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Historic Arab cities show a variety of origins and modernization patterns; these were conditioned on the one hand by external factors such as pre-existing settlements, deliberate locational choices and prevailing dynastic modernization and transformation, on the other hand by internal factors such as the morphological principles implied in individual architecture components and in genesis of the urban environment In this paper, we will try to highlight the socio-cultural aspects in the city structure context and their relations to the city morphology referring to the underlying shaping forces of urban form which, drawing on related, deep-rooted human attitudes, constitute the real agents of physical manifestation and are source of the non-material qualities transpiring through materials expressions. This presentation seeks to understand the significance of the city structure in different dimensions of urban environment.Understanding the interaction between underlying political, economic, socio-cultural forces as deep structure elements is an important aspect of research objectives. This paper also studies how physical or functional changes follow changes in the underlying forces among the modernization process and city structure regeneration.The approach to the research objectives is based on two methodologies:• Deductive: a theoretical investigation based on the properties of the city structure, definitions, principles of design, and the dilemma of achieving modernization is as much cultural as technical. This combines information from literature reviews and the ideas of key figures in the urban development field and the place-identity, social identity and identity process as theories for cultural models of the city.• Inductive: a study of Algiers as example of historical settlements that have undergone much change processes. The study looks to elicit the images of the city main structure to support the theoretical propositions of surface and deep structural city elements. The conclusion to this part is based on an analysis of the case study.The research concludes its conclusion through the theoretical and empirical work the socio- cultural aspect in the modernization process as a board and complex field.Moreover, it introduces the concept of City Structure as a new way to envisage urban Conservation studies.

URL: http://iconarp.selcuk.edu.tr/iconarp/article/view/87 ; Historic Arab cities show a variety of origins and modernization patterns; these were conditioned on the one hand by external factors such as pre-existing settlements, deliberate locational choices and prevailing dynastic modernization and transformation, on the other hand by internal factors such as the morphological principles implied in individual architecture components and in genesis of the urban environment. In this paper, we will try to highlight the socio-cultural aspects in the city structure context and their relations to the city morphology referring to the underlying shaping forces of urban form which, drawing on related, deep-rooted human attitudes, constitute the real agents of physical manifestation and are source of the non-material qualities transpiring through materials expressions. This presentation seeks to understand the significance of the city structure in different dimensions of urban environment. Understanding the interaction between underlying political, economic, socio-cultural forces as deep structure elements is an important aspect of research objectives. This paper also studies how physical or functional changes follow changes in the underlying forces among the modernization process and city structure regeneration. The approach to the research objectives is based on two methodologies: • Deductive: a theoretical investigation based on the properties of the city structure, definitions, principles of design, and the dilemma of achieving modernization is as much cultural as technical. This combines information from literature reviews and the ideas of key figures in the urban development field and the place-identity, social identity and identity process as theories for cultural models of the city. • Inductive: a study of Algiers as example of historical settlements that have undergone much change processes. The study looks to elicit the images of the city main structure to support the theoretical propositions of surface and deep structural city elements. The conclusion to this part is based on an analysis of the case study. The research concludes its conclusion through the theoretical and empirical work the socio- cultural aspect in the modernization process as a board and complex field. Moreover, it introduces the concept of City Structure as a new way to envisage urban Conservation studies

As an antidote to the substandard tenement apartment, the ideal of the "small house" (Kleinhaus) was ubiquitous in housing debates in Germany before World War One. Denoting a modestly sized two-story family house aligned with the street, it had its origins in the Middle Ages, during which it was constructed to serve the humble domestic needs of urban craftsmen who lived and worked in thriving trade cities including Lübeck, Bremen, Hamburg, Augsburg, Nuremberg, and Ulm. For modern promoters of low-density alternatives to the tenement, the Kleinhaus was an ideal model for mass appropriation. Unlike foreign and untranslatable dwelling models like the "villa" and the "cottage," the Kleinhaus conveyed something that was both urban and quintessentially Germanic. It was thus enlisted by housing reformers to strengthen local cultural identity whilst raising the standards of the nation's housing stock. This article examines the significance of the Kleinhaus in fostering dialogue between the fields of architecture and planning, and considers its embeddedness in a wider project of cultural nationalism in pre-war Germany.

