This paper aims at examining how democratization in post-uprising Egypt remains flawed and the reasons for this failure. As a background, democratization in post-Arab Spring Egypt has collapsed and it seems now merely an illusion. The situation worsened since Egypt's democratically elected President Morsi was expelled from office through a coup, following mass protests demanding Morsi's discharge. Egypt's democratization is hard to achieve due to the shadow of the Pharaoh in Egypt, that is, entrenched ruling elites; Egypt's democratization process can never succeed while Egypt's old ruling elites are reluctant to allow this to happen. ; This paper aims at examining how democratization in post-uprising Egypt remains flawed and the reasons for this failure. As a background, democratization in post-Arab Spring Egypt has collapsed and it seems now merely an illusion. The situation worsened since Egypt's democratically elected President Morsi was expelled from office through a coup, following mass protests demanding Morsi's discharge. Egypt's democratization is hard to achieve due to the shadow of the Pharaoh in Egypt, that is, entrenched ruling elites; Egypt's democratization process can never succeed while Egypt's old ruling elites are reluctant to allow this to happen.
Probna arheološka istraživanja u Sotinu 2010. godine provedena su u dvije kampanje (u svibnju, te u kolovozu i početkom rujna) kojima je cilj bio istražiti, prema dosadašnjim spoznajama, središnji dio željeznodobnog groblja daljske grupe te provjeriti da li se prostorna distribucija grobova razlikuje i kronološki kao što je to bio slučaj u prethodnim istraživanjima. Uz 15 grobova daljske grupe s početka željeznog doba, otkriven je i periferni dio civilnog naselja te dio obrambenog sustava privremenog vojnog logora koji su položeni jugoistočno od vojne utvrde Cornacum smještene na Popinom brdu. Radi se dosad o prvom sigurnom otkriću jednog privremenog vojnog logora na hrvatskom dijelu limesa kojem je u budućim istraživanjima potrebno definirati površinu i unutarnju infrastrukturu. ; The 2010 archaeological trial excavations in Sotin were conducted in two campaigns (in May, and in August and the beginning of September). Their objective was to explore the central part of the Dalj group Iron Age cemetery and to check whether the spatial distribution of the graves varies chronologically, as was the case in previous excavations. Besides 15 Dalj group graves from the beginning of the Iron Age, the peripheral part of the civilian settlement and part of the defence system of a temporary military camp, situated south-east of the Cornacum fort on Popino Brdo, were also excavated. This was the first certain discovery of a temporary military camp on the Croatian part of the Limes. Its structure and inner infrastructure need to be defined in future excavations. The temporary military camp was built south-west of the southern necropolis, and partly ran across the south-western periphery of the industrial part of the civilian settlement. The discovery of the peripheral part of the civilian settlement in a stratigraphic relationship to the temporary camp has shed light on the multiple Roman layers in the south-eastern part of Sotin. It can be asserted with certainty that this is a peripheral part of Cornacum. Considering the fact that pits were found exclusively in trench 7 and 9, which according to the finds can preliminarily be dated to the 2nd-3rd centuries, this was a peripheral industrial part of the settlement. The structures were cut by channels belonging to the earliest excavated complexes, presumably from the 4th century, which were recorded at the southern necropolis site and associated with a residential phase, to which belong the remains of the foundations of a relatively large building whose position is believed to have been determined by the direction of a Roman road. The various goods excavated in Dalj group graves suggest the community's individual approach to sending off the deceased to the next world. Besides the general cremation rules and burying the mortal remains in an urn, other grave goods (attire and ceramic vessels) were selected according to age, sex, and also the social position of community members. The shapes of pottery from Dalj group graves excavated in 2010 suggest they date from the 8th and first half of the 7th century B.C., that is in the IIIa and IIIb pottery horizon according to C. Metzner-Nebelsick (2002: 172-175, Abb. 75). The most similar graves based on ceramography and attire have been unearthed in the so-far largest excavated Dalj group cemetery in Doroslov, Bačka (Trajković 2008). The 2010 archaeological excavations in Sotin again achieved excellent results in the Dalj group Early Iron Age cemetery, as well as on the horizontal and vertical stratigraphy of Cornacum. They also suggested the directions of planned future excavations in which the western border of the Iron Age cemetery and the size and infrastructure of the temporary military camp need to be defined, and further field surveys carried out with the aim of a more detailed defining of the rich horizontal layers of this extraordinary archaeological site on the Danube.
