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Word Production (Called in Arabic by Al-Tawlīd Al-Luġawy) which means inventing new words is one of development of language phenomenon that happens in any languages including Arabic. This phenomenon is a demand of condition that one language is not capable of expressing ideas and emotions and has something to do with communication with non-speaker or other languages. Thus, a language can influence and be influenced. This paper tried to uncover reasons and theories using comparative study so that it is clear for Arabic language researchers to use tawlid in their research. The writer found eight reasons why neology emerged, which are development of civilization, friction between Arab and Non-Arab, administration system after Islamic expansion, translation process from Greek into Arabic, social and political demands, the beauty of expression, and inventing new scientific terms, while Ibrahim Murad stated five theories about neology: phonetic neology, morphological neology, semantic neology, spontaneous neology, and borrowing neology; as Nasruddin suggested five theories such as transfer of meaning, derivation, derivation from Arabization (mu'rab) or loanwords (dakhil), taulid form coinase and structure, metaphor neology, and meaning expansion.التوليد بمعنى إحداث كلمة جديدة مظهر من مظاهر تطوراللغات منها اللغة العربية.تكون هذه المظاهر من متطلبات الأحوال من عدم كفائة اللغة فى تعبير أفكار صاحب اللغة و مشاعرهم خاصة و نتيجة من تعاملهم مع الآخرين فأثروا وتأثّروا. اهتمّ كثير من علماء اللغة بهذه المظاهر و بحثوا فى أسبابها و دواعىها بل جعلوا قواعدها. فهذه المقالة تعرض جهدهم فى هذا المجال فى اكتشاف تلك أسباب والقواعد بمنهج مقارنة حتى تكون واضحة لمحببي اللغة العربية راجيا استعمالهمم فى بحوثهم و مقالتهم.وجد الكاتب ثمانىة أسباب لظهور التوليد فى اللغة العربية وهي التطور الـحضاري، والاحتكاك بين العرب الأعجم، والـحاجة الـملحة، والنظام الإداري عند العرب بعد الفتوحات الإسلامية، وعملية ترجمة العلوم اليونانية إلى اللغة العربية، والدعاية السياسية والاقتصادية، وجمال التعبير، ووضع الـمصطلحات العلميةكما وجد ابراهيم مراد الذي قدم خمس قواعيد يعني التوليد الصوتي، التوليد الصرفي، التوليد الدلالي، التوليد بالارتجال، التوليد بالانقراضحيث لكل منها فصول كما قدم نصر الدين ست قواعيد وهي انتقال الـمعنى، والاشتقاق، والاشتقاق من الـمعرب أو الدخيل،والتوليد بالنحت والتركيب،والتوليد الـمجازي، والتوسع.