The European Union is pushing to achieve a sustainable, competitive and secure energy supply in Europe. This has translated into significant long-term renewable energy targets towards 2050, and the ambition to improve the European grid. A large share of this development is expected to occur in the North Sea. This paper investigates which transmission architecture is the most beneficial to integrate large shares of renewable energy in the North Sea region, and the consequences of the planning horizon when planning such a system towards 2050 are analysed. This is achieved by performing investment optimisation of generation and transmission for different scenarios. It is found that: 1) an integrated offshore grid configuration planned over a long planning horizon leads to cost minimization; 2) the grid topology is not likely to influence the penetration of variable renewable energy, but it will affect the contribution of each variable renewable energy type and the system costs; and 3) not taking the future into account when developing the energy system is likely to lead to a more expensive system. These results remark the importance of long-term planning horizon for energy systems and grid expansion and calls for a political focus on planning and international cooperation.

Egypt has been experiencing challenging economic, social and political disturbance during the end of the twentieth century and towards the beginning of the twenty-first. With its fast expanding population, high consumption rate and economic deficit, the Egyptian community continues to experience a low quality of living. These issues contributed greatly to the uprising, following the Tunisian model, in January, 2011. However, the political change that followed did not help a lot, as development strategies are still far from being sustainable. In the beginning of the millennium, Egypt experienced an 8.6% energy deficit, followed by a growing energy crisis [1]. Knowing that almost 50% of the energy produced in Egypt is consumed inside buildings [2], environmentally conscious architecture can be a very powerful tool in development plans, as it can reasonably reduce the consumption of energy and other resources and enhance the quality of living for people. This work analyzes the supposed role of environmentally conscious architecture and, hence, evaluates its importance as a major component of national development plans in the near future. The analysis encompasses a review of the status quo in terms of consumption patterns and required services and, then, compares it with the case in which environmentally conscious architecture is adopted.

Housing has always been regarded as one of the basic human needs and initial rights and its related costs contain a significant portion of the household's income. Providing affordable housing for low-income groups in many countries, including Iran, is the task of the government and other supportive institutions. In this regard, the Iran's government recently actions have more focused on the quantitative dimensions of housing production and qualitative issues, which are the main factors of residential satisfaction have less been considered. This paper investigates the effects of the incremental housing approach on the level of residential satisfaction in affordable housing projects. The research method is descriptive-analytic and data were collected through the case study. The results show that influenced indicators by the incremental housing approach including land and building ownership, providing technical and spatial basis for future development, quality improvement, and strengthen the social interactions among the residents, beside site design related indicators, including anticipation of the neighborhood units with proper pattern of activities are the most important factors of residential satisfaction. High residential satisfaction lead to bring a sense of belonging to the place and in upper level the social sustainability in the residential environment. Therefore, in order to increase the efficiency of the positive aspects of this approach, a model for determining the stages of work and necessary actions has been designed.

This paper examines the construction, architecture, planning and design of New Towns in the Pontine Marshes, south of Rome, in the 1930s, analysing the discourses which contributed to their shaping and settlement. It focuses specifically on the plans and architectural characteristics of the city of Sabaudia as the best example of fascist urban utopias in the area. The paper also moves beyond an analysis of architecture and planning to consider the human beings who were slated for occupying what were viewed as ideal, utopian fascist spaces. This is done through an investigation of Italy's ruralization and internal colonization policies, which aimed to tackle a 'demographic problem' defined through recourse to statistics and sociological analysis. These policies were animated by colonists, and their families, chosen by the regime's institutions to take part in the Pontine Marshes project. Italian fascism's structuring of a new urban environment, which stretched from grand systemic designs to the measurement of mosquito net dimensions in colonial houses' bedrooms, justified the attempted social and political control of fascism's experimental urban subjects.

