Suchergebnisse

International audience ; The soaring world cereal prices in 2007/2008 and the subsequent riots in several sub-Saharan African cities reignited the debate on food security policy. Could rising world cereal prices actually be a blessing in terms of boosting food production by guaranteeing more attractive prices for farmers? This implies determining whether global price fluctuations are actually transmitted to national market prices. This was the objective of a study focusing on five countries in the region. Between 1994 and 2009, the degree of transmission of world rice prices to domestic markets varied considerably from one country to another: low or even inexistent in Mali, Cameroon and Madagascar; high in Senegal and Niger. The 2007/2008 price increases made no structural changes to the types of transmission identified over the long term. The segmentation of food markets between imported rice, local rice and other foodstuffs explains this imperfect transmission of global prices to sub-Saharan markets. This finding must be taken into consideration in food security strategies in sub-Saharan Africa. ; La flambée des cours mondiaux des céréales en 2007/2008 et les émeutes qui l'ont accompagnée dans plusieurs villes d'Afrique subsaharienne ont réactivé les débats sur les politiques de sécurité alimentaire. La hausse du prix des céréales ne serait-elle pas une aubaine pour relancer la production vivrière en assurant des prix plus attractifs aux agriculteurs ? Encore fallait-il vérifier si les fluctuations des cours mondiaux se transmettent aux prix sur les marchés nationaux. Tel était l'objectif d'une étude portant sur cinq pays de la région. Entre 1994 et 2009, le degré de transmission des cours mondiaux du riz sur les marchés intérieurs a fortement varié selon les pays : faible, voire inexistant au Mali, au Cameroun et à Madagascar ; fort au Sénégal et au Niger. La flambée de 2007/2008 ne modifie pas structurellement les formes de transmission identifiées sur longue période. Le cloisonnement des marchés alimentaires entre le riz importé, le riz local et les autres produits vivriers explique cette transmission imparfaite des cours mondiaux aux marchés subsahariens. Ce résultat doit être pris en compte pour les stratégies de sécurité alimentaire en Afrique subsaharienne.

International audience ; The soaring world cereal prices in 2007/2008 and the subsequent riots in several sub-Saharan African cities reignited the debate on food security policy. Could rising world cereal prices actually be a blessing in terms of boosting food production by guaranteeing more attractive prices for farmers? This implies determining whether global price fluctuations are actually transmitted to national market prices. This was the objective of a study focusing on five countries in the region. Between 1994 and 2009, the degree of transmission of world rice prices to domestic markets varied considerably from one country to another: low or even inexistent in Mali, Cameroon and Madagascar; high in Senegal and Niger. The 2007/2008 price increases made no structural changes to the types of transmission identified over the long term. The segmentation of food markets between imported rice, local rice and other foodstuffs explains this imperfect transmission of global prices to sub-Saharan markets. This finding must be taken into consideration in food security strategies in sub-Saharan Africa. ; La flambée des cours mondiaux des céréales en 2007/2008 et les émeutes qui l'ont accompagnée dans plusieurs villes d'Afrique subsaharienne ont réactivé les débats sur les politiques de sécurité alimentaire. La hausse du prix des céréales ne serait-elle pas une aubaine pour relancer la production vivrière en assurant des prix plus attractifs aux agriculteurs ? Encore fallait-il vérifier si les fluctuations des cours mondiaux se transmettent aux prix sur les marchés nationaux. Tel était l'objectif d'une étude portant sur cinq pays de la région. Entre 1994 et 2009, le degré de transmission des cours mondiaux du riz sur les marchés intérieurs a fortement varié selon les pays : faible, voire inexistant au Mali, au Cameroun et à Madagascar ; fort au Sénégal et au Niger. La flambée de 2007/2008 ne modifie pas structurellement les formes de transmission identifiées sur longue période. Le cloisonnement des marchés alimentaires entre le riz importé, le riz local et les autres produits vivriers explique cette transmission imparfaite des cours mondiaux aux marchés subsahariens. Ce résultat doit être pris en compte pour les stratégies de sécurité alimentaire en Afrique subsaharienne.

