Suchergebnisse

1. Physiological Mechanisms and Behaviour -- 2. Motivation and Decision-making -- 3. From Genes to Behaviour -- 4. Experience and Learning -- 5. Finding a Place to Live -- 6. Finding Food -- 7. Anti-predator Behaviour -- 8. The Ecology of Reproduction -- 9. The Ecology and Organisation of Social Behaviour -- 10. Communication -- 11. Evolution and Behaviour.

Examines the efforts made by scientists in the fields of environment, environmental protection, and environmental science. Covering a range of topics - including the Earth sciences, atmosphere, oceans, ecology, animals, plants, and exploration - this title provides a panorama of accounts of particular discoveries and the people who made them.

This book deals with the role of education in improving animal welfare and reducing animal suffering inflicted by humans. It embraces situations in which humans have direct control over animals or interfere directly with them, but it considers also indirect animal suffering resulting from human activities. Education is regarded in the broad sense of creating awareness and facilitating change. First, consideration is given to a number of specific themes in which education can make an important contribution towards reducing animal suffering, and subsequently an examination is made of a number of interrelated contexts in which education can address the various themes. The considered educational themes are: · animal suffering and sentience that have both scientific and moral aspects · human discrimination against animals known as speciesism and the need for attitudinal change by humans · role and existing limitations of legislation in providing protection to animals · matter of enforcement of animal protection legislation · achievement of reform to improve animal protection by legislative and other means · training of professionals, carers, and users involved with animals to provide better protection · the scope for science to contribute to improved animal protection · animal protection as a regional and international issue

The book includes 22 chapters by 28 authors united by the single theme: biogeography and ecology of Bulgaria. From the single-celled organisms in the Black Sea sand to the endemic cave crustaceans, from the mountain glacial relict insects to the most diverse bird fauna in Europe, the unique fauna of Bulgaria has been a subject of study of mostly Bulgarian zoologists for more than a century. This is the first monograph in English broadly addressing all vertebrate and many key invertebrate groups of Bulgaria, their faunistics, origin, geographical and ecological distribution, and conservation issues are addressed by the experts on each group.

Chapter 1. The Ecology of Browsing and Grazing II -- Chapter 2. The palaeontology of browsing and grazing -- Chapter 3. The paleoecological impact of grazing and browsing: consequences of the late Quaternary large herbivore extinctions -- Chapter 4. Morphological and Physiological Adaptations for Browsing and Grazing -- Chapter 5. Feeding ecology of large browsing and grazing herbivores -- Chapter 6. Population dynamics of browsing and grazing ungulates in the Anthropocene -- Chapter 7. Community dynamics of browsing and grazing ungulates -- Chapter 8. Weather and Climate Impacts on Browsing and Grazing Ungulates -- Chapter 9. Impacts of browsing and grazing ungulates on soil biota and nutrient dynamics -- Chapter 10. Effects of grazing and browsing on tropical savanna vegetation -- Chapter 11. Impacts of browsing and grazing ungulates on plant characteristics and dynamics -- Chapter 12. Impacts of browsing and grazing ungulates on faunal biodiversity -- Chapter 13. Interactions between fire and herbivory: current un-derstanding and management implications -- Chapter 14. Managing Browsing and Grazing ungulates -- Chapter 15. The ecology of browsing and grazing in other vertebrate taxa -- Chapter 16. Browsers and grazers drive the dynamics of ecosystems

