Suchergebnisse

An interview with Eqbal Ahmad reveals that Western notions of war & its abolition are held suspect by many people in the Third World. The 'World Wars' have been inappropriately named, since they were essentially of Western generation & fought over Western interests, including the possession of colonial (Third World) territories. The centuries-long exploitation of Asia, Africa, Latin America, & the Middle East has brought extreme hardship to peoples there, treated lightly in Western annals if at all. Principles for disarmament must include the willingness to sacrifice security & privilege for principles, & place value upon realistic assessment over abstract theory. D. Dunseath.

This dissertation explores, both theoretically and empirically, the role of strange farmers in the Gambia's mono-cash crop economy and analyzes the structure of strange farmer contracts within the context of rural production relations; ie. the relations of economic agents to resources of production in terms of their use and ownership rights and the relations between economic agents as principals (ie. landlords) and agents (ie. workers; strange farmers). Strange farmers, the migrant laborers who come from the West African hinterland to farm in the coastal areas of the Senegambia region due to certain transaction cost advantages, constitute a dynamic population adjustment to West Africa's spatial, unequal spread of resources. It is argued in this study that the reason "strange farming" has continued to persist is because it is flexible and adaptable to the prevailing agroclimatic conditions and endowments of the West Africa region, and to the economic changes induced by the interplay of internal (the government; technology) and external (e.g., world primary commodity markets) institutional and market forces. Detailed analysis of the strange farmer contract (a contract of "input sharing"), as contrasted with wage, fixed-rent, and sharecropping, is presented; and emphasis is placed on the "strangeness" of the strange farmers (the fact that they are non-residents of their farming areas) as the distinguishing feature of the contract. Our analysis considers how environmental and idiosyncratic factors such as information, risk, and incentive constraints impinge on agents in this environment and how alternative models of the strange farmer system explain how such problems are circumvented. The study concludes by examining the efficiency and (briefly) the equity implications of strange farming, and argues that strange farming performs the vital economic role of providing otherwise labor deficient landlords with a steady and timely supply of labor throughout the farming season and indeed circumvents the contract enforcement and shirking problems posed by a second-best environment. ; Ph. D. ; incomplete_metadata

Problems posed by disasters have become increasingly important for all African governments. Every year a variety of disas ters occurs in Sub-Saharan Africa and these are becoming more prevalent. This article presents an analysis of statistical surveys for natural disasters in different regions of Africa over a 30-year period from 1974 to 2003. It shows that disaster frequency is increasing on the continent. The investigation of the data demonstrates that the East Africa region is under the greatest threat from natural disasters. In 2008, climatological disasters, notably droughts, claimed many victims in the eastern part of Africa, with more than one third of the population affected in Djibouti, Eritrea, and Somalia. The region has experienced the highest recorded number of disaster events for the past 30 years, followed by the West Africa region. The Southern Africa region is placed third as far as the frequency of disaster events in sub-Saharan Africa is concerned. The least disaster prone region is central Africa. The observations made in this analysis relate to the economic losses in different regions from the impact of natural disasters. In some instances, recovery from economic loss could not be recouped because of stunted growth and other internal problems in these countries. In addition, this article suggests some strategies to mitigate the problem of natural hazards in sub-Saharan Africa.Keywords: Flood; drought; volcanic eruptions; political governance; climate change; specialised capabilities

This essay seeks to understand why the discourse of human rights documentaries, reports, narratives, and films gives agency to some victims and silences the voices of others. Through the examination of human rights discourse on the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), the essay examines how political manipulation and the rhetoric and genre of human rights discourse stifle the narratives on the violence and trauma of the Congolese population. It seeks to understand why the rape narratives of women of some nations effectively elicit empathy and convey the violence, trauma, and genocide of a people, while the rape of women, children, and men in the Congo is met with indifference. Through the Anglophone and Francophone writings of Baenga Bolya's La profanation des vagins (The Profanation of Vaginas), Marie Béatrice Umutesi's Fuir òu mourir au Zaïre (Surviving the Slaughter), Doctors Without Borders' R D Congo: Silence, on meurt (D. R. Congo: Quiet, We're Dying), and Human Rights Watch's Shattered Lives, Seeking Justice, and The War within the War and through Terry George's film and book Hotel Rwanda, this study discusses the ideological nature and the political malleability of African memorial sites, which are already othered within the Western imagination. It also analyzes how the rape of Congolese females becomes visible solely when it is inscribed within Western feminist discourse and shows how rhetoric, intercultural interpretations, and style impact the reception of narratives of pain.

"Melancholy Ties: Intergenerational Loss and Exile in Persepolis" analyzes the way in which collective loss is represented in Marjane Satrapi's Persepolis books. Unlike the spectacular, violent, media images of the Middle East, which detach the Western spectator from the stories and humanity of Near Eastern peoples, Satrapi's graphic novel views a young girl's developing sense of self through intergenerational stories. Moreover, Satrapi's second Persepolis work recognizes the alienation and loss that occurs because the protagonist experiences the cultural violence of being labeled with stereotypes while she is living in Europe. Specifically, this essay examines how these two texts depict the psychological paradox that traumatic experiences-individual, familial, and social-inflect a partial destruction and particular reconstruction of one's self. In the books' historical settings, the deposition of the shah and the Islamic revolution in Iran in the first and the Iran-Iraq war and the exile of the protagonist in Europe in the second, the losses are portrayed through intergenerational stories, cultural exile, and the difficulties of return, as well as the direct experiences of violence. These intergenerational, cross-social, and cross-cultural losses are depicted by Satrapi as influencing the protagonist's sense of self. The melancholy ties-rooted in loss and East-West encounters-grow into cultural and intergenerational bonds by the end of Persepolis II. Replacing detached media violence, these Persepolis books offer a more intimate and globally interconnected portrait.

