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PROMETEA: Artificial Intelligence to Transform Public Organizations
We are going through the Fourth Industrial Revolution that places us in a scenario of profound transformation in what we do and in what we are. This monumental change, in essence, responds to two major intertwined phenomena: 1) the radical mutation of the time and space notions from massive use of (ICT) and 2) new ways of data and information processing within many activities that before could only be done by our brains.Faced with these vertiginous and disruptive scenarios, public institutions are facing multiple risks, challenges and opportunities: How to adapt them when your designis based on an industrial world without internet,digital platforms, social networks, Artificial Intelligence systems and robots? How can one take advantage of the emerging technologies to transform the printed bureaucracy into an authentic digital Government, Administration and Justice transformation? How to take advantage of Artificial Intelligence in order to begin a transition towards an intelligent bureaucracy? How do you alphabetize and create digital and AI competences, so that this whole approach is based on, by and for, improving people's lives? And how to make automation, intelligent assistance and AI predictions, be accompanied by an inclusive approach towards the public worker? In a few fords, the answers to the seand other questions, is crystallized in the four points of the expanded presentation of the Artificial Intelligence system "Prometea" before the Permanent Council of the Organization of American States.
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The global competition for artificial intelligence ; La compétition mondiale de l'intelligence artificielle
The opportunities opened up by artificial intelligence, in particular on its economic and military side, have joined the international ambitions of some countries and precipitated the emergence of a new competition. Sino-American antagonism is now structured around this repertoire of techniques, following separate strategies: a leading model, based on a techno-partidary complex, on the Chinese side, against the American neoliberal model, which establishes the primacy and autonomy of action of major digital firms. ; International audience ; The opportunities opened up by artificial intelligence, in particular on its economic and military side, have joined the international ambitions of some countries and precipitated the emergence of a new competition. Sino-American antagonism is now structured around this repertoire of techniques, following separate strategies: a leading model, based on a techno-partidary complex, on the Chinese side, against the American neoliberal model, which establishes the primacy and autonomy of action of major digital firms. ; Les perspectives ouvertes par l'intelligence artificielle, en particulier sur son versant économique et militaire, ont rejoint les ambitions internationales de certains pays et précipité la naissance d'une nouvelle compétition. L'antagonisme sino-américain se structure désormais autour de ce répertoire de techniques, suivant des stratégies distinctes : un modèle dirigiste, fondé sur un complexe techno-partidaire, côté chinois, face au modèle néolibéral américain, qui institue la primauté et l'autonomie d'action des grandes firmes numériques.
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Is discrimination in artificial intelligence sufficiently regulated? ; La discrimination en intelligence artificielle est-elle suffisamment encadrée ?
Artificial intelligence (AI), and more specifically machine learning, offers new opportunities in several fundamentally different fields (e.g. health, finance, law, construction). This technology is becoming increasingly important in our society and is revolutionizing how we process and use data. However, AI replicates human cognitive biases, some of which can be discriminatory. As a result, its use by the private sector should not be at the expense of the right to equality and privacy. In this essay, we focus on the Canadian and, more specifically, the Quebec legislative framework for the private sector regarding discrimination through the use of AI. We argue that there are gaps in ensuring an effective framework to reduce the risk of discriminative bias (discrimination) when developing AI solutions. We begin our analysis of this framing by taking care to introduce the key concepts to our analysis (i.e. machine learning, cognitive biases, discriminatory biases, and ethical issues). Next, we will present some cases where the use of AI by the private sector has been a failure in terms of discrimination and ethics. We then study the various national and international initiatives to frame AI practices (e.g. the Montreal Declaration). Finally, we propose possible solutions to improve the current Quebec framework to regulate AI practices concerning discrimination. We propose, among other things, to modify the responsibilities and powers of the Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la jeunesse and to add new responsibilities for private companies. ; L'intelligence artificielle (IA), et plus particulièrement l'apprentissage automatique, offre de nouvelles opportunités dans plusieurs domaines fondamentalement différents (p. ex santé, finance, droit, construction). Cette technologie occupe une place grandissante dans notre société et révolutionne les façons de traiter et utiliser des données. Toutefois, l'IA reproduit les biais cognitifs humains, dont certains peuvent être discriminatoires. De ce fait, ...
