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Since 2010, number of political uprisings took place in the Arab countries which so called The Arab Spring (at-Thawrât al-'Arabiyyah). The fall of regimes such as in Tunis, Egypt, and Libya, following the massive resistance of people was actually reflect the crisis of legitimacy and the weakness of authority of many political leaders in the region. Moreover, the loyalty of many people in the Arab countries to their leaders was also problematic decision when it has to deal with their primordial affiliations such as ashabiyah, wathanniyah, qaummiyah and ummah. The Arab Spring is a very important political movement which taught us lessons that both leadership and national character building are unfinished and will never be end as a process. This phenomenon also emphasized the importance of political system to be adaptive to the dynamic of domestic political situation and international atmosphere as well. The failure to adapt towards such conditions will causes to the fall of the ruling power.

Kristian Coates Ulrichsen provides a full examination of Qatar's startling rise to regional and international prominence and describes how its distinct policy stance toward the Arab Spring emerged. In only a decade, Qatari policy-makers - led by the Emir, Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al-Thani and the Prime Minister, Sheikh Hamad bin Jassim Al-Thani - catapulted Qatar from a sleepy backwater to a regional power with truly international reach.

After the Arab Spring : a new wave of transitional justice? / Kirsten J. Fisher and Robert Stewart -- 1. The Arab world after the popular uprisings : a spirit restored? / Bassel F. Salloukh -- 2. Building a future, exhuming the past : the struggles for accountability in the wake of regional uprisings / Anne Massagee -- 3. Transitional justice in the wake of the Arab uprisings : between complexity and standardization / Habib Nassar -- 4. Difficult but ultimately rewarding : lessons from transitional justice in Latin America / Andrew G. Reiter -- 5. The costs of avoiding transitional justice : lessons from Lebanon / Ora Szekely -- 6. Risks and rewards : lessons from Central and Eastern Europe's transitional justice experiences / Klaus Bachmann, Robert Stewart and Kirsten J. Fisher -- 7. Challenges of representation and inclusion : a case study of Islamist groups in transitional justice / Line Khatib -- 8. Transitional justice and the Arab Spring from a gender perspective / Elham Manea -- 9. Egypt and the struggle for accountability and justice / Michael Wahid Hanna -- 10. Justice after the war : the International Criminal Court and post-Gaddafi Libya / Mark Kersten -- 11. Selectivity, legitimacy and the pursuit of post-Arab Spring international criminal justice / Kirsten J. Fisher -- 12. Transitions in the Middle East and North Africa : new trajectories and challenges for transitional justice? / Hugo van der Merwe.

It has been more a decade since people across the Arab world rose up in revolt against their governments, demanding political empowerment, social reform and economic improvement. Pro-democracy protests, as they were called in common parlance, which spread rapidly through the mobilisation of social media calls, ended up overthrowing long-standing authoritarian regimes in Tunisia, Egypt, Yemen and Libya. That gave rise to hope for a more representative future, as well as economic reforms, after decades of mismanagement and stagnation. However, such hopes were quickly dispelled, as the political vacuum created by the elimination of regional dictatorships deepened fractures in many of these societies along ethnic, religious and tribal fault lines. As Islamists and secularists jockeyed for power, Egypt's brief alliance with democracy was halted by a neo-militarist, counter-revolutionary takeover. Tunisia is a notable exception, where both factions in political society have resolved to settle their differences through dialogue and set the tone for democratic politics, while the country is struggling with economic growth and transformation. Very little, if anything, has changed in Yemen, Libya and Syria, where long-drawn and bloody civil wars are raging. The monarchies of the Gulf have not been untouched, but remain markedly unchanged.

From revolution to disillusion : the story of Egyptian youths within the Arab Spring / Dina Abdelrahman -- Competing perspectives on women's rights before and after the Arab Spring : the view from Tunisia / Ola Raddaoui -- The legacy of Sidi Bouzid : overcoming spatial inequalities in Tunisia / Maximilian Benner -- Winter still for LGBT individuals in the Maghreb after the Arab Spring? / Ncube Gibson -- From Khaled Said to Moaz al-Kasasba : critical thoughts on the role of new media in the Arab uprisings / Zbyněk Tarant -- Regionalism in MENA in Arab Spring and post Arab Spring milieu : problems and prospects / Muhammad Atif Khan -- North African Arab Spring in the Czech dailies / Veronika Sobotková -- Ali Abd al-Raziq and the politics of secularism : breaking the Islamist-liberal impasse / Christian Donath -- Demotic legitimacy and modernization : a case for optimism about Islamic democracy / Alexander Maxwell

This volume analyzes the political, economic and strategic dimensions of the recent upheavals in the Middle East known as the Arab Spring.Mass demonstrations in many Arab states challenged the political status quo and the existing political and cultural system in the region. While it is too early to offer a definitive analysis of the impact of the widespread discontent in the Arab world, the trajectory of the events indicates regime change in several states, containment of political unrest in most states, increase in Islamic tendencies, centrifugal tendencies in a number of political

The Arab Spring dramatically increased investors' perceptions of political risk in MENA. An examination of these perceptions indicates long-run optimism that political transitions in the region -- if democratic and coupled with political stability -- could increase FDI and contribute to MENA's economic development.

