Suchergebnisse

Rad istražuje suprotstavljenost geostrategija i geoekonomija u Središnjoj Aziji i regiji Kaspijskog jezera. Regije imaju stratešku važnost kad su posrijedi zalihe nafte i plina, koje predstavljaju i ugrozu regionalnoj sigurnosti. Nakon stoljeća ruske dominacije Središnja Azija postala je regijom s pet neovisnih država. Ruski je utjecaj u devedesetima oslabio; postupno se vratio, no dobio je suparnike. SAD i NR Kina počeli su natjecanje za zalihe nafte i plina u Središnjoj Aziji i regiji Kaspijskog jezera. Prisutnost SAD-a u Iraku i Afganistanu, vojne baze SAD-a, ruska prisutnost i vojne baze, rastući utjecaj Kine, blizina Irana i Turske regiji te vojna i ekonomska savezništva pokazuju da je Središnja Azija predmet suparništva velikih sila. Ravnoteža snaga, nestabilnost i borba za kontrolu nad zalihama nafte i plina znače da je počela nova "velika igra". ; The paper studies rivalry of geostrategies and geoeconomies in Central Asia and the Caspian Sea region. These regions have strategic value, particularly considering oil and gas reserves, which also represent a peril to the regional security. After centuries of Russian dominance, Central Asia became a region with five independent states. The Russian influence declined in the 1990s, only to return gradually, but its rivals have shown up. The USA and China started a quest for Central Asian and Caspian Sea oil and gas. The US presence in Iraq, the US and NATO's presence in Afghanistan, US military bases, Russian presence and military bases, China's rising influence, Iran's and Turkey's proximity to the region, and military and economic alliances, show that Central Asia is an arena of great power rivalry. The balance of power, instability and struggle for control over oil and gas reserves mean that the new Great Game has started.

The author describes historical & contemporary geopolitical position of the Black Sea region. Up to the present times the primary significance of the region has lain in its trade routes & other transit communications that connect Europe, the Middle East & Asia. Having such geografic position the region has been an interest sphere of great powers & regional states & conquerors. Today most of states of the Black Sea region are economically poor, have unstable political systems & burdened with constant & potential explosive problems. References. Adapted from the source document.

The author explores the operational capability of the European defense policy in the last 3 years. From the creation & adoption of the European Security Strategy, the European Union has made several specific steps in the development of the European Security & Defence Policy. Despite the disagreements with the United States about Iraq & the internal divisions in the "New & Old Europe" EU has shown the ability to set new military & civilian goals, make a small, but effective battle group concept for crisis management & conflict prevention as well as the European Defense Agency. The author also describes the main operations & missions of EU in the world, ranging from the Balkans & Africa to the Middle East & Eastern Asia. Finally, the paper analyses the Constitution for Europe & the articles concerning ESDP. References. Adapted from the source document.

Predmet ovoga rada su dvije iznimne pozlaćene srebrne pojasne kopče s mitološkim prizorima Bakha, Pana i jedne menade, koje su navodno pronađene u okolici Zaječara, najvjerojatnije u području rimskoga središta ROMULIANA. Izvrsna usporedba za kopču dolazi odnekle iz "Male Azije", s prizorima Apolona i Dafne, kao i lovačkim prizorima koji možda prikazuju Belerofonta i Himeru. Obje su kopče bile vezane uz najviše vojne činove u kasnoantičkom društvu, a vjerojatno su proizvedene u istočnim radionicama, možda u Konstantinopolu. Prisutnost obje kopče potvrđuje istaknutu ulogu tog istočnoga dijela Rimskoga Carstva, kao i Romuliane, u razdoblju oko 400. godine. ; The article deals with two extraordinary gilded silver belt buckles with mythological scenes representing Bacchus, Pan, and a Maenad, reportedly found in the surroundings of Zaječar, most likely in the area of the Roman centre of ROMULIANA. The belt buckles have an excellent parallel from somewhere in "Asia Minor" with scenes of Apollo and Daphne, as well as hunting scenes, perhaps displaying Bellerophon and Chimera. Both belt buckles were associated with the highest military rank of Late Roman society, and probably produced in eastern workshops, perhaps in Constantinople. The presence of both belt buckles confirms the prominent role of this eastern part of the Roman Empire, and of Romuliana, in the period around 400 AD.