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The Artificial Intelligence Revolution in Autonomy ; La révolution de l'Intelligence artificielle (IA) en autonomie
International audience ; The adjective autonomous is increasingly used in the engineering sector to refer to machines whose behaviour is both unpredictable and efficient. For example, we now talk about cars, robots, weapons, or even autonomous agents. These are regularly in the news because of their novelty and, above all, because of the anxiety they arouse: it is feared that they will emancipate themselves from the guardianship of the men who created them and turn against them. As an illustration, we read in the newspapers that autonomous cars will likely be programmed to sacrifice the lives of their passengers in order to save the lives of the more numerous passers-by who cross at the green light. In a similar but even more worrying vein, open letters signed by tens of thousands of people are calling for a moratorium on autonomous weapons, which are considered to be the third great revolution in the art of warfare after gunpowder and the atomic bomb; in response to this fear, on 12 September 2018 the European Parliament passed a resolution calling on the European governments to take a common position to regulate, or even ban, autonomous weapons. All this leads to clarifying what the concept of autonomy means in the technology and in philosophy. ; L'adjectif autonome est de plus en plus souvent employé dans le secteur de l'ingénierie pour désigner des machines dont le comportement se révèle à la fois imprédictible et efficace. Ainsi, parle-ton aujourd'hui de voitures, de robots, d'armes ou même d'agents autonomes. Ceux-ci défraient régulièrement la chronique par leur nouveauté et surtout par l'inquiétude qu'ils suscitent : on craint qu'ils s'émancipent de la tutelle des hommes qui les ont créés et se retournent contre eux. À titre d'illustration, on lit dans les journaux que les voitures autonomes seront vraisemblablement programmées pour sacrifier la vie de leurs passagers afin de sauver celles des passants, plus nombreux, qui traversent malencontreusement au feu vert. Dans un ordre d'idées analogue, mais plus ...
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The Artificial Intelligence Revolution in Autonomy ; La révolution de l'Intelligence artificielle (IA) en autonomie
International audience ; The adjective autonomous is increasingly used in the engineering sector to refer to machines whose behaviour is both unpredictable and efficient. For example, we now talk about cars, robots, weapons, or even autonomous agents. These are regularly in the news because of their novelty and, above all, because of the anxiety they arouse: it is feared that they will emancipate themselves from the guardianship of the men who created them and turn against them. As an illustration, we read in the newspapers that autonomous cars will likely be programmed to sacrifice the lives of their passengers in order to save the lives of the more numerous passers-by who cross at the green light. In a similar but even more worrying vein, open letters signed by tens of thousands of people are calling for a moratorium on autonomous weapons, which are considered to be the third great revolution in the art of warfare after gunpowder and the atomic bomb; in response to this fear, on 12 September 2018 the European Parliament passed a resolution calling on the European governments to take a common position to regulate, or even ban, autonomous weapons. All this leads to clarifying what the concept of autonomy means in the technology and in philosophy. ; L'adjectif autonome est de plus en plus souvent employé dans le secteur de l'ingénierie pour désigner des machines dont le comportement se révèle à la fois imprédictible et efficace. Ainsi, parle-ton aujourd'hui de voitures, de robots, d'armes ou même d'agents autonomes. Ceux-ci défraient régulièrement la chronique par leur nouveauté et surtout par l'inquiétude qu'ils suscitent : on craint qu'ils s'émancipent de la tutelle des hommes qui les ont créés et se retournent contre eux. À titre d'illustration, on lit dans les journaux que les voitures autonomes seront vraisemblablement programmées pour sacrifier la vie de leurs passagers afin de sauver celles des passants, plus nombreux, qui traversent malencontreusement au feu vert. Dans un ordre d'idées analogue, mais plus ...
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The dialectic artificial intelligence (AI) versus democratic game. Results of a Qualimetric Research. ; La dialectique intelligence artificielle (IA) versus jeu démocratique. Résultats d'une recherche qualimétrique
The idea of this research and to be able to question the impact of the evolution of the artificial intelligence on our society and our democratic practices. Generational, societal, technological, and political developments are intermingled and progressing at unequal rates. The areas of power are shifting and the uses of technology become unavoidable. We have seen that a change of algorithm in the selection of information put forward by some social media could lead to a form of withdrawal or control that could lead to the spread of fake news, virtual communities going as far as possible amplification of social movements putting at risk classical republican leadership (French social episode called "Yellow Vests"). With the speed with which big data and artificial intelligence are evolving, the phenomenon of data control has become both an economic and a political issue. Fine knowledge will lead to influence and therefore to power. This questions the disappearance of the notion of secrecy, intimacy, free will, individual freedoms and by extension our vision of democracy. At this stage, several questions are pending: • To what extent can the evolution of artificial intelligence interrogate the democratic game? What organization should be put in place to monitor these developments and the potential influences on French citizens? • How to ensure an ethic of data use? • If a system knows me better than me, will it be possible to choose the candidate that suits me best at the time of the vote? • IF this is the case, will the concept of voting still be useful? • How could institutions be managed in a world full of artificial intelligence? • How can we ensure complementarity between the IA and the political institutions to move towards socially responsible management that improves the relationship to our democratic practices? ; L'idée de cette recherche et de pouvoir s'interroger sur l'impact de l'évolution de l'intelligence artificielle sur la société et les pratiques démocratiques. Les évolutions générationnelles, ...
