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Arab culture and the religion of Islam permeated the traditions and customs of the African sub-Sahara for centuries. When the early colonizers from Europe arrived in Africa they encountered these influences and spontaneously perceived the African cultures to be ideologically hybridized and more compatible with Islam than with the ideologies of the west. This difference progressively endorsed a perception of Africa and the east being "exotic" and was as such depicted in early paintings and writings. This depiction contributed to a cultural misunderstanding of Africa and facilitated colonialism. This article briefly explores some of the facets of these early texts and paintings. In the first place the scripts by early Muslim scholars, who critically analyzed early western perceptions, were discussed against the textual interpretation of east-west perceptions such as the construction of "the other". Secondly, the travel writers and painters between 1860 and 1930, who created a visual embodiment of the exotic, were discussed against the politics behind the French Realist movement that developed in France during that same period. This included the construction of a perception of exoticness as represented by literature descriptions and visual art depictions of the women of the Orient. These perceptions rendered Africa as oriental with African subjects depicted as "exotic others".

South Africa is the world's 25th-largest country by surface area, and 24th-largest by population. It is located at the southernmost region of Africa and divided into nine provinces: Limpopo, North West, Gauteng, Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal, Free State, Northern Cape, Western Cape and Eastern Cape. South Africa's colonial past dates to the 16th century. Slavery was widespread by the 17th century and was not abolished until the mid-19th century. Racial discrimination was rampant during the apartheid era between 1948-94, when South Africa was governed by the National Party. After protracted negotiations, the first democratic elections were held under an Interim Constitution in 1994. This negotiated transition from apartheid to democracy has been hailed as both 'one of the most astonishing political achievements of our time' and 'a miracle'. Since 1994 the government has been led by the African National Congress (ANC), which won democratic elections in 1999, 2004 and 2009. Since 1994 the government has pursued democratisation, socioeconomic change and reconciliation.

"Presented to both Houses of Parliament by command of His Excellency the Governor-General." ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Vol. for 1924 issued as [pt.] 3 of the Reports of mandatory powers, issued in Geneva by the League of Nations. ; Continued by: South Africa. Report of the Government of the Union of South Africa on South-West Africa for the year .

This item is part of the Political & Rights Issues & Social Movements (PRISM) digital collection, a collaborative initiative between Florida Atlantic University and University of Central Florida in the Publication of Archival, Library & Museum Materials (PALMM).

Africa-China-EU cooperation is still in its formative stages. It has the express focus of contributing to peace, stability and sustainable development in Africa. The creation of a virtuous circle of growth and development, one which employs the tools of globalisation to Africa's best advantage, has to be a fundamental aim of any trilateral cooperation. At the same time, the opening up of trilateral dialogue should allow all three partners to give consideration to areas in which conflicting views or interests arise. Indeed, the spectre of a two-way China-EU "donor cartel" emerging from the process continues to negatively influence perceptions of the initiative in some African circles. Thus, the challenge facing Africa, China and the EU is to envisage a mechanism or modality for managing trilateral cooperation in the era of globalisation that addresses the concerns of all participants while maintaining an overarching commitment to African development. This policy note examines the origins of the trilateral dialogue, makes proposals for building on this dialogue, and ends with possible models for this trilateral cooperation.

The water-route to the heart of Africa.--The East African lake country.--The aspect of the heart of Africa.--The heart-disease of Africa; its pathology and cure.--Wanderings on the Nyassa-Tanganyika plateau.--The white ant: a theory.--Mimicry: the ways of African insects.--A geological sketch.--A political warning.--A meteorological note. ; Mode of access: Internet.

The water-route to the heart of Africa. -- The East African lake country. -- The aspect of the heart of Africa. -- The heart-disease of Africa: its pathology and cure. -- Wanderings on the Nyassa-Tanganyika plateau. -- The white ant: a theory. -- Mimicry: the ways of African insects. -- A geological sketch. -- A political warning. -- A meteorological note. ; Mode of access: Internet.

