LAND RESOURCE INVENTORY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS FOR WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT KANAKAPUR-2 (4D4A1S1b) MICRO WATERSHED Irakallagada Hobli, Koppal Taluk and District, Karnataka ; Not Available
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kanakapur-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 446 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 97 per cent is covered by soil, two per cent by rock out crops and one per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below The soils belong to 6 soil series and 26 soil phases (management units) and 3 land management units. The length of crop growing period is 150cm) soils. About 10 per cent is sandy (loamy sand), 60 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 26 per cent has clayey (sandy clay) soils at the surface. About 31 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity. An area of about 1 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) and 94 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands. An area of about 23 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 72 per cent is moderately eroded (e2). An area of about 56 per cent is slightly acid (pH6.0-6.5), 34 per cent has neutral (pH 6.5 to 7.3) soils and 7 per cent slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 7.8). The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in 40 per cent area of the microwatershed. Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in 57 per cent and high (>57 kg/ha) in 38 per cent of the soils. Available potassium is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area. The land suitability for 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 8(2) - Pomegranate - 83(18) Maize - 8 (2) Guava - 75(17) Bajra - 90(20) Jackfruit - 75(17) Redgram - 8 (2) Jamun - 83(18) Bengal gram 8(2) 7(2) Musambi 8(2) 75(17) Groundnut - 303 (68) Lime 8 (2) 75(17) Sunflower 8(2) - Cashew - 184(41) Cotton 8(2) - Custard apple 8(2) 419(94) Chilli - - Amla - 427 (96) Tomato - - Tamarind - 8(2) Drumstick - 236(53) Marigold - 8(2) Mulberry - 421(94) Chrysanthemum 8(2) Mango - - Jasmine - - Sapota - 75(17) Crossandra - 8(2) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 3 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data indicated that there were 78 (60%) men and 52 (40%) were women among the sampled households. The average family size of marginal farmers was 4.3, small farmer was 2.9, semi medium farmer was 4.1, medium farmer was 7 and for landless farmers it was 4. The data indicated that the there were 22 (16.92%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 50 (38.46%) were in 16-35 years of age, 44 (33.85 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 14 (10.77%) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that the Kanakapura-2 had 23.08 per cent illiterates, 20.77 per cent of them had primary school education, 15.38 per cent of them had middle school education, 25.38 per cent of them had high school education, 6.92 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.77 per cent of them had diploma, 5.38 per cent of them had degree education and 2.31 per cent of them had masters education. The results indicate that, 64.71 per cent of households were practicing agriculture, 2.94 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers, 8.82 per cent were general labourers and 11.76 per cent of the households heads were doing other occupation. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 56.92 per cent of the household members, 0.77 per cent were agricultural labourers, 6.15 per cent were general labours,0.77 percent were in private service, 26.15 per cent of them were students and 3.85 per cent were housewives. The results shows that 1.54 per cent of them participated in self help groups, 0.77 per cent of them participated in gram panchayat, 4.62 per cent of them participated in cooperative bank, 0.77 percent of them participated in zilla panchayat and 92.31 per cent of them have not participated in any local institutions. Landless farmers were found to have no participation in any local institutions. The results indicate that 91.18 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 5.88 per cent of them possess pucca house and 8.82 per cent of them possess thatched house. Cent percent of the landless farmers possess katcha house. The results shows that 79.41 per cent of the households possess TV, 70.59 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 55.88 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 38.24 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 97.06 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. About 50 per cent of the households possess plough, 29.41 per cent of them possess bullock cart and 41.18 per cent of the households possess sprayer, 11.76 per cent of them possess chaff cutter and 100 per cent of the households possess weeder. Other implements owned by households in the micro watershed were tractor, sprinkler, harvester, thresher, groundnut decorticator, JCB and earth remover/duster. 