zugleich gedruckt erschienen im Universitätsverlag der TU Berlin unter der ISBN 978-3-7983-2455-8. ; Die Krisensymptome der laufenden chinesischen Urbanisierung fördern die Suche nach anderen Optionen. Dabei richtet sich der Blick auch auf die Biographie und das Werk von Zhang Jian (1895-1926) der als Beamter-Gelehrter, konservativer Reform-politiker und Unternehmer – im Verbund mit seinem wichtigsten Wirkungsfeld, der Stadt Nantong im Yangzi-Delta – in den letzten Jahrzehnten Gegenstand intensiver historischer Forschung war. Die vorliegende Arbeit will in diesem Zusammenhang eine Lücke schließen, indem sie den Beitrag Zhang Jians zum modernen Stadtgrün in China untersucht. Dabei stehen zwei Fragen im Mittelpunkt: Wissenschafts- und stadthistorisch geht es darum, wie weit es sich beim modernen Stadtgrün vorrangig um den Import von "Stadtgrün" als einer bestimmten Ebene von Stadtplanung aus den älteren Industriegesellschaften (Japan, USA, Europa) handelt. Dieser Frage liegt die Annahme zugrunde, dass das reiche grüne Erbe Chinas mit dem Ende des Kaiserstaates gleichsam folgenlos verschwunden sei. Daneben gibt es die anwendungsbezogene Frage, wie durch eine systematische Voruntersuchung zum grünen Erbe und die Entwicklung eines Historisch-Geographischen Informationssystems die Praxis der örtlichen Denkmalpflege unterstützt werden kann. Die Arbeit gliedert sich in 6 Kapitel: Kap. 1 referiert an Hand einer Literaturübersicht den Stand der Forschung zu Zhang Jian und Nantong, erläutert die Problemstellung und Methode. Kap. 2 widmet sich zusammenfassend der Biographie von Zhang Jian und belegt dessen besondere Affinität zu grünen Themen, um danach die Naturbedingungen des Standorts Nantong vorzustellen. Flussdynamik und Küstendynamik wirken im Mündungsraum des Yangzi zusammen und bedingen eine relativ instabile Lage am Nordrand des Deltas. Im 3. Kap. wird die tausendjährige Stadtgeschichte an Hand historischer Karten nachgezeichnet. Diese belegen eine Natur- und Gesellschaftswahrnehmung, die sich in Teilen sehr von der abendländischen unterscheidet. Kap. 4 bildet einen Hauptteil der Arbeit, in dem die verschiedenen Objekte grüner Gestaltung mit Hilfe von Karten in vier unterschiedlichen Maßstäben vorgestellt werden: Das grüne Museums-, Wissenschafts- und Schulgelände im SO der Altstadt, die Fünf Parks im SW, die Umwandlung von Tempeln in grüne Schulen, die Begrünung des Industriestandorts Tangzha, die Anlage der neuen Überlandstraßen als Alleen, die Wiederbegrünung des Langshan-Ensembles und schließlich grüne Aspekte der Neulanderschließung an der Küste. Kap. 5 liefert den ideengeschichtlichen Hintergrund für diese verschiedenen grünen Gestaltungen. Dabei wird deutlich, dass die chinesische Stadtgeschichte über einen zwar zeitlich schwankenden aber reichen Fundus an Grüngestaltungskonzepten daoistischer, konfuzianischer und buddhistischer Provenienz verfügt, auf den Zhang Jian bei seinen eigenen modernen Grüngestaltungen zurückgriff, bei gleichzeitiger Offenheit für die ausländischen Vorbilder. Der Verweis auf ähnliche grüne Konzepte anderer zeitgenössischer Politiker und Reformer zeigt, dass Zhang Jian und Nantong nicht als singuläre Initiative am Ende der Qing-Zeit und in der jungen Republik zu bewerten sind, sondern als Manifestation einer breiteren Reform- bewegung. Kap. 6 rekapituliert den Wandel der " Modellstadt" nach dem Tod ihres Gestalters als Folge von Krieg, Revolution und Modernisierungen, schließlich die Verankerung der Denkmalpflege und die Entdeckung der Zeugnisse der Zhang Jian-Zeit als Schutzgut. Die Arbeit schließt mit dem Wunsch, die industriell geprägte Kulturlandschaft der Nantong-Region als Schutzgut im Sinne eines Gesamtkunstwerks auszuweisen. Gedruckte Version im Universitätsverlag der TU Berlin (www.univerlag.tu-berlin.de) erschienen. ISBN 978-3-7983-2455-8 ; The problems of China's ongoing rapid urbanization encourage the search for other potential options. Within this context the biography and the work of Zhang Jian (1895-1926) a prominent official-scholar, a conservative political and social reformer and entrepreneur – together with his main field of activity, the city of Nantong in the Yangtze River Delta – in recent decades became the subject of intensive historical research. This work intends to close a gap of this research, examining the role of Zhang Jian as a pioneer for modern urban greening in China. From the viewpoint of urban history and the history of urban design it is of interest whether modern urban greening in Chinese cities is just one facet of the transfer of concepts and methods of urban planning from earlier industrialized societies to China. This question implies the assumption that the rich green heritage of China's cities was irrelevant for Chinas urban modernization and just dissipated at the end of the empire without consequences. The second question is how to support conservation efforts by developing a GIS based Historical Information System, taking the green heritage of Nantong as an example. The work is divided into six chapters: Chapter 1 presents the state of research by giving a detailed review of the vast literature on Zhang Jian and Nantong. In addition the guiding research questions are explained as well as the methodological approach. Chapter 2 is devoted to a summary of the biography of Zhang Jian, highlighting his particular affinity for green issues, followed by an overview of the natural conditions of Nantong as a physical site: River dynamics and coastal dynamics along the Yangtze River estuary provide a relatively unstable situation on the northern edge of the delta. In chapter 3 one millennium of urban history is outlined on the basis of historical maps. These indicate perceptions of nature and society considerably varying from Western understanding. Chapter 4 presents the empirical evidence of Zhang Jian's green involvement: His objects of green design are explained in detail and reproduced in maps of four different scales: the green museum, science and education center in the SE of the town; the five parks in the southwest; the conversion of temples into green schools, the greening of the industrial site Tangzha, the installation of new highways as tree-lined avenues; the reforestation of the Langshan-ensembles and finally green aspects of the coastal land reclamation. Chapter 5 looks into the ideas behind these green designs. Chinese urban history is a rich source of green urban design. Zhang Jian resorted to these concepts of Daoist, Confucian and Buddhist origin, in his own modern green design, simultaneously remaining open to foreign models. The reference to other contemporary concepts of urban greening enforced by other politicians and reformers shows that Zhang Jian and Nantong should not be understood as a singular reform effort at the turning point between imperial and republican China. In Chapter 6 the transformation of the "model city" after the death of its designer as a result of war, revolution and modernization is outlined, as well as the beginnings of conservation and the discovery, that the legacy of Zhang Jian deserves conservative action. The paper concludes with a proposal to preserve the relics of the industrially dominated cultural landscape of the early 20th century as an integrated unit in the sense of a Gesamtkunstwerk (total work of art). Printed Version published by Universitätsverlag der TU Berlin www.univerlag.tu-berlin.de) ISBN 978-3-7983-2455-8