Migracije su fenomen koji se proteže kroz cijelu ljudsku povijest; one predstavljaju potrebu i nužnost. Brojni su push and pull uzročni faktori. Suvremene masovne migracije pretežno su obilježene premještanjem ljudi koji, u kombinaciji bijega od ratnih sukoba, disfunkcionalnih sustava upravljanja, klimatskih promjena i neimaštine, nastoje stići do sigurnijih i ekonomski razvijenih zemalja. Premda se većina trenutačne svjetske populacije migranata nalazi u državama Azije i Afrike, najveća pozornost posvećena je situacijama u kojima manje skupine pokušavaju dospjeti do država Europske unije, Australije ili primjerice SAD-a. Premda su ulazne migracije nužnost spomenutih zemalja, one nisu spremne za velike priljeve migranata, već navedeno žele projektirano odraditi kroz duže razdoblje. U tu svrhu razvijaju brojne politike, mjere i mehanizme, koji su predmet analize ovoga rada. Rad se posebno bavi kontekstom stvaranja i usporedbom migracijskih politika i postupaka Europske unije i Australije, njihovim sličnostima i razlikama. ; Migration is a phenomenon present throughout human history, as a need and a necessity. There are numerous push and pull factors which cause it. Modern mass migration is mostly marked as "relocating people who in combination with escape from war, dysfunctional management systems, climate change and poverty try to reach safer and economically developed countries". Although most of the current world population of migrants is located in countries of Asia and Africa, the greatest attention was paid to cases where small groups are trying to reach the European Union countries, Australia or the USA. Though in-migration is a necessity in these countries, they are not ready for large inflows of migrants and they want this process to unwind during a longer period of time. For this purpose, they develop a number of policies, measures and mechanisms, which are also the subject of analysis in this paper. This research is especially focused on the context of creation and comparison of the migration policy and procedures of the European Union and Australia, their similarities and differences.

Migracijska kretanja su konstanta ljudske povijesti, bilo da se radi o dobrovoljnim ili prisilnim migracijama. No,s prijelaza s 2015. na 2016. godinu, Europa se suočila s izbjegličkom krizom koja je uzrokovana dugogodišnjim tranzicijskim procesima na Bliskom istoku i sjevernoj Africi. Ti su tranzicijski procesi uzrokovali građanski rat u Siriji i Libiji, ali i stvorili ogromnu nestabilnost u susjednim državama. Veliki broj migranata s područja Bliskog istoka, Afrike i Azije je krenuo prema Europi, a cilj im je bio stići u najrazvijenije zemlje Europe, Njemačku, Švedsku, Norvešku i druge. Na putu koji se proteže preko Turske i Grčke pa sve do Švedske, našle su se i države koje su svoju samostalnost stekle dezintegracijom Jugoslavije. Neke od država nastalih raspadom Jugoslavije su članice Europske unije i NATO pakta, no to im nije olakšalo suočavanje s izbjegličkom krizom, iako su one, u većini slučajeva, samo tranzitne zemlje. Nedostatak sredstava, slaba koordinacija, manjak institucionalnih kapaciteta i problemi s drugim državama samo su neki od izazova s kojima su se ove države suočile. Upravo zbog svih navedenih problema ovaj rad se bavi komparacijom migracijskih politika država nastalih raspadom Jugoslavije, i to ne samo onih koje se nalaze na Balkanskoj ruti, već i Crne Gore i Bosne i Hercegovine. ; Migration movements have been a constant feature of human history, wheather voluntary or forced. However, in the late 2015 Europe was faced with refugee crisis caused by long – term transition process in Middle East and North Africa. That transition process caused Civil war in Syria and Libya and instability in neighboring countries. A huge number of migrants from Middle East, Africa and Asia headed to Europe with the aim to reach most developed countries: Germany, Sweden, Norway etc. Countries which gained their independence with desintergration of Yugoslavia can be found on the path from Turkey and Greece towards countries as far as Sweden. Althought some of the states that have been createdafter the ...

The author analyzes the process of democratization of international relations & the future configuration of international order following the end of the era of bipolar confrontation & the establishment of cooperation in a world that has witnessed changes in the key actors' roles regarding their approach to the resolution of the post-Cold-War crises that jeopardize the world's peace & stability. First, the author provides a short outline of the genesis of the evolution of US foreign policy, from the end of WWII to the beginning of the Cold War & the formation of NATO. He points out that today's agenda of the international order, its structures, interventionism, & use of force in achieving political objectives, were already shaped at that time. The suggestions put forward constituted the framework & foundation for world politics until the late 1980s; the cumulative effect of these responses on today's attempts at solving post-Cold-War crises enables us to evaluate the roles & behavior of individual actors in the resolution of the Kosovo crisis. The maintenance of peace & stability in the post-Cold-War world in the circumstances of cooperation & partnership requires an appropriate approach & manner of resolving the crises triggered off by the collapse of communist federations. Imperial policies & regimes must be eliminated, while the processes of geopolitical consolidation & the creation of independent & sovereign states in Central & Eastern Europe (& in Euro-Asia on the whole), built around democratic & market principles, must be wrapped up. The new political leaders (mostly leftist) in the countries that for 50+ years (& now through the Kosovo crisis) have been developing the transatlantic alliance within the military-political framework of NATO (based on the same values, principles, & goals), are now developing appropriate strategies for the post-Cold-War hotspots (based on cumulative experience). 25 References. Adapted from the source document.