The article provides basic information on the course of life and theoretical work of contemporary French political thinker Claude Lefort (1924-20 10). Particular emphasis is put on the contents and importance of Lefort's theoretical trilogy on Stalinist totalitarianism, which consists of the following books: Elements of a Critique of Bureaucracy (1971), One Man Too Many. Reflections on "The Gulag Archipelago"(1976), and Democratic Invention (1981). These works contain an original and profound understanding of such a type of order as a modern social formation. Such research shows that true insight into the political and into democracy is possible only on the basis of thorough investigation and understanding of totalitarianism. Adapted from the source document.
U probnim istraživanjima nalazišta Batina–Sredno potvrđene su pretpostavke koje počivaju na rezultatima terenskog pregleda o postojanju prapovijesnog i rimskog groblja smještenih južno od naselja na Gracu. Razdoblju prapovijesti pripadaju ostaci ravnog paljevinskog groblja daljske grupe s kraja brončanog i početka željeznog doba. U grobovima su zabilježeni brojni keramički, metalni i stakleni nalazi koji potvrđuju pretpostavke o iznimnoj važnosti Batine kao istaknutog južnopanonskog centra smještenog na važnoj komunikaciji koja je slijedila tok Dunava. Posebno je važno otkriće danas izravnanih tumula s grobovima smještenim uz njihove rubove od kojih se neki izdvajaju veličinom te brojem i vrstama nalaza. Razdoblju antike pripada otkriće paljevinskih i kosturnih grobova na južnoj nekropoli utvrde Ad Militare i pripadajućeg civilnog naselja. Zabilježeni su i karakteristični jarci V-presjeka koji se povezuju s djelovanjem rimske vojske. Rezultati probnih istraživanja na Srednom potvrdili su iznimno značenje ovog nalazišta za hrvatsku, ali i europsku arheološku baštinu. ; After two years of field surveying in north-eastern Baranja with the aim of finding new archaeological sites and documenting registered ones, trial excavations in Batina conduced. The trial excavations were conduced at the Sredno site, situated in the north-eastern part of Bansko Brdo. The excavations were conduced with the aim of examining the assumed existence of a prehistoric and Roman cemetery. The assumption was based on the results of a 2008 field survey. In the excavations, four trenches were dug, three in the central part of the site, and the fourth in its northern part, closest to the settlement at Gradac (Fig. 1). The trenches were dug in mild elevations that had been significantly lowered in the course of soil cultivation (Fig. 2). A total of 61 graves were excavated: 47 prehistoric and 14 Roman. In the trenches, a relatively large number of ditches were found, varying in width and depth. In the course of the excavations, a flat incineration cemetery of the Dalj Group was found, which represented the newer stage of the Late Bronze Age and the initial phase of the Early Iron Age. Along the northern margin of the cemetery in Sredno, tumuli were identified, the remains of which were suggested by irregular elevations also situated in other parts of the site. All the graves contained cremation remains, laid in ceramic vessels (Fig. 5) or in organic envelopes (Fig. 3). Most frequently, various forms of pots were used as urns, and in most cases they were covered by a bowl. The majority of finds comprise ceramic vessels that contained food and beverages for the final journey (Fig. 3). The most common finds are various forms of pots, bowls, kantharoi, beakers and cups, and exceptionally dual vessels and stands. Among metal grave goods, attire accessories (fibulae, needles) and ornaments (armlets, torques, pendants) were recorded. These often show signs of having been incinerated in a funeral pyre with the deceased. The number of metal attire accessories and ornaments is larger in women's graves, where glass beads and ceramic spindlewhorls also appear. Relatively small iron knives with a gently curved blade and a short tang are typical in the graves of both sexes. In men's graves, the parts of attire also include bronze needles. Whetstones and iron beads were also recorded. Grave 12 stands out with its finds of weapons and attire accessories, which also included a large ceramic symposial set. It was partly