Suchergebnisse

Data collected among African-American and Caucasian women and men in the southeastern USA indicate that participants' perceptions of nature, God's will and the human body influence reproductive health and decision-making. Attitudes about the health care system, pharmaceutical companies and government programmes for fertility regulation reinforce these views and may negatively affect willingness to use contraceptive methods consistently and correctly.

The 2008 presidential election presented a unique opportunity to examine children's attention to racial issues in politics. We conducted interviews with 6‐ to 11‐year‐old children (70 boys, 60 girls; 29 African Americans, 58 European Americans, 43 Latinos) within 3 weeks prior to and after the election. Interview questions concerned knowledge, preferences, and perceptions of others' attitudes concerning the election, views of the implications of the election for race relations, and personal aspirations to become president. Results indicated that children were highly knowledgeable about Obama's status as the first African American president. Most children felt positively about the presence of an African American candidate for president, although a few children showed clear racial prejudice. Overall, children expected others to show racial ingroup preferences but simultaneously endorsed the optimistic view that Obama's race was a slight asset in his bid for the presidency. Older children were somewhat more likely to view Obama's race as negatively impacting his chances of being elected than younger children. African American and Latino children were more interested in becoming president than European American children; aspiration rates did not change from pre‐ to post‐election.

Nigerian President Bola Tinubu recently sought the Nigerian national legislature's backing for a possible military intervention by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) to turn back a coup that toppled the government of Niger. An ECOWAS intervention would have a better chance of succeeding if other nations joined the effort.

The hopes born of the Senegalese elections of March 2000 did not quell the conflict in Casamance. Taking advantage of the favorable regional and international contexts, and the undermining tactics of the outgoing regime, president Wade upset the fragile status quo that reigned in Casamance. After a time of uncertainty, he has gained the advantage. However, the military solution is still impossible; negotiations are marred by the weaknesses of the separatist movement, which also encourages the criminalization of combatants. (Polit afr/DÜI)

As former French African States began to achieve independence, so the International Committee gave its attention to interesting them in its humanitarian work. It was for this reason that Dr. Gloor, Vice-President, went to Yaoundé during the celebrations organized on the occasion of the proclamation of the independence of the Cameroon Republic, in 1960.

Operations in general industry, including manufacturing, expose employees to a myriad of occupational health hazards. To prevent exposure, occupational health and safety regulations were enacted, with both employers and workers instituting various risk reduction measures. The analysis of available occupational disease and injury statistics (indicators of worker physical health) can be used to infer the effectiveness of risk reduction measures and regulations in preventing exposure. Thus, using the READ approach, analyses of occupational disease and injury statistics from South African industry, derived from annual reports of the Compensation Fund, were conducted. The publicly available database of occupational disease and injury statistics from the South African general industry is unstructured, and the data are inconsistently reported. This data scarcity, symptomatic of an absence of a functional occupational disease surveillance system, complicates judgement making regarding the effectiveness of implemented risk reduction measures, enacted occupational health and safety regulations and the status of worker physical health from exposure to workplace hazards. The statistics, where available, indicate that workers continue to be exposed to occupational health impacts within general industry, notwithstanding risk reduction measures and enacted regulations. In particular, worker physical health continues to be impacted by occupational injuries and noise-induced hearing loss. This is suggestive of shortcomings and inefficiencies in industry-implemented preventive measures and the regulatory state. A robust national occupational disease surveillance system is a regulatory tool that should detect and direct policy responses to identified occupational health hazards.

Este trabalho busca identificar e analisar as diferenças existentes entre as operações de paz conduzidas na África por países do continente nos âmbitos da Organização da Unidade Africana (OUA) e da União Africana (UA). Com a independência de grande parte dos países africanos durante a década de 1960, diversos conflitos passaram a eclodir na África, configurando-se como importantes ameaças aos Estados do continente. Diante disso, em 1963, a OUA foi criada com o objetivo de prevenir e auxiliar na resolução destes contenciosos, de forma a garantir a estabilidade continental. A organização, contudo, era fortemente baseada em princípios estritos de respeito à soberania de seus membros, o que, em conjunto com o contexto de Guerra Fria, contribuiu para que sua atuação e sucesso em intervenções militares e na estabilização do continente fossem bastante limitados. Com o final da Guerra Fria e a crise neoliberal da década de 1990, os países africanos passaram a se defrontar com novos desafios, como o colapso de alguns governos, a eclosão de novos (ou renovados) conflitos, e a securitização de questões continentais por atores extrarregionais. Nesse contexto, e como uma forma de melhor enfrentar a nova realidade, a OUA foi substituída, em 2002, pela UA, que, além de ser dotada de um escopo conceitual e institucional muito mais amplo que sua predecessora, representou uma mudança de paradigmas acerca do conceito de segurança no continente africano. O presente artigo tem por objetivo, portanto, analisar de que forma a substituição do princípio de não-intervenção pelo princípio de não-indiferença, e da própria OUA pela UA, afetam a questão securitária na África, com atenção especial às operações de paz conduzidas por atores africanos no continente.

Abstract: This paper seeks to identify and analyze the differences between peace operations conducted in the African continent by African countries within the Organization of African Unity (OAU) and those conducted by the African Union (AU). The independence of most African countries during the 1960s was followed by a series of conflicts on the continent, representing important threats to the nascent African states. Thus, in 1963, the OAU was created, aiming to prevent these disputes and to assist in their resolution, in order to guarantee the stability of the continent. Nevertheless, the organization relied strongly in strict principles of respect for the sovereignty of its members, which, in conjunction with the Cold War context, contributed to making its operations and success in military interventions and in the stabilization of the continent very limited. With the end of the Cold War period and the emergence of the neoliberal crisis of the 1990s, African countries faced new challenges, such as the collapse of some governments, the emergence of new (or renewed) conflicts and the securitization of continental issues by foreign actors. As a way to better face the new reality established, the OUA was replaced in 2002 by the AU, which, in addition to being endowed with a much broader conceptual and institutional scope than its predecessor, represented a shift of the African security concept paradigm. The aim of this article is therefore to examine how the replacement of the principle of non-intervention by the principle of non-indifference and of the replacement of the OUA itself by the AU affect the African security, with special attention to peace operations conducted by African actors on the continent.
Keywords: OAU; AU; Peace Operations.


Recebido em: dezembro/2017
Aprovado em: maio/2018