessary to adjust the make-up of the management board to the requirements of the amended articles as soon as possible. Thirdly, the solution according to which the dismissal or acceptance of a resignation of a board member by the voivodeship parliament and the election of a deputy marshal in his place within one resolution should be rejected. The results of the research carried out in the course of the analysis are original and innovative, as such studies have not been conducted so far. As a result, this article is a valuable source of knowledge for representatives of science and practice. ; Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia problematykę zmiany składu zarządu województwa w Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, przeprowadzanej na skutek zmiany statutu województwa. Autorzy w ramach analizy prawnej przedmiotowej instytucji szczególną uwagę zwrócili na kwestie praktyczne oraz problemy węzłowe, na jakie można się natknąć, dokonując wykładni przepisów ustawy z dnia 5 czerwca 1998 r. o samorządzie województwa. Podjęta problematyka nawiązuje do stanu faktycznego, jaki wystąpił w sejmiku województwa świętokrzyskiego. Artykuł ma charakter naukowo-badawczy. Autorzy postawili trzy hipotezy i podjęli próbę ich udowodnienia w ramach prowadzonej analizy. Po pierwsze, zmiana składu zarządu województwa na skutek zmiany statutu województwa jest w świetle zasad polskiego ustrojowego prawa administracyjnego możliwa bez konieczności odwoływania całego zarządu województwa. Po drugie, w sytuacji gdy w uchwale zmieniającej statut nie zamieszczono przepisów dostosowujących, konieczne jest jak najszybsze doprowadzenie do dostosowania składu zarządu do wymogów zmienionego statutu. Po trzecie, należy odrzucić rozwiązanie, według którego do odwołania lub przyjęcia rezygnacji członka zarządu przez sejmik województwa oraz do wyboru wicemarszałka w jego miejsce miałoby dojść w ramach jednej uchwały. Wyniki przeprowadzonych w toku analizy badań mają charakter oryginalny i nowatorski, badania takie nie były bowiem dotychczas prowadzone. Powoduje to, że niniejszy artykuł stanowi cenne źródło wiedzy dla przedstawicieli nauki i praktyki.
Amending the Code of Administrative Procedure, the legislator decided to introduce the possibility of conducting mediation proceedings. A mediator may be a natural person who has full legal capacity and exercises full civil rights. The mediator's role is to ensure the conduct of the mediation process. They have the responsibility to stimulate the initiative of the parties by means of appropriate mediation techniques, as well as to create an appropriate climate of conversation, based on mutual trust and respect. The mediator uses procedural rights, which include: the right to read the case files and the right to remuneration and reimbursement of expenses related to mediation. The Code of Administrative Procedure also imposes procedural obligations on the mediator: it must maintain impartiality in the conduct of mediation and draw up a report on mediation. Participants in the mediation are also parties of the administrative proceedings and a public administration body. The task of the public administration body is to determine whether the arrangements made by the parties with the participation of the mediator fall within the scope of the generally applicable law.
The history of the establishment of administrative judiciary in Ukraine dates back to the 19thcentury, but only after regaining independence did the process of its development begin. Administrative courts have only been envisaged in the Ukrainian Constitution as independent judicial organs since 2016, and the current system of these courts includes: the Supreme Court, appellate courts and district administrative courts. Proceedings before administrative courts are governed by the Code of Administrative Judiciary of Ukraine of 2005. The aim of the study is to present the challenges facing the Ukrainian administrative judiciary and to formulate postulates aimed at improving its functioning. The most important of these include ensuring the uniformity of the case law of the Supreme Court and modernizing the provisions on administrative proceedings. ; Historia powstania sądownictwa administracyjnego wUkrainie sięga XIXw., jednak dopiero po odzyskaniu niepodległości rozpoczął się właściwy proces jego rozwoju. Sądy administracyjne, jako niezależne organy wymiaru sprawiedliwości, zostały przewidziane wukraińskiej Konstytucji dopiero od 2016r., aobecny system tych sądów obejmuje: Sąd Najwyższy, apelacyjne irejonowe sądy administracyjne. Postępowanie przed sądami administracyjnymi reguluje Kodeks sądownictwa administracyjnego Ukrainy z2005r. Celem opracowania jest ukazanie wyzwań stojących przed ukraińskim sądownictwem administracyjnym oraz sformułowanie postulatów mających na celu poprawę jego funkcjonowania. Do najważniejszych znich należy zapewnienie jednolitości orzecznictwa Sądu Najwyższego oraz unowocześnienie przepisów opostępowaniu administracyjnym.