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Endorsements -- Dedication -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1 Introduction: Before 1900 -- Aspects of Animal Ecology -- A. Physiological Animal Ecology -- B. Ethology -- C. Animal Population Ecology -- 1954 -- 1957-58 -- Since 1958 -- Fisheries After 1960 -- Wildlife After 1960 -- D. Saving Habitats and Managing Wildlife -- Historical Record of Extinctions -- United States Policy -- Saving Habitats and Some Mammals -- Wildlife Management -- Biogeography, 1700-1980 -- Chapter 2 Formalizing Ecological Sciences, 1870s-1920s -- A. Plant Ecology -- B. Animal Ecology -- C. Limnology -- D. Marine Ecology -- Chapter 3 Some Specializations -- A. Organizing Ecologists Before 1946 -- B. Symbiosis Studies -- C. Succession, Community, and Continuum -- D. Ecosystems, Systems, and Productivity -- Chapter 4 Aquatic Ecology -- A. Limnology in America, 1930S-90s -- B. North America's Great Lakes -- C. Marine Ecology, 1920S-90s -- a. Beebe, Bigelow, Ricketts -- b. Carson, Riley, Cousteau, Clark -- c. Conclusions -- Chapter 5 Aspects of Animal Ecology -- A. Physiological Animal Ecology -- B. Ethology -- C. Animal Population Ecology -- D. Saving Habitats and Managing Wildlife in North America -- Chapter 6 Biogeography -- A. 1700-1840 -- B. 1840-1940s -- C. Marine Biogeography, 1697-1940s -- D. 1950-80 -- Chapter 7 Biosphere Ecology -- Pre-Biogeochemistry -- Global Questions -- Food Chains and Webs -- Earth Moving -- Ecosystems -- Biogeochemistry -- Soils -- Gaia or Not? -- Earth System Science -- Global Warming -- Phenology Focus -- Global Warming -- Biosphere Ecology 207 -- Abbreviations -- References -- Index.

Chapter 1. Introduction -- Chapter 2. Biology of Marine Cnidarians -- Chapter 3. Biology and Ecology of Venomous Marine hydrozoans -- Chapter 4. Biology and Ecology of the Venomous Marine true jellyfish -- Chapter 5. Biology and Ecology of the Venomous Marine Box Jellyfish -- Chapter 6. Biology and Ecology of the Venomous Marine Anthozoans -- Chapter 7. Venomology of Marine Cnidarians.

Chemical ecology is the ecology of body odour. Every organism uses chemical information in intra- and inter-specific interactions. Animals emit chemicals to attract a mate or to prevent a competitor from mating with the partner they just mated with. Plants emit chemicals to recruit other organisms to take care of their sex life or to attract bodyguards to defend them against their enemies. Chemical cues mediate a whole gamut of interactions in plant and animal communities. Chemical cues are used to communicate, but can also be exploited in espionage or eavesdropping. To understand the ecology of chemical signalling in communities one needs to carry out manipulative experiments. Such experiments have been done throughout the last century. However, in recent years the degree of precision with which such experiments can be done has grown tremendously as a result of rapidly increasing knowledge at the molecular-genetic level. This opens exciting new avenues to chemical ecologists. The connection of molecular genetics to community ecology and ecosystem ecology provides novel tools to take up old questions that were often hard to answer. This book provides an overview of chemical ecology related to different ecosystems and an outlook at novel directions that can be taken in chemical ecology through a molecular-ecological or eco-genomic approach. The book addresses above- and belowground terrestrial systems as well as aquatic systems, and the organisms involved are micro- and macro-organisms, such as plants, arthropods and mammals. The scientific approach presented in this book is characteristic of modern biological research. The book will be useful for scientists and students interested in ecology in general as well as those working in the fields of molecular, chemical, behavioural, population or community ecology. Written for:Scientists and students interested in ecology in general as well as those working in molecular, chemical, behavioural, population or community ecology

1. Introduction -- 2. Probability Theory and Some Useful Probability Distribution -- 3. Choice of Prior Distribution -- 4. Elementary Bayesian Analyses -- 5. Hypothesis Testing and Model Choice -- 6. Linear Models -- 7. General Linear Models -- 8. Spatial Models.

Spatial distribution -- Coevolution and diversity -- Food and feeding modes -- Gonochorism and males -- Hermaphroditism and selfing -- Parthenogenesis and unisexualism -- Clonals and stem cells -- Mitosis and meiosis -- Oogenesis and vitellogenesis -- Spermatogenesis and spermatophores -- Female- vs male-heterogamety -- Eutelism and parasitism -- Monogamy vs. Polygamy -- Semelparity vs iteroparity -- Spawning and oviposition -- Fertilization success -- Fecundity -- Direct and indirect life cycle -- Brooding and viviparity -- Feeding and non-feeding larvae -- Parasites and hosts -- Sex determination and differentiation -- Metamorphosis and recruitment -- Message from fossils -- Conservation -- Climate change.