Domaća politička dinamika, razjedinjenost i preusmjereni prioriteti EU-a, kao i smanjenje geostrateške uloge u NATO-u potaknuli su Tursku na to da se okrene prema novome političkom modelu u kojemu u vanjskoj politici potpuno prevladavaju suženi nacionalni interesi. Potraga za fleksibilnim savezništvima sa zapadnim suparnicima iznjedrila je odnose koji su više transakcijske prirode. Turska, naime, drži kako su njezine tradicionalne veze sa zapadnim svijetom neravnopravne te povremeno čak štete njezinim interesima. Odnosi Ankare sa SAD-om i EU-om nikada nisu bili na visokoj razini, od čega je Rusija oduvijek imala najveću korist. U tursko-ruskom "braku iz koristi" Rusija je uvelike moćniji partner pa Turska neprekidno teži važnijoj ulozi na Bliskom istoku, Balkanu, Kavkazu, u Srednjoj Aziji i nekim dijelovima Afrike. U želji za povećanjem svojeg utjecaja na tim područjima, ona se služi svim raspoloživim sredstvima. S obzirom na svoje ambiciozno vodstvo, kooperativna gospodarska politika postala je isključivija i usredotočena na smanjenje sigurnosnih prijetnji. Zbog svega toga zemlja je suočena s brojnim akterima na različitim razinama, uključujući i globalne "teškaše". ; Following domestic political dynamics, disunity and redirected priorities of the EU and decreasing in its NATO geostrategic role, Turkey turned to new policy norm where narrowed national interests gained absolute dominance in foreign relations. The ensuing quest for flexible alliances with Western rivals has generated more transactional and compartmentalized relationships with Western powers as Turkey considers its traditional ties with them as unequal and at times unfavorable to its interests. From historic low points in relations with US and EU, more often benefits Russia as a more powerful partner in 'marriage of convenience' with Turkey. Turkey in regions as Middle East, Balkan, Caucasus, Central Asia and some part of Africa, aims for a larger role and persistently builds its capacity to influence events. The ambitious leadership and the transformation of the cooperative and economically based Turkish policy to one more exclusive and security-oriented, confronted Turkey with a myriad of actors of various scales including global heavyweights.

Rad predstavlja pokušaj da se prikažu brojne nepravilnosti u provođenju UNICEF-ova Programa automobila i drugih prijevoznih sredstava u FNRJ. Zloupotreba voznog parka Međunarodnog dječjeg fonda usporila je razvoj nedovoljno izgrađene zdravstvene službe. "Problemi" u distribuciji roba i provođenju usluga posredno su se odrazili na zdravstveno zbrinjavanje najugroženijih kategorija stanovništva u Jugoslaviji po okončanju Drugog svjetskog rata. ; An analysis of the introduction of the UNICEF (United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund) program concerning automobiles and other vehicles in Yugoslavia in the period from 1948 to 1954 reveals a number of injustices and misuses which significantly reduced the real value of one of the most expensive programs UNICEF administered in Yugoslavia, ultimately hurting the state as well as the users of the insufficiently supplied health services. Representatives of the government, the police, the military, as well as leaders of organizations misused the vehicles which they obtained from UNICEF. It is apparent that representatives of the government, who were organized according to the principle of political loyalty, did not pay sufficient attention to the problem of allocating UNICEF's services of resources. More care was shown only in cases when clear warnings were given that further aid would be terminated. In all other cases, a clear lack of care and disregard was shown toward the precious help provided by UNICEF, while its automobile compound was treated as property of the state. Later UNICEF introduced stricter policies regarding the distribution of vehicles, because it realized that the Yugoslav side was using the resources distributed for other purposes than those for which they were intended. Besides this, ten years after the end of the Second World War the situation in Europe had improved to a significant degree, meanwhile new crisis areas requiring UNICEF's attention had appeared in Asia, Africa, and South America. This change in UNICEF policies created a number of problems for the Yugoslavian government in terms of future cooperation with the UN organization, that is, the Yugoslavians had to pay far greater care and attention to the distribution of services and resources offered by UNICEF.