A number of important political and security challenges confront countries in CentralAfrica, illustrated most vividly by the rapidemergence of a rebel coalition in the CentralAfrican Republic (CAR), which gained control of approximately one-third of the countryby the end of 2012. Governance concerns, including the lack of inclusive governance,continue to present risks as both Burundi andthe CAR prepare for elections in the comingyears. In addition, despite important progressin addressing security issues, the region isthreatened by the continued operations of theLord's Resistance Army (LRA).

A number of important political and security challenges confront countries in CentralAfrica, illustrated most vividly by the rapidemergence of a rebel coalition in the CentralAfrican Republic (CAR), which gained control of approximately one-third of the countryby the end of 2012. Governance concerns, including the lack of inclusive governance,continue to present risks as both Burundi andthe CAR prepare for elections in the comingyears. In addition, despite important progressin addressing security issues, the region isthreatened by the continued operations of theLord's Resistance Army (LRA).

El presente artículo es una revisión de los principales documentos que nos permiten construir los que se llama el pensamiento de Hugo Chávez sobre África. Los documentos revisados van desde discursos, planes políticos y otros materiales escritos, donde el protagonista expresaba su concepción sobre África, su definición social, política y cultural. El lugar que ocupa en la historia del continente americano, las relaciones diplomáticas por construir y las luchas contra los que llamaba sus enemigos comunes, el colonialismo, neocolonialismo y el neo liberalismo. ; This article overlooks all the main documents that allow us to build what is called Hugo Chavez's thinking about Africa. The documents reviewed range from speeches, political plans and other written materials, in which the main character expressed his conception on Africa, its social, political and cultural defi nition. Th e place he occupies in the history of the American continent, the diplomatic relations to be built and the struggles against those he called his common enemies, colonialism, neocolonialism and neo-liberalism. ; 131-143 ; diogenesd@gmail.com ; Semestral

"Presented to both Houses of Parliament by Command of His Excellency the Governor-General." ; Mode of access: Internet.

Assembly of the African union nineteenth ordinary session 15 – 16 July 2012 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

"H.A.S.C. no. 110-100." ; Shipping list no.: 2009-0397-P. ; "Hearing held, November 4, 2007." ; Mode of access: Internet.

Africa is known for inadequate access to all sorts of human needs including health, education, food, shelter, transport, security, and energy. Before the emergence of massive open online courses (MOOCs), open access to higher education (HE) was exclusive of Africa. However, as a generally affordable method of post-secondary education delivery, MOOCs place the developing countries at the centre of universal access to HE. This paper provides the strategy for MOOC implementation in the context of limited resources in Africa. The strategy is clustered under five baseline requirements: national accredited MOOC curriculum, electronic content development, development of an online and offline eLearning platform, establishment and funding of MOOC coordination units at public HEIs, and establishment of MOOC access hubs at strategic locations. Emerging from this paper is the insight that a new era of universal access to HE in Africa is achievable through MOOCs only if initial requirements are met by the respective governments.

The following essay is an overview on the reception of marxism in some African countries. The World War II and the growing political and ideological influence of de USSR were part of the context of such reception. The author reviews the political and theoretical works of Léopold Sedar Senghor, Majhemout Diop and Amílcar Cabral. These authors provide an original efford to interpret the reality of their countries using the marxist theoretical instruments.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 115, 2008: 133-148 ; En el presente artículo se presenta un panorama sobre la recepción del marxismo en algunos países africanos. La Segunda Guerra Mundial y la creciente influencia político-ideológica de la Unión Soviética forman parte del contexto en que se dio esta recepción. El autor hace un recorrido por la obra teórica y política de tres autores marxistas: Léopold Sedar Senghor, Majhemout Diop y Amílcar Cabral, en los que se muestra un enfoque original y un esfuerzo por leer la realidad de sus países desde los instrumentos teóricos de Marx.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 115, 2008: 133-148