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These words that Macron borrows from Sarkozy. Discourse and Artificial Intelligence ; Ces mots que Macron emprunte à Sarkozy. Discours et intelligence artificielle
International audience ; La logométrie et l'Intelligence artificielle (deep learning) appliquées aux textes politiques permettent de repérer dans le discours d'Emmanuel Macron les emprunts linguistiques qu'il contracte auprès de ses prédécesseurs à l'Elysée (de Gaulle, Pompidou, Giscard, Mitterrand, Chirac, Sarkozy et Hollande). Les emprunts les plus importants, lexicaux autour de la valeur travail et énonciatifs autour de l'exhibition du « je » et du « je veux », concernent statistiquement Nicolas Sarkozy.
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These words that Macron borrows from Sarkozy. Discourse and Artificial Intelligence ; Ces mots que Macron emprunte à Sarkozy. Discours et intelligence artificielle
International audience ; La logométrie et l'Intelligence artificielle (deep learning) appliquées aux textes politiques permettent de repérer dans le discours d'Emmanuel Macron les emprunts linguistiques qu'il contracte auprès de ses prédécesseurs à l'Elysée (de Gaulle, Pompidou, Giscard, Mitterrand, Chirac, Sarkozy et Hollande). Les emprunts les plus importants, lexicaux autour de la valeur travail et énonciatifs autour de l'exhibition du « je » et du « je veux », concernent statistiquement Nicolas Sarkozy.
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The right in datas: how artificial intelligence reshapes the legal world ; Le droit en datas : comment l'intelligence artificielle redessine le monde juridique
If the law grasps artificial intelligence, in order to frame its progress and limit its abuses, it is even more true that artificial intelligence grasps the law. It is remodulating it, but this new legal world, which appears, is still unclear. Artificial intelligence changes both legal professions and markets, lawyers' methods and the standards they apply or study. The influence of algorithms on the law is such that most lawyers are (or will soon be) affected and thus affected by the new 'laws' produced by automated data processing. ; International audience ; If the law grasps artificial intelligence, in order to frame its progress and limit its abuses, it is even more true that artificial intelligence grasps the law. It is remodulating it, but this new legal world, which appears, is still unclear. Artificial intelligence changes both legal professions and markets, lawyers' methods and the standards they apply or study. The influence of algorithms on the law is such that most lawyers are (or will soon be) affected and thus affected by the new 'laws' produced by automated data processing. ; Si le droit saisit l'intelligence artificielle, afin d'encadrer son progrès et limiter ses dérives, il est encore plus vrai que l'intelligence artificielle saisit le droit. Elle le remodèle, le redessine, mais ce nouveau monde juridique qui apparaît présente des contours encore flous. L'intelligence artificielle change à la fois les métiers et les marchés du droit, les méthodes des juristes et les normes qu'ils appliquent ou étudient. L'influence des algorithmes sur le droit est telle que la plupart des juristes sont (ou seront bientôt) touchés et donc concernés par les nouvelles « lois » produites par les traitements automatisés de données.