2 The results show that the average value of plough was Rs.775, the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 18200, the average value of sprayer was Rs.1715, the average value of sprinkler was Rs. 5000, the average value of harvester was Rs. 30000, the average value of thresher was Rs. 45000 and the average value of tractor was Rs. 300000. The results indicate that, 44.12 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 29.41 per cent of the households possess local cow, 5.88 per cent of the households possess crossbred cows and 2.94 per cent of the households possess sheep. The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.67, average own labour (women) available was 1.17, average hired labour (men) available was 4.23 and average hired labour (women) available was 16.39. The results indicate that, 91.18 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate. About 100 per cent of the marginal farmers, 100 per cent of small, 100 per cent of semi medium and medium farmers have opined that the hired labour was adequate. There was 1 person each migrated from micro watershed who belonged to landless and small farmer category. Total migration in the micro watershed was only 1.54 per cent. People have migrated on an average of 527 Kms and average duration was 8 months. Landless farmers have migrated 455 kms and on an average for 9 months. Small farmers migrated 600 kms and on an average for 7 months. Job/work was the most important reasons for migration for all the migrants. Improved quality of the life was the major positive consequences of migration for 100 per cent of the persons migrated. The results indicate that, households of the Kanakapura-2 micro watershed possess 30.64 ha (88.85%) of dry land and 3.44 ha (9.98%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 7.48 ha (94.87%) of dry land and 0.4 ha (5.13 %) permanent fallow. Small farmers possess 17.76 ha (100%) of dry land. Semi medium farmers possess 5.4 ha (81.64%) of dry land and 1.21 ha (18.36%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 2.23 ha (100%) of irrigated land. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs.233054 and average value of irrigated land was Rs.443202. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 469662 for dry land and Rs. 1235000 for irrigated land. The results indicate that, there were 7 functioning and 1 defunct bore wells in the micro watershed. There were 2 functioning and 1 defunct open well reported among the sampled households in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source for 20.59 per cent of the farmers and open well was the source of irrigation for 5.88 per cent of the farmers. The depth of bore well was found to be 11.65 meters and the depth of open well was 3.23 meters. 3 The results indicate that, there were around 11.34 ha of irrigated area in kharif and 7.69 ha of irrigated area in rabi. Farmers have grown Anthorium (0.81 ha), Bajra (4.16 ha), Cotton (0.81 ha), Groundnut-Kharif (1.3 ha), Horse gram (1.43 ha), Jowar (1.21 ha), Maize (23.35 ha), Paddy (2.43 ha), Red gram (1.3 ha), Sorghum (0.85 ha), Tomato (0.4 ha), Groundnut-Rabi (4.6 ha), Navane (2.43 ha). The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Kanakapura-2 micro watershed was found to be 96.32 per cent. The results indicate that, 97.06 per cent of the households have both bank account and savings. Among landless farmers 75 percent of them possess bank account and savings. Hundred per cent of marginal, small, semi medium and medium category of farmers possess bank account and also savings. The results indicate that, 75 per cent of landless, 100 per cent of marginal, 100 per cent of small, 100 per cent semi medium and 100 per cent of medium farmers have borrowed credit from different sources. Around 66.67 per cent have availed loan in grameena bank and 21.21 per cent have availed loan in money lender. Landless, marginal, small, semi medium and medium have availed loans to the exent Rs. 43333, Rs. 48500, Rs. 76250, Rs. 276428 and Rs. 200000 respectively. Overall average credit amount availed by households in the micro watershed is Rs. 111060. The results indicate that, from institutional sources around 95.45 per cent of the households have borrowed loan for agriculture and 4.55 per cent of them have borrowed loan for social functions like marriage. Landless farmer has borrowed credit for social functions and all other category of farmers have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose. Around 66.67 per cent farmers borrowed credit for agriculture production purpose, 16.67 per cent borrowed for house hold consumption and another 16.67 percent of small farmers also borrowed loan for education purpose from non-institutional sources. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs.29848.85. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 45530.08. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs.15681.22, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.53. The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 42148.75. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 80968.77. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs.38820.02. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.92. The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 16353.17. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 22620.68. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 6267.51, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.38. 4 The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 34734.65. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 20616.37. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. - 14118.28. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.59. The total cost of cultivation for navane was Rs. 10587.76. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 23547.33. The net income from navane cultivation was Rs. 12959.57. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.22. The total cost of cultivation for horse gram was Rs. 13526.81. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 16781.39. The net income from horse gram cultivation was Rs. 3254.58. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.24. The total cost of cultivation for jowar was Rs. 48019.12. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 86046.57. The net income from jowar cultivation was Rs. 38027.45. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.79. The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 48019.12. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 86046.57. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 38027.45. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.79. The total cost of cultivation for tomato was Rs. 48019.12. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 86046.57. The net income from tomato cultivation was Rs. 38027.45. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.79. The results indicate that, 26.47 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 5.88 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. The data revealed that 23.53 per cent of the farmers opined that dry fodder is inadequate and 2.94 per cent opined that green fodder is inadequate. The results indicated that the average annual gross income of households in the micro watershed was Rs.124166. Landless farmers had an income of Rs. 86250, marginal farmers had Rs.109908, small farmers had Rs. 88469, semi medium farmers had Rs. 187994 and medium farmers had Rs. 400000 average annual gross income. The average annual expenditure of households in the micro watershed was Rs.14792. Landless farmers had an expenditure of Rs.21562, marginal farmers had Rs. 4775, small farmers had Rs. 3720, semi medium farmers had Rs. 16325 and medium farmers had Rs. 210000 average annual expenditure. The results indicated that, bajra, cotton, horsegram, jowar, maize, navane, paddy, red gram and tomato were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Only 14.71 percent of the households have sold their produce to local/village merchants. About 91.18 percent of the households sold their produce in regulated markets. Around 44.12 per cent of the households have used cart as a mode of transport and 61.76 per cent have used tractor. 5 The results indicated that, 8.82 per cent of the households have experienced the soil and water erosion problems i.e. 8.33 percent of small farmers and 28.57 percent semi medium farmers. The results indicated that, 88.24 per cent of the households have shown interest in soil testing i.e. 100 per cent of marginal farmers, 100 per cent of small farmers, 100 per cent of semi medium and 100 per cent of medium farmers have shown interest in soil testing. The results indicated that, 38.24 per cent of the households have adopted field bunding. Summer ploughing was adopted by 55.88 per cent of the farmers. Farm pond was adopted by 42.86 per cent of semi medium farmers. Around 7.96 per cent of the households who adopted field bunding opined that bunds are slightly damaged, and 92.31 per cent opined that dull replacement required. About 66.67 per cent of the households who adopted farm pond opined that the ponds are in good condition and 33.33 per cent opined that they need full replacement. About 35.29 per cent of soil conservation structure were constructed by farmers on their own, 29.41 per cent of the soil conservation structures were constructed by the government, 5.88 per cent were constructed. The results indicated that, 91.18 percent of the households used fire wood as a source of fuel and another 8.82 percent of the households used LPG. Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 94.12 per cent which includes 100 per cent of landless 100 per cent of marginal, 91.67 per cent of small farmers, 85.71 per cent of semi medium and 100 per cent of medium farmers. Another 2.94 per cent of the household had bore well as their major source of drinking water. Electricity was the major source of light for 97.06 per cent of the households in micro watershed and another 2.94 per cent of the households used kerosene lamp. The results indicated that, 58.82 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 75 per cent of landless, 50 per cent of marginal, 33.33 per cent of small, 100 per cent of semi medium and 100 per cent of medium farm households had sanitary toilet facility. Around 82.35 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 17.65 per cent of the households did not possess PDS card. The results indicated that, 64.71 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme which included 100 per cent of the landless, 100 percent of the marginal, 25 per cent of the small, 57.14 per cent of the semi medium and 100 percent of the medium farmers. The results indicated that, Lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 41.18 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (70.59%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (76.47%), inadequacy of irrigation 6 water (82.35%), high cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (79.41%), high rate of interest on credit (91.18%), low price for the agricultural commodities (85,92%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (85.29%), inadequate extension services (85.29%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (85.29%), less rainfall (88.24%) and source of agri-technology information was a constraint for 85.29 per cent of the households. ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project