Chapter 1 The Structure of Arab Society: Tribes and Artificial States -- chapter 2 The Ottoman Heritage -- chapter 3 Authoritarian Rule in the Islamic World -- chapter 4 The Caliphate and the Ideal of the Islamic State -- chapter 5 The Globalization of Information and the World Media -- chapter 6 Turkey, Egypt, Tunisia, Pakistan, and the Republican Model -- chapter 7 Saudi Arabia, the Gulf States, Morocco, Jordan, and the Monarchical Model -- chapter 8 Syria, Libya, Yemen, Afghanistan, Bosnia, Kosovo, and the Tribal Model -- chapter 9 Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, and the Shi{u2019}ite Model -- chapter 10 Algeria, Mali, Sudan, Somalia, the Palestinians, and the Revolutionary Model.

'Social Currents in North Africa' offers multidisciplinary analyses of social phenomena unfolding in the Maghreb today. The contributors analyze the genealogies of contemporary North African behavioral and ideological norms, and offer insights into post-Arab Spring governance and today's social and political trends.

One of the core dominant events, in the Middle East in 21th century, was Arab Spring revolutions in 2010-2011. These revolutions aimed to achieve democracy and get rid of the dictator regimes in the Arab countries. No doubt that Arab Spring had political social and economic reasonable and significant impacts. This paper will examine various reflections on the Arab revolutions of the Arab Spring (2010-2011) through modern Arab poetry, focusing on four selected poems as cases of study. In addition to the aimed historical reading, this paper attempts to analyse the selected poems focusing literary and poetic methods, as well as language and diction, comparing between them. For diversity, while all the selected poems are modern Arabic poetry, one of the selected poems is the neo-classic Arabic poetry of Ibrāhīm Obaydī, and the three others are free verse poetry from Ahmed Matar, Musʿab al-Mūrādī, and Ahmad Msāʿdih. Methodologically, this study is analytic, comparative and inductive, relying relevant poems of the selected four poets. This paper suggests not only that the Arab Spring played a significant historical role in the Middle East, leading to intensive civil and non-civil armed conflicts, but also, Modern Arab poetry contributes to historical documenting immortalizing the Arab Spring revolutions including their aims and motivations, as well as their social political and cultural impacts.

Arab Spring -- Contents -- Introduction -- Tahrir as Heterotopia -- Beyond the Arab Spring -- Emergency Law and Hypergovernance -- The Promises and Limitations of Economic Protests in the West Bank -- Stability or Democracy? -- The Turkish Model for the Arab Spring -- Notes on Contributors

Intro -- Acknowledgements -- 1. Introduction. The Arab Uprisings: Micro-Dynamics of Activism and Revolt between Change and Continuity-Fatima El-Issawi and Francesco Cavatorta -- Contents -- Part 1: Paths to Success, Paths to Failure: Democratic Transitions after the Arab Uprisings -- 2. The Democratic Transition in Tunisia: Three Keys to Understanding a Success Story-Nidhal Mekki -- 3. Post-2013 Egypt: On Delegitimising Democratic Demands-Amr Hamzawy -- 4. Syria: Causes and Consequences of the Popular Uprising-Salam Kawakibi -- 5. Libya: The Altered Resource Competition-Amir Magdy Kamel -- 6. The Moroccan Spring is Back: The Rif Hirak-Maati Monjib -- 7. Algeria -- or, The Limits of the Democratic Facade-Lahouari Addi -- Part 2: Dynamics of Change and Dynamics of Continuity: Social Transformations after the Uprisings -- 8. Guardians of Change-George Joffé -- 9. Politics: The Mainstream, the Marginal and the Alternative-Sarah Yerkes -- 10. Youth Activism and the Politics of 'Mediapreneurship': The Effects of Political Efficacy and Empowerment on Mediated Norm Conveyance in Tunisia and Morocco-Roxane Farmanfarmaian -- 11. Judicial Activism, Women's Rights and Cultural Change in Post-Uprising Tunisia-Amel Mili -- 12. The Secular-Islamist Divide in Tunisia: Myth or Reality?-Alessandra Bonci -- Contributors.

The Arab Spring revolutions of 2011 sent shockwaves across the globe, mobilizing diaspora communities to organize forcefully against authoritarian regimes. Despite the important role that diasporas can play in influencing affairs in their countries of origin, little is known about when diaspora actors mobilize, how they intervene, or what makes them effective. This book addresses these questions, drawing on over 230 original interviews, fieldwork, and comparative analysis. Examining Libyan, Syrian, and Yemeni mobilization from the US and Great Britain before and during the revolutions, Dana M. Moss presents a new framework for understanding the transnational dynamics of contention and the social forces that either enable or suppress transnational activism.