Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Part I Introduction and Overview -- Chapter 1 The Domain of Application -- Chapter 2 The Development of Applied Anthropology -- Chapter 3 Ethics -- Part II Approaches to Development in Anthropology -- Chapter 4 Anthropology in Development -- Chapter 5 Action Research and Participatory Action Research -- Chapter 6 Cultural Action -- Chapter 7 Collaborative Research -- Chapter 8 Participatory Rural Appraisal -- Chapter 9 Cultural Brokerage -- Chapter 10 Social Marketing -- Part III Policy Research in Anthropology -- Chapter 11 Anthropology as Policy Research -- Chapter 12 Social Impact Assessment -- Chapter 13 Evaluation -- Chapter 14 Cultural Resource Management -- Part IV Being a Professional -- Chapter 15 Making a Living -- References -- Index.
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This chapter examines the development of applied anthropology in China through the political twists and turns of history and politics during the last eight decades. Chinese anthropology has always had a strong applied emphasis. It began with a mandate to study the political‐economy of ethnic groups in frontier/border regions in the 1920's and 1930's for national security reasons, and it continues today with the objective of cultural preservation and comprehensive development to raise living standards and bring these groups more fully into the national economy. After taking over in 1949, the communist government sent anthropologists throughout the country to provide the ethnographic evidence for conferring official minority status, determining political representation and establishing autonomous regions, counties and districts for ethnic groups. Soon thereafter anthropologists began a nationwide investigation of the history and social organization of already identified ethnic groups as preparation for implementing massive social and economic transformations planned by the government. The Anti‐Rightist Campaign in 1957 ended these investigations, pushed Marxian social philosophy to the forefront, and sidelined anthropology until its post‐Cultural Revolution revival in 1978. In the 1980's and 1990's Chinese anthropologists began to interact with their Western counterparts, adopting multiple theoretical perspectives (not just Marxian), turning to a variety of empirical methods, conducting ethnographic research, and building anthropology as a policy science.
At first glance, applied anthropology in Israel appears underdeveloped and underappreciated. There are no independent anthropology departments and the single attempt to create a training program in applied anthropology ceased to exit after four years. However, such a strict interpretation would not be fair to our applied and academic colleagues in Israel for much important applied anthropology has been and is being done in Israel. In fact, Israel has a long and impressive history of applied anthropological work, though not always labeled as such. In particular, important work has been done in the fields of immigrant integration and the medical problems of these new immigrants. This chapter will review the achivements of applied anthropology in Israel and its potential for the future. In particular, it will analyze the growing recognition of the need for applied anthropology within the departments of anthropology, the government and nongovernmental organizations. Finally, this chapter will critique the shortcomings of applied anthropology in Israel and examine the areas where more work needs to be done.
Applied anthropology in Ecuador has been influenced by both global and local contexts, particularly the development paradigms which have been in fashion in the last four or five decades and the political orientation and consequent academic curriculum of universities offering academic training in this field. Using the concept of "localized modernities," this chapter analyzes how anthropology has contributed to the development process in Ecuador, a country characterized by a great social and cultural diversity. Responding to official efforts to build a unified nation‐state and to integrate indigenous peoples under the banner of "indigenism," the practice of anthropology in the country initially focused on learning about the socioeconomic and cultural characteristics of indigenous communities and helping them to access some basic public goods and services. However, in more recent times, as a result of a changing international context favorable to the recognition of indigenous peoples rights and to the high degree of social organizations and mobilization of indigenous peoples, anthropologist have adapted their discourse and practice, largely becoming allies of indigenous peoples in their efforts not only to maintain their own cultures but also to participate in the political process. The case of PRODEPINE is presented as an example of how applied social scientists have contributed to strengthen indigenous peoples' social organization, as well as to improve their access to land and territories and key financial resources.