cut by grave 3, in which bronze items forming part of a horse harness were unearthed. According to the characteristics of the pottery and metal finds, the graves can provisionally be classified in two burial horizons: an older horizon from the end of the Late Bronze Age (9th century BC), and a newer one from the beginning of the Early Iron Age (8th century to the first half of the 7th century BC). The graves have direct analogies with Dalj Group finds from Batina, which are preserved in numerous European museum collections. In Sredno, 14 Roman incineration and skeleton graves were found. These belong to the southern necropolis located along the road leading from the Ad Militare fort to the Ad Novas fort. Incineration burials in urns, of the bustum type, were unearthed (Fig. 6), as well as those with scattered cremation remains in a grave pits. Skeleton graves with finds of coins were also recorded (Fig. 7). In the fills of cremation graves, ceramic vessel and lamp shards were found, as well as iron nails, wedges and rivets, and bronze mounts. On the basis of their finds, the oldest burials were dated to the 1st century, while graves of the bustum type suggest a more recent dating, probably the 2nd century or the beginning of the 3rd century at the latest. Skeletal graves are more recent and originate from the 3rd century. A relatively large number of wide and deeply sunk ditches were found that possibly represent the remains of ditches which might have been constructed along roads. Two ditches with a characteristic V-shaped cross-section deserve special mention, as they are typical defensive ditches (fossa) of Roman military camps.
Using critical theory of media and technology as a theoretical framework, we describe the dialectical interrelation between (media) technology and democratic changes, where new media technology only paved the way to organization and exchange of information during 'Arab Spring', but was not its cause. 'Arab Spring' as the case in point proved a negative correlation between the level of communication technology (new media) and the intensity of protests, according to which a higher level of accessibility to new media led to a lower level of protests. Also, we observe an uneven impact of new media on democratic changes, i.e. internet social networks had a secondary role in creating media news, compared to satellite TV which at an early stage of 'Arab Spring' enabled the actors of online civil society to have an impact on state politics to a large extent. Arab new media cannot yet lead to democratic changes nor explain their causes, but merely alter patterns of mobilization and organization of social and political events. Adapted from the source document.
Iako intervencijska kardiologija u Hrvatskoj unatrag dvaju desetljeća bilježi napredak, ne nalazimo analizu broja intervencijskih kardioloških zahvata na nacionalnoj razini. Cilj je rada bila analiza broja koronarnih angiografija (CA) i perkutanih koronarnih intervencija (PCI) u razdoblju od 2010. do 2014. godine. Analizirani su dijagnostičko-terapijski postupci iz računa hospitaliziranih bolesnika u Hrvatskoj koji se odnose na CA i PCI u 13 hrvatskih centara. U promatranom je razdoblju prosječna stopa CA bila 4390 na milijun stanovnika godišnje uz porast od 8,5 % u promatranom razdoblju. Prosječna stopa PCI-ja bila je 2208 uz porast od 15 %. Omjer PCI/CA porastao je s 0,48 na 0,52. Od 47 470 PCI-ja učinjenih u Hrvatskoj od 2010. do 2014. godine 18,6 % učinjeno je u Klinici za kardiovaskularne bolesti Magdalena, 13,8 % u Kliničkom bolničkom centru (KBC) Zagreb, 11,9 % u KBC-u Rijeka i 11,3 % u Kliničkojbolnici Dubrava, dok su ostali centri imali udjele manje od 10 %. Prema broju PCI-ja, sedam hrvatskihcentara (54 %) ubrajamo u velike centre, a četiri (30,7 %) među srednje velike centre. Opća bolnica Dubrovnikod 2013. godine ima dovoljan godišnji broj PCI-ja (> 200), dok Opća bolnica Karlovac radi samo CA. Rezultati upućuju na izniman uspjeh hrvatske intervencijske kardiologije u zadnja dva desetljeća. Hrvatska je 2010. godine imala višu stopu PCI-ja od prosjeka članica Organizacije za ekonomsku suradnju i razvoj (OECD) i 21 zemlje članice Europske unije i veći prosječan godišnji rast (26,8 %) od svih analiziranih zemlja, osim Rumunjske. Stopa PCI-ja