Preliminary Material -- Listening to Migrant Voices: An Introduction /Robert Lawrence McKenzie and Alessandro Triulzi -- Sub-Saharan Migrants Heading North: A Mobility Perspective /Joris Schapendonk -- Nigerian Border Crossers: Women Travelling to Europe by Land /Kristin Kastner -- High-Risk Migration: From Senegal to the Canary Islands by Sea /Miranda Poeze -- Stranded in Mauritania: Sub-Saharan Migrants in Post-Transit Context /Armelle Choplin and Jérôme Lombard -- Untangling Immobility in Transit: Sub-Saharan Migrants in Istanbul /Brigitte Suter -- Marabouts and Migrations: Senegalese between Dakar and Diaspora /Amber Gemmeke -- "Today, I Would Never Go to Europe": Mobility for Resources and Local Development in West Africa /Laurence Marfaing -- Migration, Class and Symbolic Status: Nigerians in the Netherlands and Greece /Apostolos Andrikopoulos -- Lessons for Life: Two Migratory Portraits from Eritrea /Magnus Treiber -- "Like a plate of spaghetti": Migrant Narratives from the Libya-Lampedusa Route /Alessandro Triulzi -- Our Journey /Dagmawi Yimer -- Notes on Contributors -- Index of authors -- Index of Places -- Index of Subjects.

Africanizing the Death Penalty Discourse : Philosophical views from Zimbabwe and Nigeria / Fainos Mangena -- The Death Penalty and the Sacro-Sanctity of Life : Perspectives in Igbo Ethics / Chukwuka Christian Emedolu -- Ndubuisi: An Igbo-African Understanding of the value of Human Life and its Implications for the Death Penalty Question / Uduma Oji Uduma, Victor C. A. Nweke -- The Death Penalty from an Igbo Cultural Perspective : A Nigerian Case Study / Christopher Agulanna -- The Death Penalty Debate in Contemporary Context : The Yoruba (African) Integrative Notion to the Rescue / Adebayo A. Aina -- Current Debates on the Death Penalty in Zimbabwe : A Philosophical Appraisal of Views from Critical Stakeholders / Fainos Mangena, Francis Machingura -- An Interrogation of Capital Punishment in Nigeria's Penal System : Towards a Fredom Theory of Punishment in African Philosophy / Jonathan O. Chimakonam -- The Western and African Underpinnings of the Death Penalty : A Comparative Analysis / Clive Tendai Zimunya, Joyline Gwara, Isaiah Munyiswa -- Amplifyiing the Anti-Death Penalty Discourse in Zimbabwe : Lessons from Chivanhu Justice / Ngoni Makuvaza -- Interrogating the Death Penalty Discourse and its Hidden Dynamics in an African Context / Tarisayi Andrea Chimuka -- Gender and the Death Penalty Law in Zimbabwe : An Exploratory Essay, Chipo M. Hatendi, Tatenda Mataka, Benjamin Gweru -- The Death Penalty in the Context of Xenophobia in South Africa, 2008 and 2015 / Alex Munyonga.

Maize and other cereals are the commodities most contaminated with fumonisins. The maize acreage is increasing in Africa, and the maize harvest provides important foods for humans and feeds for domestic animals throughout the continent. In North Africa, high levels of fumonisins have been reported from Algeria and Morocco, while low levels have been detected in the rather few fumonisin analyses reported from Tunisia and Egypt. The West African countries Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ghana, and Nigeria all report high levels of fumonisin contamination of maize, while the few maize samples analysed in Togo contain low levels. In Eastern Africa, high levels of fumonisin contamination have been reported from the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. The samples analysed from Rwanda contained low levels of fumonisins. Analysis of maize from the Southern African countries Malawi, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe revealed high fumonisin levels, while low levels of fumonisins were detected in the few analyses of maize from Botswana and Mozambique.

Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- Part I -- Part II -- Part III -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- African Business Perspectives of Agenda 2020 -- Achieving Sustainable Development Goals 2030 in Africa: A Critical Review of the Sustainability of Western Approaches -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The African Dilemma -- 3 The Sustainable Development Goals 2030 (SDGs) -- 4 The Sustainable Development Goals 2030 from an African Perspective -- 5 Research Focus and Design -- 6 Definition of Underpinning Concepts and Their Historical Development -- 6.1 Development and Growth -- 6.2 The Development of Sustainability, Sustainable Development, and CR in Western Concepts -- 7 Limitations of Western Sustainability and CR Concepts -- 8 The Development of Sustainability and CR in Africa -- 8.1 African Perspective on Sustainability and the Ubuntu Ethos -- 8.2 African Perspective on CR -- 8.3 Shareholder and Stakeholder Approach in an African Context -- 8.4 From Zero Sum Philanthropy to the African Philosophy of Ubuntu -- 8.5 Future Role of the Private Sector in Transforming to Ubuntu CR in Africa -- 8.6 Management Structures of Transnational Corporations (TNCs) -- 8.7 Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) -- 9 Final Considerations -- 9.1 Conclusion -- 9.2 Outlook -- References -- Knowledge Transfer in the African Construction Sector: The CSR and Sustainable Development Nexus -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Chinese Business Operations in Africa: The Nature of Construction Activity and Context -- 3 CSR and CICCs in African Construction Markets: Scope, Context and Evaluation and Contributions -- 4 CSR Performance of CICCs in African Construction Markets -- 5 CSR in Relation to the African Populace -- 6 Nigeria as a Case Study -- 7 Research Methodology -- 8 CSR, Knowledge Transfer and Sustainable Development Nexus.