The presented research focuses on the relationship between art and architecture. On the example of the muralDer Weg der Roten Fahne(The Path of the Red Flag) installed at the western façade of theKulturpalast Dresden(Palace of Culture in Dresden) the author analyses the necessity of the mural as an immanent element to communicate political decisions of theGerman Democratic Republic's government to the public by using architecture. Up until now the mural reinforces the political value of theInternational Stylebuilding in function and shape and links its volume to the urban layout.

Questo contributo individua le specificità Scuola di Architettura, Pianificazione e Paesaggio dell'Università di Newcastle. Caratterizzata da un corpo docente molto eterogeneo e da competenze in tutta la disciplina, la Scuola sostiene fortemente l'idea di un ruolo sociale dell'architettura. Ciò riflette, in parte, la cultura architettonica di Newcastle, radicata nell'ascesa e nella crisi di un grande porto industriale ai confini dell'Inghilterra. questa vocazione è emersa chiaramente nella generazione dei cosiddetti New Brutalists / Nuovi Brutalisti, chiamati a dare una forma e una sostanza alla politica del Welfare State. Come scuola di architettura orientata alla ricerca, l'APL intende il progetto come una sfida culturale collettiva che implica l'acquisizione e l'esercizio di conoscenze e competenze complesse, per le quali la realtà della pratica architettonica è un costante termine di riferimento. ; This article aims at tracking down some identity features of the School of Architecture, Planning & Landscape of Newcastle University. Characterised by a very heterogeneous teaching staff covering a broad breadth of expertise across the discipline, the School strongly supports the idea of a social role for architecture. Partly due to Newcastle's architectural culture - rooted as it is in the rise and fall of a great industrial port at the borders of England - this vocation emerged clearly in the generation of the so-called New Brutalists, called upon to give a form and substance to the politics of the Welfare State. As a research-led school of architecture, APL understands design as a collective cultural endeavour that involves the acquisition and exercise of complex knowledges and skills, for which the reality of architectural practice is a constant term of reference.