This article analyzes the Arabisms and other lexical devices that are used to characterize the Native American in theRelación de la jornada de Cíbola by Pedro de Castañeda, a text that deals with the expedition that Francisco Vázquez de Coronado led to the present-day Southwestern United States from 1540 to 1542. After a general presentation of the text, the work focuses on the analysis of seven Arabisms (alárabe,alijar,albarrada,alcoholar,atambor,borceguíandenjalma) along with other words, including nicknames (Bigotes,Moro,TurcoeYsopete), to disentangle the meanings and sociolinguistic implications of the use of these words to refer to the American reality. In order to do so, great use is made of information garnered from documentary and lexical sources. We depart from the premise that in the conquest and colonization of New Spain, the models from the previous conquests of Granada and North Africa are followed. And through this perspective of continuity, we identify parallel political measures, identical discursive traditions, as well as a shared attitude and linguistic awareness. From a lexical point of view, this attempt to explain the New World is transmitted by various processes, including the use of lexical Arabisms to plastically illustrate an unknown and pagan culture through codes that are familiar, and equally pagan, to the reader. This contribution helps to expand our understanding about the presence of Arabisms in the history of the Spanish language. ; El presente artículo analiza los arabismos junto con otros recursos léxicos utilizados en la caracterización del indígena en laRelación de la jornada de Cíbola de Pedro de Castañeda, referida a la expedición que Francisco Vázquez de Coronado realizó entre 1540 y 1542 a los territorios del actual suroeste de los Estados Unidos. Tras una presentación general del texto, el trabajo se centra en el estudio de siete arabismos (alárabe,albarrada,alcoholar,alijar,atambor,borceguíyenjalma) junto con otras voces, entre ellas motes (Bigotes,Moro,TurcoeYsopete), para desentrañar los significados y las implicaciones sociolingüísticas del uso de estas voces aplicadas a la realidad americana y, para ello, se tienen muy en cuenta los datos proporcionados por las fuentes documentales y lexicográficas. Se parte de la premisa de que, en la conquista y colonización de Nueva España, se siguen los modelos de las precedentes conquistas granadina y norteafricana y, desde esta perspectiva de continuidad, se identifican medidas políticas paralelas, las mismas tradiciones discursivas, así como una actitud y conciencia lingüística comunes. Desde el punto de vista léxico, este intento de explicación del Nuevo Mundo se transmite a través de distintos procedimientos, entre ellos, el uso de arabismos léxicos con una función de ilustrar plásticamente una cultura desconocida y pagana a través de códigos familiares e igualmente paganos para el lector. La contribución ayuda a ensanchar el conocimiento sobre la presencia de arabismos en la historia del español.

The controversy over the selection of a national language & the course of Arabization in postcolonial Algeria is examined. The independence movement that originated under the leadership of Abd al-Qadir & concluded with the formal declaration of separation in July 1962 is documented. It is suggested that early educational policies that instituted the teaching of Arabic in French elementary schools commenced the Arabization process; however, the paucity of qualified Arabic instructors delayed the realization of change. It is noted that Arabization resembled a socialist nationalist movement rather than focusing on the promulgation of religious or cultural ideology. An analysis of Kateb Yacine's Le Polygone Etoile ([The Polygon Star] 1966) reveals the linguistic alienation experienced by many Algerians; nonetheless, Yacine's preference for writing in a French dialect confounded attempts to establish an Algerian literary tradition. The novels of Assia Djebar are explored to demonstrate the problematic of being both Algerian & female in a patriarchal postcolonial Algeria. It is concluded that Algerian intellectuals viewed the process of Arabization as a reaffirmation of Arabo-Islamic heritage, rather than an absolute denial of their French past. J. W. Parker

""Imposing the peace, 1956�1959""""Rewarding allies: a victor�s peace""; ""The keys to the kingdom: power politics""; ""Rehabilitation and release""; ""The ticking clock, 1959�1963""; ""Implications""; ""Acknowledgements""; ""References""; ""5. �A graveyard for the British�? Tactics, military operations, and the paucity of strategy in Aden, 1964�1967""; ""Introduction: Aden, 1967""; ""From colonization to Arabization: the paucity of strategy?""; ""The failure of Arabization?""; ""Conclusion""; ""References""

In what is now Sudan there occurred over the centuries a process of ta'rib, or Arabization, entailing the gradual spread of both Arab identity and the Arabic language among northern peoples. After the Anglo-Egyptian conquest of 1898, British colonial policies favoured a narrow elite from within these Arab communities. Members of this elite went on to develop a conception of a self-consciously Sudanese Arabic national identity, in the process adapting the term Sudanese (sudani), which derived from an Arabic word for blackness and previously had servile connotations. At decolonization in the 1950s, these nationalists turned ta'rib, into an official policy that sought to propagate Arabic quickly throughout a territory where scores of languages were spoken. This article considers the historical diffusion of Sudanese Arabic-language culture and Arab identity, contrasts this with the post-colonial policy of Arabization, and analyses the relevance of the latter for civil conflicts in Southern Sudan, the Nuba Mountains, and, more recently, Darfur. Far from spreading Arabness, Arabization policy sharpened non-Arab and, in some cases, self-consciously African (implying culturally pluralist) identities. Arabization policy also accompanied, in some quarters, the growth of an ideology of Arab cultural and racial supremacy that is now most evident in Darfur. Adapted from the source document.