bila je viša od većine europskih zemalja, osim Njemačke, Belgije, Austrije i Norveške. Za daljnju analizu uspješnosti intervencijskih zahvata i planiranje daljnjeg razvoja nužno je formiranje unificiranoga Hrvatskog registra kardioloških procedura. ; Although there has been progress in interventional cardiology in Croatia over the last two decades, there has been no analysis of interventional cardiologic procedures at the national level. The aim of this article was to analyze of the number of coronary angiographies (CA) and percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) in the period from 2010 to 2014. Diagnostic and treatment procedures were analyzed based on the CA and PCI hospital claims of Croatian patients in 13 Croatian centers. The average rate of CA in the observed period was 4 390 per million population annually, with a growth of 8.5% over the observed period. The average rate of PCI was 2 208 with an increase of 15%. The PCI/CA ratio grew from 0.48 to 0.52. Of the 47 470 PCI procedures performed in Croatia between 2010 and 2014, 18.6% were performed in the Magdalena Special Hospital for Cardiovascular Surgery and Cardiology, 13.8% in the University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 11.9% in the University Hospital Centre Rijeka, and 11.3% in the University Hospital Dubrava, while other centers had shares below 10%. Based on PCI numbers, 7 Croatian centers (54%) can be classified as high volume centers, and 4 (30.7%) as medium volume centers. The Dubrovnik General Hospital since 2013 had a sufficient annual number of PCIs (>200), while the Karlovac General Hospital only performed CA. Results indicate that Croatian interventional cardiology has achieved a great success over the last two decades: in 2010, Croatia already had an above average rate of PCIs compared with the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development and 21 countries of the European Union, as well as a larger annual growth (26.8%) than all analyzed countries except Romania. PCI rates were higher than most European countries except Germany, Belgium, Austria, and Norway. Further analysis of the success of interventional procedures and further development plans require the formation of a unified Croatian Registry of Cardiologic Procedures.
U radu se uz kratki politički portret političkog djelovanja Stjepana Radića tijekom Velikog rata (1914. — 1918.) autor fokusira na jedan povijesni izvor, odlomak iz memoara člana češke Maffie Hrvata i Dubrovčanina Rudolfa Giunia koji govori o "političkom preokretu" Stjepana Radića u proljeće 1918. godine iz habsburškog legitimista u pristašu južnoslavenskog ujedinjenja. Rad razmatra kako su taj izvor hrvatska i jugoslavenska historiografija tumačile i upotrebljavale. Prema izglednim pretpostavkama hrvatski povjesničar Bogdan Krizman pronašao je taj izvor krajem 1950-ih i često ga koristio u svojim radovima, uglavnom samo prepričavajući ili sažimajući njegov sadržaj, ali nikada ga ne navodeći u cjelini ili kao povijesnu građu u bilješkama. Stoga se ovdje taj odlomak iz Giunijevih memoara, koji govori o Radićevu djelovanju u to vrijeme, zbog njegove važnosti daje na kraju ovoga rada u prijepisu. Cjeloviti memoari R. Giunia čuvaju se u rukopisu u Nacionalnoj i sveučilišnoj knjižnici u Zagrebu. ; In addition to presenting a short political biography of Stjepan Radić and his political activities during the Great War (1914 — 1918), the author of this article focuses on one particular historical source: a paragraph from the memoirs of a member of Czech "Maffia" Rudolf Giunio, a Croat from Dubrovnik, in which he wrote about a "political turnabout" of Stjepan Radić in Spring 1918 – from legitimising the Habsburg system to a supporter of unification of South Slavs. This paper examines the existing interpretation of this source by Croatian and Yugoslav historiography so far. The author argues that Croatian historian Bogdan Krizman had often used Giunio's memoirs since 1950s by retelling or summarizing its contents, sometimes without fully acknowledging it as historical source. For this reason, the author publishes this paragraph of Giunio's memoirs in full at the end of this paper. The original manuscript of Giunio's memoirs are kept in National and University Library in Zagreb.