Under the headers of 'advocacy planning', 'collaboration', 'participatory design', 'co-production', 'commoning' and 'negotiated planning', participation is, nowadays, at the centre of the debate on urban design. Architects and urban designers are developing new concepts, tools and roles to comply with these new participatory modii operandi. The participatory concern in the urban design process has not only a long history in practice but also in urban design education. Various experimental initiatives with participation emerged in the domain of architectural pedagogy in the late sixties, often starting from student initiatives. Representative cases are The Architects' Resistance (TAR) - a group formed in 1968 by architecture students from Columbia GSAPP, MIT Department of Architecture, and Yale School of Architecture, - the National Organization of Minority Architecture Students (NOMAS), the Black Workshop, the City Planning Forum, and Associazione Studenti e Architetti (ASEA). Many of these groups emerged within the context of the struggles for civil rights and thus made a plea to have non-hegemonic or 'other' voices heard in the urban design process. These initiatives explored how new concepts, roles and tools for participation could become part of the education of the architect and urban designer. The paper investigates an ensemble of counter-events, counter-publications in the US and Italy during the sixties, shedding light on their impact on the institutional status of academia and on how activism can reinvent the relationship between architecture and democracy. Its objective is to reveal the tensions between enhancing equality in planning process and local bureaucracy in the case of advocacy planning strategies, on the one hand, and to reflect upon the necessity to reshape the urban planning models in order to respond to the call for a more democratic society, on the other.

Urban design activities, thus designated, fall into three categories: 1) public aspects of architecture and landscape architecture that should normally be a routine part of the practice; (2) analytical and budget preparation aspects of the formulation of metropolitan and regional policies that provide for design without being designed; and 3) the current modeling and design of what is unprecedented, large-scale units that increasingly dominate the urban scene.The third category, the unique aréa of urban design, requires skills and responses to different determinants to omit both the first category (architecture) and the second category (analysis and urban planning).Specialization in each field is required. ; Las actividades de diseño urbano, así designadas, se dividen en tres categorías: 1) aspectos públicos de la arquitectura y de la arquitectura paisajista que normalmente deben ser una parte rutinaria de la práctica; 2) aspectos analíticos y de preparación de presupuesto de la formulación de politicas metropolitanas y regionales que proveen para diseño sin ser diseño; y 3) el modelado y diseño actual de lo que no tiene precedente, unidades a gran escala que crecientemente dominan la escena urbana. La tercera categoría, el aréa singular del diseño urbano, requiere destrezas y respuestas a determinantes diferentes omitir tanto la primera categoría (arquitectura) como la segunda categoría (análisis y planificación urbana). Es necesaria la especialización en cada campo.