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[E-health and "Cancer outside the hospital walls", Big Data and artificial intelligence]. ; Santé numérique et « cancer hors les murs », Big Data et intelligence artificielle
International audience ; To heal otherwise in oncology has become an imperative of Public Health and an economic imperative in France. Patients can therefore receive live most of their care outside of hospital with more ambulatory care. This ambulatory shift will benefit from the digital revolution and the development of digital health or e-health. Cancer research will also benefit with Big Data and artificial intelligence, which gather and analyze a huge amount of data. In this synthesis, we describe the different e-health tools and their potential impacts in oncology, at the levels of education and information of patients and caregivers, prevention, screening and diagnosis, treatment, follow-up, and research. A few randomized studies have already demonstrated clinical benefits. Large Big Data projects such as ConSoRe and Health Data Hub have been launched in France. We also discuss the issues and limitations of "cancer outside the hospital walls and e-health" from the point of view of patients, health care professionals, health facilities and government. This new organization will have to provide remote support "outside the walls" with care and follow-up of quality, continuous and prolonged in total safety and equity. Ongoing and future randomized clinical trials will need to definitively demonstrate areas of interest, advantages and drawbacks not only for patients, but also for caregivers, health facilities and governments. ; Soigner autrement en Cancérologie est devenu un impératif de Santé Publique et un impératif économique en France. Aujourd'hui, les patients peuvent vivre l'essentiel de leurs soins hors des murs de l'hôpital avec une prise en charge de plus en plus ambulatoire. Ce virage ambulatoire va bénéficier de la révolution numérique et du développement de la santé numérique ou e-santé. La recherche va également en bénéficier avec le Big Data et l'intelligence artificielle qui collectent en réseau et analysent une masse de données considérable. Dans cette Synthèse, nous décrivons les différents ...
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[E-health and "Cancer outside the hospital walls", Big Data and artificial intelligence]. ; Santé numérique et « cancer hors les murs », Big Data et intelligence artificielle
International audience ; To heal otherwise in oncology has become an imperative of Public Health and an economic imperative in France. Patients can therefore receive live most of their care outside of hospital with more ambulatory care. This ambulatory shift will benefit from the digital revolution and the development of digital health or e-health. Cancer research will also benefit with Big Data and artificial intelligence, which gather and analyze a huge amount of data. In this synthesis, we describe the different e-health tools and their potential impacts in oncology, at the levels of education and information of patients and caregivers, prevention, screening and diagnosis, treatment, follow-up, and research. A few randomized studies have already demonstrated clinical benefits. Large Big Data projects such as ConSoRe and Health Data Hub have been launched in France. We also discuss the issues and limitations of "cancer outside the hospital walls and e-health" from the point of view of patients, health care professionals, health facilities and government. This new organization will have to provide remote support "outside the walls" with care and follow-up of quality, continuous and prolonged in total safety and equity. Ongoing and future randomized clinical trials will need to definitively demonstrate areas of interest, advantages and drawbacks not only for patients, but also for caregivers, health facilities and governments. ; Soigner autrement en Cancérologie est devenu un impératif de Santé Publique et un impératif économique en France. Aujourd'hui, les patients peuvent vivre l'essentiel de leurs soins hors des murs de l'hôpital avec une prise en charge de plus en plus ambulatoire. Ce virage ambulatoire va bénéficier de la révolution numérique et du développement de la santé numérique ou e-santé. La recherche va également en bénéficier avec le Big Data et l'intelligence artificielle qui collectent en réseau et analysent une masse de données considérable. Dans cette Synthèse, nous décrivons les différents ...
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Machines to produce of the economic futures : a multi-situated ethnography of artificial intelligences in the big data era ; Des machines à produire des futurs économiques : sociologie des intelligences artificielles marchandes à l'ère du big data
The majority of experts agree to say that the big data is a rupture. Maybe are they right. But this rupture is not really material, nor even organizational. It has already been a long time that the big web actors daily exploring and exploiting the big data. If revolution there is, it is happening elsewhere, at the periphery of the great disruption that depict most of big data promoters. To being aware of, simply ask the following question: pointing the revolutionary nature of big data and devices are provided to treat, what these actors are they doing? They are preparing a massive integration of artificial intelligences within the various spheres of society. If there is a rupture, it is therefore rather here: in this movement that we know today and which consists, for a great diversity of socioeconomic actors, to appropriate of the calculation agents that are increasingly autonomous and powerful. So in order to better understand the issues of this democratization, we propose in this thesis to study the case of machines to produce of the economic futures: what is their role within the socio-technical collectives that compose the markets? To answer this question, we will draw on a multi-situated ethnography we conducted from 2012 to 2015 according to a posture situated at the intersection of market, science and technology sociologies. Specifically, we will be mobilizing a corpus of archives and an important investigative material collected from several professionals, companies and salons to discuss the design and operation of these machines to predict merchant futures. We will see at the level of design environment, these machines are interesting in so far as they generally have a local intelligence that has to happen, in the present, of futures allowing to optimize the economic interests of those that implement. Starting from a series of studies and experimentations dealing with the use of a recommendation agent, we will show that this intelligence is debatable because it may entail of considerable ambivalences ...