Tržište energetskih mineralnih sirovina predstavlja kompleksne odnose ponude i potražnje dobara koje ovise o velikome broju čimbenika i rizika koje nose sa sobom. Rizici koji se pojavljuju mogu se podijeliti na tehnološke, ekonomske, političke, geopolitičke i druge. Tehnološki rizici mogu se javiti u svim segmentima poslovanja od istraživanja do transporta. Energetski ekonomski rizici uključuju moguće gubitke zbog, primjerice, pada cijena sirove nafte, porasta troškova za eksploataciju nafte, požara u rafineriji i sl. Osim energetskih ekonomskih rizika u obzir je potrebno uzeti i financijske rizike. Financijski rizici odnose se na moguće gubitke zbog promjena vrijednosti financijske imovine koju su izdale energetske kompanije, a mogu se podijeliti na: tržišni rizik, kreditni rizik, rizik likvidnosti, operativni rizik i pravni rizik. Zbog velike promjenjivosti cijena energije energetske kompanije rizike eliminiraju ili smanjuju na najmanju moguću mjeru energetskim financijskim derivatima, i to terminskim ugovorima te opcijama. Specifičnosti energetskih tržišta leže u nerazmjernoj geografskoj distribuciji rezervi energenata i eksploatacije s jedne te potrošnje energenata s druge strane. Tržišta nafte u svijetu, iako su zbog trgovine određenim markerima geografski lokalizirana, čine jedinstveno globalno tržište nafte sa sve manjim cjenovnim razlikama ponajprije zbog transportnih mogućnosti dobave nafte. Razvojem tehnologije ukapljivanja plina (UPP) sve je veći pritisak i na plinska tržišta i njihovu integraciju u globalno tržište, što je jedna od trenutačnih inicijativa unutar EU-a, iako su još uvijek znatne cjenovne razlike na pojedinim plinskim tržištima u svijetu (Sjedinjene Američke Države, Jugoistočna Azija). Razvoj globalnih energetskih tržišta omogućen je razvojem trgovine terminskih i opcijskih ugovora za trgovinu energentima koji su zamijenili prethodne bilateralne dogovore o kupoprodaji energenata između proizvođača i potrošača. Terminski su ugovori standardizirani ugovori kojima kupac pristaje kupiti određenu količinu robe (npr. sirove nafte) po određenoj cijeni s isporukom na neki datum u budućnosti. Prednosti su terminskih tržišta cjenovna transparentnost i informacije oko očekivanih cijena proizvoda. Opcijski ugovor sporazum je između prodavača i kupca koji kupcu ugovora daje pravo na kupnju ili prodaju određene robe po određenoj cijeni u budućnosti. Cijenu opcije određuje cijena temeljne imovine, cijena iskorištenja, rizik imovine, vrijeme dospijeća te kamatna stopa. Kupci i prodavači mogu upravljati rizikom promjene cijene kupnjom ili prodajom terminskih i opcijskih ugovora. Rizik se može potpuno eliminirati, ograničiti ili se katkad može preuzeti neuobičajeno velik rizik, za neku naknadu, što omogućuju terminska i opcijska tržišta koja su analizirana u radu kao i strategije trgovanja na njima. ; Energy mineral resources markets are represented by complex supply and demand ratios which are depending on different factors such as technical (transport) and geopolitical. The main specific of energy markets is represented by an uneven geographic distribution of hydrocarbon reserves and exploration on one hand and energy consumption on the other. World oil markets, although geographically localized, because of specific market trade, represent unique global market with decreasing price difference. Price differences are result of development of a transport possibilities of oil supply. Development of transport routes of natural gas and increasing number of liquefied natural gas terminals in the world give pressure to natural gas market and its integration into global gas market. Integration of regional gas markets into a common European gas market is main energy policy of EU concerning natural gas. On the other hand, there are still significant price differences on some markets (e.g. United States of America - South East Asia). Development of global energy markets is enabled by development of a futures and options contracts of an energy trade which have replaced bilateral contract deals between producers and consumers. Futures contracts are standardized contracts traded on exchanges. Buyer agrees to buy certain quantity of stock for an agreed upon price and with some future delivery date. Option is a contract which gives a buyer the option of the right to buy (or sell, depending on the option) an asset at predetermined price and at a later date. Stocks price risk can be managed with the purchase and selling futures and options contracts. This paper deals with futures and options energy markets and their market strategies.