Theories pertaining to spatial planning and sustainable development have magnificently grown during the second half of the past century and still witness increased rate of attention concerning the manifold aspects encapsulated by their subjects. However, both of these themes still remain underestimated and require further investigation and even augmentation when exploring areas of 'political turbulences' or 'unbalanced powers'; in other words, regions of 'conflict areas'. The development process in the conflict areas seems to depend ultimately on the scale and magnitude of power between the different contested groups, i.e. the 'dominant group' and the 'weaker group'; where sustainability becomes very vulnerable, and if exists, belongs to the dominant group neglecting the weaker one, and even in many cases, exploiting the resources and opportunities of the weaker for the advantage of the dominant, resulting therefore, more marginalizing and social degradation. Hence, new arguments pertaining to sustainability in the conflict areas conclude that sustainable development in these areas can be considered as a 'terminology game' which does not resolve the older growth debate, but disguises it. Spatial planning in the conflict areas may shape fast-changing or dynamic spatial policies accompanied with irreversible physical layouts that create in many cases multi-dimensional challenges for inhabitants. Especially, for the indigenous residents when considered for one reason or another 'a group of minority'. Therefore, clarifying the relationship between spatial planning, power and politics is a prominent issue in this doctoral research. Understanding this relation reveals the range of influence of politics upon planning objectives and role. Accordingly, it is a marvelous question to know if planning is an organic reflection of politics or not; as well as, to explore whether spatial planning, in the conflict areas, is used to mitigate or intensify conflict. Based upon theoretical framework, this doctoral research presents comprehensive set of interrelationships between the main parameters affecting the development process in the conflict areas, namely (space, politics, power and planning); these are interestingly elaborated and conceptualized by the researcher within referenced spatial context; i.e. Jerusalem (the case study). Moreover, the direct and implicit role and impacts of these relations were examined. The examination through logical framework (theory – analysis – conception) of the aforementioned parameters (in conflict areas) reveals a maze of dynamic interrelationships which outstandingly guide the development for the benefit of the dominant group. This doctorate research provides critical review for the role of planning whether it acts as 'progressive' or 'regressive' agent of change, especially in the conflict areas with unbalanced powers. In Jerusalem, it has been shown that power and politics are the major planning drivers which set out the development pattern and objectives. Consequently, the spatial and social profiles of Jerusalem have been changing very fast producing new norms of urban fabrics and geographical extents, which all together, constitute manifold challenges to the 'indigenous' Palestinian residents.

This paper was presented at the 2020 Schools of Thought Conference hosted by the Christopher C. Gibbs College of Architecture at the University of Oklahoma. ; Our recent book, "The City Creative: The Rise of Urban Placemaking in Contemporary America" (University of Chicago Press, 2021), details how participatory design and community engagement can lead to democratically planned, inclusive urban communities. After visiting more than two hundred projects in more than forty cities, we have come to understand that planning, policy, and architectural design should be oriented by local communities and deep engagement with intervention sites. Of course, we are not the first to reach such a conclusion. In many ways, our work builds off contributions made by individuals, including Jane Jacobs, Kevin Lynch, and Christopher Alexander, and such movements as Team 10 and the advocacy architecture movement of the 1960s. Nevertheless, we need to broaden this significant conversation. Importantly, our classroom work has allowed us to better understand how histories often left out of such discussions can inform this new approach. To that end, we have developed community-student partnerships in underserved neighborhoods in cities like Milwaukee and Detroit. Through these connections and their related design-build projects, we have seen how the civil rights movement, immigration narratives, hip-hop culture, and alternative redevelopment histories, such as in urban agriculture, can inform the theory and practice of design. We want to bring these perspectives into dialogue with the mainstream approach to development and design. How does this look and work? Using a case study from the Milwaukee School of Engineering (MSOE) University Scholars Honors Program curriculum, we highlight the redevelopment of Milwaukee's Fondy Park, an effort to create community-centered spaces and programming in an underserved African American community. Lessons include those essential for pedagogy and education, as well as for how these issues are ...

This paper focuses on two exhibitions of architecture and town planning held by Britain in Turkey in the mid-1940s. The use of these exhibitions for propaganda purposes, as well as their reception in the highly politicized context of World War II, requires the study to emphasize the political as well as the professional perspective of the contemporary architectural context. Analyzing why and how these exhibitions were held, and what they displayed as representative of British architecture and town planning, the paper discusses the characteristics of the contemporary discourses and practices of the profession with reference to the national dynamics of each country and their position in the international scene at the dawn of a new era in world history. The aim is to question the relations of power that are conventionally taken to define discursive and practical hierarchies of binary constructs, such as national/international or traditional/modern. Examining the case of the British exhibitions in Turkey, the paper emphasizes instead the necessity of a comparative analysis to evaluate the architectural products in-between or beyond dichotomies as produced in discrete yet interconnected contexts.