International audience ; The soaring world cereal prices in 2007/2008 and the subsequent riots in several sub-Saharan African cities reignited the debate on food security policy. Could rising world cereal prices actually be a blessing in terms of boosting food production by guaranteeing more attractive prices for farmers? This implies determining whether global price fluctuations are actually transmitted to national market prices. This was the objective of a study focusing on five countries in the region. Between 1994 and 2009, the degree of transmission of world rice prices to domestic markets varied considerably from one country to another: low or even inexistent in Mali, Cameroon and Madagascar; high in Senegal and Niger. The 2007/2008 price increases made no structural changes to the types of transmission identified over the long term. The segmentation of food markets between imported rice, local rice and other foodstuffs explains this imperfect transmission of global prices to sub-Saharan markets. This finding must be taken into consideration in food security strategies in sub-Saharan Africa. ; La flambée des cours mondiaux des céréales en 2007/2008 et les émeutes qui l'ont accompagnée dans plusieurs villes d'Afrique subsaharienne ont réactivé les débats sur les politiques de sécurité alimentaire. La hausse du prix des céréales ne serait-elle pas une aubaine pour relancer la production vivrière en assurant des prix plus attractifs aux agriculteurs ? Encore fallait-il vérifier si les fluctuations des cours mondiaux se transmettent aux prix sur les marchés nationaux. Tel était l'objectif d'une étude portant sur cinq pays de la région. Entre 1994 et 2009, le degré de transmission des cours mondiaux du riz sur les marchés intérieurs a fortement varié selon les pays : faible, voire inexistant au Mali, au Cameroun et à Madagascar ; fort au Sénégal et au Niger. La flambée de 2007/2008 ne modifie pas structurellement les formes de transmission identifiées sur longue période. Le cloisonnement des marchés alimentaires entre le riz importé, le riz local et les autres produits vivriers explique cette transmission imparfaite des cours mondiaux aux marchés subsahariens. Ce résultat doit être pris en compte pour les stratégies de sécurité alimentaire en Afrique subsaharienne.

published by: http://www.john-libbey-eurotext.fr/fr/revues/agro_biotech/agr/e-docs/00/04/52/95/resume.phtml the article provides a retrospective analysis of fifty years of cotton production in the countries of Africa's Franc Zone (PZAF) to identify the factors for the effectiveness of cotton policies implemented in this part of the world. A cotton policy is assimilated to a set of institutional arrangements, understood as rules, or sets of rules, which influence the interaction between the actors involved in cotton production through their exchanges of goods, services or information. The analysis of the effectiveness of a cotton policy is then based on an analysis of the effectiveness of the institutional arrangements which make up it. The analysis shows that this effectiveness depends on the content of the institutional arrangements to respond to the constraints and concerns of peasants and also on the way in which these arrangements have been constructed. The focus is on five main constraints and concerns. Demonstration is facilitated by the strong contrast of institutional arrangements during the two stages of cotton policy, before and after the cotton sector reform of the 1990s. ; International audience The paper deals with the identification of the factors of cotton policies effectiveness in Franc Zone African Countries, from a retrospective analysis of fifty years. Cotton policy is assimilated to a set of institutional arrangements, i.e. rules, or groups of rules, impacting the interaction between players involved in cotton production, through their exchanges of goods, services or information. The analysis of the cotton policy effectiveness derives from the study of the institutional arrangements which compose it. It is contended that the effectiveness of an institutional arrangement depends upon its composition to respond to farmers' constraints and concerns as well as the way it has been set up. Emphasis is put on five major constraints and concerns. The demonstration makes profit of the great contrast ...