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Machines to produce of the economic futures : a multi-situated ethnography of artificial intelligences in the big data era ; Des machines à produire des futurs économiques : sociologie des intelligences artificielles marchandes à l'ère du big data
The majority of experts agree to say that the big data is a rupture. Maybe are they right. But this rupture is not really material, nor even organizational. It has already been a long time that the big web actors daily exploring and exploiting the big data. If revolution there is, it is happening elsewhere, at the periphery of the great disruption that depict most of big data promoters. To being aware of, simply ask the following question: pointing the revolutionary nature of big data and devices are provided to treat, what these actors are they doing? They are preparing a massive integration of artificial intelligences within the various spheres of society. If there is a rupture, it is therefore rather here: in this movement that we know today and which consists, for a great diversity of socioeconomic actors, to appropriate of the calculation agents that are increasingly autonomous and powerful. So in order to better understand the issues of this democratization, we propose in this thesis to study the case of machines to produce of the economic futures: what is their role within the socio-technical collectives that compose the markets? To answer this question, we will draw on a multi-situated ethnography we conducted from 2012 to 2015 according to a posture situated at the intersection of market, science and technology sociologies. Specifically, we will be mobilizing a corpus of archives and an important investigative material collected from several professionals, companies and salons to discuss the design and operation of these machines to predict merchant futures. We will see at the level of design environment, these machines are interesting in so far as they generally have a local intelligence that has to happen, in the present, of futures allowing to optimize the economic interests of those that implement. Starting from a series of studies and experimentations dealing with the use of a recommendation agent, we will show that this intelligence is debatable because it may entail of considerable ambivalences ...
BASE
[E-health and "Cancer outside the hospital walls", Big Data and artificial intelligence]. ; Santé numérique et « cancer hors les murs », Big Data et intelligence artificielle
International audience ; To heal otherwise in oncology has become an imperative of Public Health and an economic imperative in France. Patients can therefore receive live most of their care outside of hospital with more ambulatory care. This ambulatory shift will benefit from the digital revolution and the development of digital health or e-health. Cancer research will also benefit with Big Data and artificial intelligence, which gather and analyze a huge amount of data. In this synthesis, we describe the different e-health tools and their potential impacts in oncology, at the levels of education and information of patients and caregivers, prevention, screening and diagnosis, treatment, follow-up, and research. A few randomized studies have already demonstrated clinical benefits. Large Big Data projects such as ConSoRe and Health Data Hub have been launched in France. We also discuss the issues and limitations of "cancer outside the hospital walls and e-health" from the point of view of patients, health care professionals, health facilities and government. This new organization will have to provide remote support "outside the walls" with care and follow-up of quality, continuous and prolonged in total safety and equity. Ongoing and future randomized clinical trials will need to definitively demonstrate areas of interest, advantages and drawbacks not only for patients, but also for caregivers, health facilities and governments. ; Soigner autrement en Cancérologie est devenu un impératif de Santé Publique et un impératif économique en France. Aujourd'hui, les patients peuvent vivre l'essentiel de leurs soins hors des murs de l'hôpital avec une prise en charge de plus en plus ambulatoire. Ce virage ambulatoire va bénéficier de la révolution numérique et du développement de la santé numérique ou e-santé. La recherche va également en bénéficier avec le Big Data et l'intelligence artificielle qui collectent en réseau et analysent une masse de données considérable. Dans cette Synthèse, nous décrivons les différents outils d'e-santé et leurs impacts potentiels en Cancérologie aux niveaux de l'éducation et l'information des patients et soignants, la prévention, le dépistage et le diagnostic, le suivi sous traitement, la surveillance et la recherche. Quelques études randomisées ont déjà démontré le bénéfice clinique. Des gros projets de Big Data tels que ConSoRe et Health Data Hub ont été mis en place en France. Nous discutons les enjeux et les limites du « cancer hors les murs et e-santé » du point de vue des patients, des professionnels de la santé, des établissements de santé et des pouvoirs publics. Cette nouvelle organisation devra permettre un accompagnement à distance « hors des murs » assurant soins et suivi de qualité, continus et prolongés en toute sécurité et équité. Les essais cliniques randomisés en cours et futurs devront démontrer de manière définitive les domaines d'intérêt, les avantages et inconvénients non seulement pour les patients, mais également pour les soignants, les établissements de santé et les pouvoirs publics.
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