Voting preferences of electorates traditionally split along various structural cleavages in of society, including the urban-rural dimension. The intensity of both the similarity and divergence in voting decisions of inhabitants living in towns and cities on one hand, and in the countryside on the other, show varying rates of (in)stability, not only over time, but also in the spatial context, depending on the socio-economic, political, and historical predispositions of the country and its territorial units. The cardinal ambitions of this paper is both to evaluate the profile of urban-rural voter preferences of the main political parties on the Slovak political scene during the period of 1998-2010 at the national as well as at the regional level, and to reveal the socio-spatial mosaic in the electoral choices of people living in urban and rural environments in different parts of Slovakia using tools of cartographic interpretation. Adapted from the source document.
U radu se analiziraju politička stajališta reformskih političkih elita u Srbiji i Hrvatskoj o ključnim pitanjima unutarnjega razvoja Jugoslavije početkom 1970-ih. Oba republička partijska rukovodstva stupila su na političku scenu u zenitu jugoslavenske reformske orijentacije i vala liberalizacije nakon Brijunskoga plenuma. Nova generacija srpskih i hrvatskih komunista zasnivala je svoje reformske programe na idejama demokratizacije i emancipacije jugoslavenskoga samoupravnog socijalizma. Borba za novi koncept Jugoslavije, tržišnu privredu, reformu Saveza komunista Jugoslavije i liberalizaciju društva povezivala je političke elite Zagreba i Beograda. Međutim, neriješeni odnosi u federaciji, skupa s porastom nacionalizma i snažnim otporom partijskih konzervativaca, određivali su krajnje domete suradnje reformskih snaga i perspektive razvoja demokratskoga i tržišnoga socijalizma u Jugoslaviji. ; This paper examines the relations between the two largest Yugoslav republics, Serbia and Croatia, through the political orientation of their leading reformist structures in the period from when they came to power in late 1968 to the forced resignation of the Croatian leadership in December 1971. Starting from the common strategic goals of the reform-oriented leaderships of Marko Nikezić and Savka Dabčević Kučar, the relations of official Belgrade and Zagreb fluctuated from alliance based on common interests, compatible constitutional and market goals, mutual defence from the arbitrary actions of the federal political centre, the need to expand the reformist base in society, the operationalisation of 'clean slate' politics, and a desire for the further liberalisation and democratisation of Yugoslav self-governing socialism to misunderstandings regarding the decentralisation of financial capital, different political methodologies, and different approaches to Tito. From the Tenth Session of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Croatia to the Seventeenth Session of the Presidency of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, Marko Nikezić's leadership showed a much higher degree of understanding for the political challenges that were coming from the reformist political leadership in Zagreb compared to the conservatives in Belgrade, who expected that Serbia would return to the role of the key 'guardian' of Yugoslavia. Still, a change in the political course took place when Tito, using the principle of 'democratic centralism', decided to defend the decentralised state through a recentralised, monopolist party. Reformist advocates of a more decisive modernisation of Yugoslav socialism were stigmatised as a disruptive factor. For this reason, at the Twenty-First Session of the Presidency of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia in Karađorđevo, Nikezić's leadership remained alone in its disagreement with the forcible removal of leading figures of the Croatian Central Committee, knowing that the suppression of the Croatian Spring would open the way towards a permanent change of course and the re-Stalinisation of political conditions in the country as well as the complication of Croatian-Serbian relations in the future.