The forging of Iraq -- The British mandate -- Oil and urban growth -- The ideology of urban development -- The intercommunal fight -- Nationalization and Arabization

This is the first book to provide an analysis of racism in the Mediterranean region. Ian Law reassesses contemporary processes of racialization, employing theoretical tools including polyracism, racial Arabization and racial Nawarization and drawing on new evidence on racism in North Africa, Lebanon, Cyprus, Greece and the Roma campland in Italy

Taking effect immediately following Tunisia's independence, Arabization has achieved mixed results with Arabic institutionally empowered but still competing with French. In fact, when examining the linguistic landscape, this monolingual policy is flouted both in terms of the bilingual Arabic-French Street signage but also challenged by people's preferences. This paper examines inconsistencies between Arabic as the 'language of the state' (government-decreed), and the omnipresence of other 'languages in the state' (observed in representation and practice) in Tunisia. Street signage artefacts and attitudinal data also illustrate how language policies are responded to and experienced by Tunisians. Data consists of different types of private inscriptions and public signs, governmental decrees, as well as attitudinal surveys and interviews. The juxtaposition of urban signs with the official policy on multilingualism provides an illustrative account of the complexities of the linguistic situation in Tunisia, which blends top-down advocacies of Arabization, ambivalent attitudes to Arabic-French Bilingualism, as well as a growing interest in English as the emergent language of globalization.

Introduction -- First, it was Arabization... -- An Educational Crisis: Is Language to Blame? -- Language Reform(s) -- The Mother Tongue Debate -- Democratizing Education: English as a Medium of Instruction? -- A Saturated Linguistic Scene: Should my Child be Required to Learn Berber too? -- Education and Social Justice: Entrenched Inequality and lack of Equity.-The Language Problem next door: Language-in-education Policies in Algeria -- Conclusion. .

THERE IS NO PEACE IN THE MIDDLE EAST EVEN IF THERE ARE NO WARS, SAVE FOR LEBANON. THE COUNTRY IS A MICROCOSM OF ALL WARS WAGED EVERYWHERE ELSE. THIS ARTICLE EXPLORES THE HOPE FOR PEACE WHICH LIES IN MULTIPLE NEGOTIATIONS AMONG CONCERNED LOCAL, REGIONAL, AND INTERNATIONAL PARTIES. HISTORY SINCE 1948 IS OFFERED IN ORDER TO UNDERSTAND WHAT IS AT ISSUE. THE NEGATIVE ASPECTS OF ARABIZATION ARE EXPLORED AS WELL AS ITEMS TO BE INCLUDED IN A COMPREHENSIVE RESOLUTION ON PEACE IN LEBANON.

The task -- falls to the area specialists : national interests, knowledge production, and the emergence of an informal network -- The all-pervading influence of the Muslim faith : the perils and promise of political Islam -- A new amalgam of interests, religion, propaganda, and mobs : interpretations of secular mass politics -- What modernization requires of the Arabs -- is their de-Arabization : imagining a transformed Middle East -- A profound and growing disturbance -- which may last for decades : the Arab-Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the limits of the network

1. Framing the conflict : instrumentalizing the Hebrew Bible and settler-colonialism in Palestine -- 2. Promised land and conquest narratives : Zionism and the 1948 Palestine Nakba -- 3. Archaeology as civic religion : secular nationalist ideology, excavating the Bible and the de-Arabization of Palestine -- 4. Colonialist imagination as a site of mimicry and erasure : the Israeli renaming project -- 5. God's mapmakers : Jewish fundamentalism and the land traditions of the Hebrew Bible (1967 to Gaza 2013) -- Conclusion : the new scholarly revolution, and reclaiming the heritage of the disinherited and disenfranchised Palestinians.