This dissertation analyzes the public and private policies carried out in France and in Canada, specially in the province of Quebec, to host Jews from three North African countries – Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia, between the 1950s and the end of the 1970s. Facing the arrival of migrants where French nationals, but also Tunisian and Moroccan (citizens) , Jewish organizations had to rethink their relationship with the state and reasses their migratory and social policies. Thus, this dissertation considers the nature of the assistance provided by a minority group's associations towards a population of migrants. The relationship between French and Canadian private networks and the state differed, but in both cases, the associations found space to implement social policies directed towards migrants, identified as co-ethics. The redefinition of the roles played by civil society organizations and the states has directed consequences on social intervention practices. This dissertation examines the discrepancies between policies and practices, as well as the process by which professional knowledge is adapted to the two national contexts. To that end, two social services will be studied comparatively : the Comité d'Action Sociale Israélite de Paris and Jewish Immigrant Aid Services in Montreal. Divergeant social work practices attest to the way in which professional knowledge, namely casework, is interpreted and shaped by social workers. ; Cette thèse étudie les politiques publiques et privées pour accueillir les populations juives de trois pays d'Afrique du Nord, l'Algérie, le Maroc et la Tunisie en France et au Canada dans la province du Québec, entre les années 1950 et la fin des années 1970. Face à l'arrivée migration d'une population composée de Français, de Tunisiens, de Marocains, les organisations juives repensent leur rapport aux Etats et font évoluer leurs politiques migratoires et sociales. Ce travail interroge la nature de l'aide accordée par des associations d'un groupe minoritaire à une population ...

This article echoes the now recurrent calls for a "widening" of the conceptualisation of social movements. Departing from the definitions laid down, the author assumes that certain elements of the contested activity can be understood by studying its actors in the context of ordinary and daily social relations, far from any relationship with political power. It relies on a survey conducted since 2009 in various South African urban areas, in contact with social activists working in organisations that manage social discontent. More specifically, the aim is to address these groups through the links they cultivate with their most immediate social environment, that of popular neighbourhoods. ; International audience This article echoes the now recurring calls to broaden the conceptualization of social movements. Moving away from classic definitions, the author suggests that certain elements of protest activity can be better understood through an examination of its actors in their most ordinary and daily social relations as opposed to the exceptional moments when they face political power. This study is based on a series of inquiries conducted since 2009 in various South African urban areas with active militants affiliated with organizations shaping the agenda on social discontent. More specifically, this article draws attention to how these collectives develop ties with their most immediate social environment, that is in impoverished, working-class neighborhoods. ; This article echoes the now recurrent calls for a "widening" of the conceptualisation of social movements. Departing from the definitions laid down, the author assumes that certain elements of the contested activity can be understood by studying its actors in the context of ordinary and daily social relations, far from any relationship with political power. It relies on a survey conducted since 2009 in various South African urban areas, in contact with social activists working in organisations that manage social discontent. More specifically, the aim is to ...

This dissertation analyzes the public and private policies carried out in France and in Canada, specially in the province of Quebec, to host Jews from three North African countries – Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia, between the 1950s and the end of the 1970s. Facing the arrival of migrants where French nationals, but also Tunisian and Moroccan (citizens) , Jewish organizations had to rethink their relationship with the state and reasses their migratory and social policies. Thus, this dissertation considers the nature of the assistance provided by a minority group's associations towards a population of migrants. The relationship between French and Canadian private networks and the state differed, but in both cases, the associations found space to implement social policies directed towards migrants, identified as co-ethics. The redefinition of the roles played by civil society organizations and the states has directed consequences on social intervention practices. This dissertation examines the discrepancies between policies and practices, as well as the process by which professional knowledge is adapted to the two national contexts. To that end, two social services will be studied comparatively : the Comité d'Action Sociale Israélite de Paris and Jewish Immigrant Aid Services in Montreal. Divergeant social work practices attest to the way in which professional knowledge, namely casework, is interpreted and shaped by social workers. ; Cette thèse étudie les politiques publiques et privées pour accueillir les populations juives de trois pays d'Afrique du Nord, l'Algérie, le Maroc et la Tunisie en France et au Canada dans la province du Québec, entre les années 1950 et la fin des années 1970. Face à l'arrivée migration d'une population composée de Français, de Tunisiens, de Marocains, les organisations juives repensent leur rapport aux Etats et font évoluer leurs politiques migratoires et sociales. Ce travail interroge la nature de l'aide accordée par des associations d'un groupe minoritaire à une population nouvellement arrivée. Les rapports entre les réseaux associatifs français et montréalais avec les Etats diffèrent, mais dans les deux cas, les associations trouvent un espace pour mener des politiques sociales en direction de migrants qu'elles identifient comme co-ethniques. Cette reformulation des rôles entre structures de la société civile et les pouvoirs publics a des conséquences sur les pratiques d'intervention sociale. Ce travail analyse les décalages entre politiques et pratiques ainsi que le processus d'adaptation de savoirs professionnels dans les deux contextes nationaux. Pour cela, il propose une analyse comparée de deux services sociaux, le Comité d'Action Sociale Israélite de Paris et Jewish Immigrant Aid Services à Montréal. Les pratiques divergentes de travail social témoignent de la manière dont un savoir professionnel, l'aide psycho-social individualisée, ou casework, est interprété et transformé par des travailleurs sociaux.

