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A PhD candidate in biological sciences, who is also pursuing a graduate certificate in women's studies, describes male-centered paradigms in the study of fish coloration that overlook coloration displays in females. As a result, many traits common to both sexes are labeled "male traits," thereby obscuring the actual degree of sexual variation. It is argued that the traditionally male-dominated field of animal behavior has produced many theories that fail to consider female evolution. However, recent work by the growing number of women in the field, as well as some astute male scientists, has focused more on androcentric research that reflects larger cultural shifts in gender roles. Personal experiences as a woman in a male-dominated field are related, along with how childhood socialization served to restrict certain aspirations, & how human gender roles inhibit conceptions of male & female animals. A discussion of the need to challenge science's gender-based representations contends that the insights & methodologies of feminist theory must be applied in order to develop a more flexible view of animal nature. 17 References. J. Lindroth

This book details the results of the authors' research using laboratory animals to investigate individual choice theory in economics-consumer-demand and labour supply behaviour and choice under uncertainty. The use of laboratory animals provides the opportunity to conduct controlled experiments involving precise and demanding tests of economic theory with rewards and punishments of real consequence. Economic models are compared to psychological and biological choice models along with the results of experiments testing between these competing explanations. Results of animal experiments are used to address questions of social policy importance

Front Cover -- Mixed-Species Groups of Animals -- Mixed-Species Groups of Animals: Behavior, Community Structure, -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 - Introduction -- 1.1 WHAT IS A MIXED-SPECIES GROUP? DEFINING THE SCOPE OF THE BOOK -- 1.2 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON RESEARCH ON MIXED-SPECIES GROUPS -- 2 - A Diversity of Mixed-Species Associations -- 2.1 CLASSIFYING MIXED-SPECIES ASSOCIATIONS -- 2.2 INTERACTIONS BETWEEN SPECIES WITHOUT ASSOCIATION -- 2.3 ASSOCIATION OF SPECIES DESPITE LACK OF INTERACTION -- 2.3.1 Aggregations in Habitat Patches -- 2.3.2 Aggregations Around a Resource -- 2.3.3 Aggregations Influenced by Predation -- 2.3.4 Aggregations During Migration -- 2.4 STATIONARY ASSOCIATIONS CENTERED AROUND SPECIES INTERACTIONS -- 2.4.1 Associations Based on a Protective Species -- 2.4.2 Mixed-Species Colonies or Roosts -- 2.4.3 Cleaning Mutualisms -- 2.5 CONCLUSIONS -- 3 - Moving Mixed-Species Groups in Different Taxa -- 3.1 COMPARING MOVING MIXED-SPECIES GROUPS -- 3.2 INVERTEBRATES -- 3.3 FISH AND AQUATIC AMPHIBIANS -- 3.3.1 Saltwater Fish -- 3.3.2 Freshwater Fish and Aquatic Amphibians -- 3.4 MAMMALS -- 3.4.1 Cetaceans -- 3.4.2 Ungulates -- 3.4.3 Primates -- 3.5 BIRDS -- 3.5.1 Seabirds -- 3.5.2 Shorebirds -- 3.5.3 Waterfowl -- 3.5.4 Waders -- 3.5.5 Grassland Birds -- 3.5.6 Forest Birds -- 3.6 MSGS THAT INCLUDE MULTIPLE TAXA AND WHERE ONE SPECIES MAKES FOOD MORE ACCESSIBLE TO OTHERS -- 3.6.1 Associations Based on One Species Increasing Prey Accessibility -- 3.6.2 Cooperative Hunting -- 3.6.3 Mutualisms in Which Increased Foraging Is Traded for Vigilance -- 3.7 CONCLUSIONS -- 4 - Adaptive Implications of Mixed-Species Grouping: Foraging, Physical, and Reproductive Factors -- 4.1 DIFFERENT TYPES OF MIXED-SPECIES GROUPS IN TERMS OF ADAPTATION -- 4.2 SOME POTENTIAL FORAGING BENEFITS OF (MIXED-SPECIES) GROUPING

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of behavioral differences in cattle on bruising on different cuts and on carcass yield. A total of 4,061 lots of cattle were evaluated, which corresponded to 199,026 carcasses. Animal temperament was classified as calm, anxious, or excited. The following carcass cuts were evaluated: round, rump, shin, thin flank, tenderloin, and rib. Of the total number of slaughtered animals, 68.26% had at least one type of bruise with complete removal of the affected tissue. There was an interaction effect between sex and temperament on the occurrence of bruises on the different cuts and on carcass yield. In castrated males, bruises on the round, rump, shin, and tenderloin cuts did not differ between temperament classes, but the excited males showed more bruises on the thin flank and rib cuts. Among the females, for all cuts, the number of bruises was higher (P<0.05) in those with excited temperament than in the anxious and calm animals, which did not differ (P>0.05). Additionally, carcass yield relative to plant weight decreased (P<0.05), with the calm females exhibiting the highest values, followed by those with anxious and excited temperament. In the castrated males, however, although performance declined, those with anxious and excited temperament did not differ (P>0.05). Females and more reactive animals have more bruises on their carcass.