In the Central African Republic, the way out of the crisis is to take into account the disarmament, demobilization, reintegration and repatriation (DDRR) program that contributes to stability, security and recovery. The signing of the agreement on the principles of DDRR between the government and 14 armed groups during the Bangui Peace Forum in May 2015 gradually put an end to the armed struggle as a means of political demand.--fnac

Between 2005 and 2007, few thousands of African migrants left the West African Coast of Mauritania, particularly from the small harbour town of Nouadhibou, and accosted the Canary Islands. Nowadays, as migration politics tend towards more and more restrictions, Nouadhibou has soon become the center of an unexpected attention from media and European institutions. Nonetheless, immigration exists in Nouadhibou since the early XXth century, it is still today an attractive place for labour migration and migrants coming to Nouadhibou don't only leave to the Canary Islands. Considering that migrants are forced to stay in a place that is not their final destination, International institutions and States called this phenomenon « transit migration ». Our aim is to shed the light on the blurred and politicized concept of transit. Questioning closely the notions of itineraries, experiences and projects led us to deepen our understanding of mobility in the context of a restrictive legal and policy framework. Long-term field and ethnographic methods such as narrative biography and life histories allow us to consider the experience of mobility as a threshold. Finally we try to understand the impact of protracted motilities on the local society in Nouadhibou, a way of examining globalization dynamics impacts in local places. ; À travers les parcours, les expériences et les projets migratoires de migrants ouest-africains rencontrés à Nouadhibou en Mauritanie, cette thèse aborde les problématiques relatives à la construction des mobilités entre aspirations individuelles et réglementations nationales et internationales. Des récits de vie de migrants et des biographies migratoires permettent de reconstruire les parcours complexes des migrants arrivés à Nouadhibou et de comprendre que les expériences et les projets migratoires sont des constructions hybrides et labiles. La perspective de l'acteur, les analyses interactionnistes et le point de vue de l'autonomie sont replacés dans le contexte de l'évolution générale des politiques ...

Military regimes and social classes in black Africa: a hypothesis, by Tatania Yannopoulos and Denis Martin
Examples from the history of the African States since their independence show that the purpose of military intervention in political life has been either to take the place of an emergent middle class which was weak and whose position in power was threatened, or to settle conflicts between ruling factions when the former were likely to endanger the existing power structure, or to act as a spearhead on behalf of the privileged classes ousted by progressive forces. From this standpoint, the case of reputedly progressive regimes established after military coups d'Etat poses a question; in fact, it would seem that these regimes are set up to replace leaders who are either too corrupt or are incapable of modernizing society. The circumstances surrounding their emergence thus prompt them to use language of a "progressive" nature, whereas their actual policies differ very little from those implemented by other military regimes. The hypothesis advanced here makes allowance for a certain number of factors operating inside Black Africa. It is deliberately confined to an examination of these factors, though it does not deny - on the contrary - the importance of the peripheral position of the continent, i.e. of all the outside forces which have intervened, and continue to intervene, in African politics.
[Revue française de science politique XXII (4), août 1972, pp. 847-882.]

Between 2005 and 2007, few thousands of African migrants left the West African Coast of Mauritania, particularly from the small harbour town of Nouadhibou, and accosted the Canary Islands. Nowadays, as migration politics tend towards more and more restrictions, Nouadhibou has soon become the center of an unexpected attention from media and European institutions. Nonetheless, immigration exists in Nouadhibou since the early XXth century, it is still today an attractive place for labour migration and migrants coming to Nouadhibou don't only leave to the Canary Islands. Considering that migrants are forced to stay in a place that is not their final destination, International institutions and States called this phenomenon « transit migration ». Our aim is to shed the light on the blurred and politicized concept of transit. Questioning closely the notions of itineraries, experiences and projects led us to deepen our understanding of mobility in the context of a restrictive legal and policy framework. Long-term field and ethnographic methods such as narrative biography and life histories allow us to consider the experience of mobility as a threshold. Finally we try to understand the impact of protracted motilities on the local society in Nouadhibou, a way of examining globalization dynamics impacts in local places. ; À travers les parcours, les expériences et les projets migratoires de migrants ouest-africains rencontrés à Nouadhibou en Mauritanie, cette thèse aborde les problématiques relatives à la construction des mobilités entre aspirations individuelles et réglementations nationales et internationales. Des récits de vie de migrants et des biographies migratoires permettent de reconstruire les parcours complexes des migrants arrivés à Nouadhibou et de comprendre que les expériences et les projets migratoires sont des constructions hybrides et labiles. La perspective de l'acteur, les analyses interactionnistes et le point de vue de l'autonomie sont replacés dans le contexte de l'évolution générale des politiques migratoires vers plus de restrictions. Cette confrontation entre plusieurs cadres et plusieurs échelles de l'analyse des phénomènes migratoires permet de remettre en question la notion de transit dans sa dimension performative. Cette thèse entend replacer les expériences des migrants ouest-africains en Mauritanie dans une réalité plus « ancrée », plus « incarnée », s'approchant ainsi d'une réflexion sur les inégalités liée à la mondialisation.

Democratization in the Central African Republic under President Ange-Félix Patassé; legacy of the Kolingba regime and prospects.

Each party of the space, realized by the ground, maritime or air borders is desired by the nations which succeed in making it private grounds with the exception of a single component: the cyberspace. This place of exchanges and circulation of information freed itself from this cornering. It is what makes it real for the uses which it allows (sendings of messages, broadcasting) of real-time information, trainings and virtual (as far as the digital networks follow with difficulty localizable paths) in the point to generate difficulties as for its frame by the law. From then on, the cyberspace sets up itself as a space where it is easy to cultivate illegal activities considering the opportunities which it offers. The illegal activities marry forms pluridimensionnelles and complex which we group under the generic naming of cybercrime. Due to its nature and its subdivisions, the cybercrime is the object of reflections, studies, searches, implementations of politics and of actions in a national and international scale to reach in his eradication. The actions are led in way coordinated between States and institutions. The fight against this interplanetary phenomenon requires the mutualization of the efforts on behalf of the actors of telecommunications, computing, all the professional layers as well as her on behalf of the consumers under reserve that they are informed well about the risks connected for the cyberspace. The study compared by the systems of repression implemented in the European and West-African spaces will allow to understand better the exercise of the penal sovereign right in front of the cybercrime and the importance of collaborations between these two community spaces. ; Chaque partie de l'espace, matérialisée par les frontières terrestres, maritimes ou aériennes est convoitée par les nations qui parviennent à en faire des chasses gardées à l'exception d'une seule composante : le cyberespace. Ce lieu d'échanges et de circulation de l'information s'est affranchi de cet accaparement. C'est ce qui le ...