Suchergebnisse

The relationship between Brazil & the European Union has been hostage to the EU-Mercosul relations & the negotiations on the association agreement between the two regional multilateral institutions. However, the European Commission has recognized that relations with Brazil are especially relevant & thus moved to support the first EU-Brazil summit. This summit, convened by the Portuguese Presidency, has established a strategic partnership with Brazil & also bolstered the bilateral relations between Portugal & Brazil. Adapted from the source document.

The relationship between Mercosul and the European Union has entered a new stage with the signing of the Interregional Framework Agreement and the Joint Political Declaration in December 1995. The basic goals of these two documents are to strengthen bilateral relations and to create adequate conditions for an Interregional Association of political and economic nature. While the Interregional Association is a long-term goal, the two regions are aiming towards a partnership based on their historical ties and cultural identities, as well as on the mutual interests of their respective members. (Polit Externa/DÜI)

Portugal negotiated a Common Market trade agreement in 1972 & joined the EEC in 1986. Less known are the attempts to negotiate EEC association status in 1962 & in 1970. The decisive factor in determining an active role in European integration was to guarantee economic development &, thereby, social stability & the survival of the Estado Novo dictatorship. During the period studied, & indeed from 1945 onwards, no creditable development policy alternatives to active links with Europe were seriously put forward, & the colonies were not a rival policy option, but a subordinate policy option to Europe. The article also argues that the autocratic & colonialist Salazar & Caetano governments, as well as the democratically elected governments after 1974, adopted similar European policy options -- seeking future membership of the Common Market. It concludes that Portugal's post-war European integration policy was similar to other British-led OEEC members that initially rejected the political objectives of the Common Market but for economic reasons -- &, in the case of Portugal, after 1974, also for political reasons -- eventually became members. References. Adapted from the source document.

This study aimed to analyze the nutritional composition of bisnaguinha, a type of bread for the children's segment, and to compare the results with the nutritional information on the label and with current legislation. Six brands of breads were analyzed in relation to protein, fat, fiber, carbohydrates, moisture, ash, sodium and calories, following the methods of Adolfo Lutz and the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. The results were compared with the values in the nutritional labeling of packages and the tolerance of 20% recommended by the Brazilian Resolution number 360 of the National Health Supervision Agency, classifying the breads in agreement or not with the law. Of the six brands of bisnaguinha analyzed, all were in disagreement with the current legislation, because they presented nutrients that were not in compliance with the 20% established by the legislation. ; O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar a composição nutricional dos pães do tipo bisnaguinha destinados ao público infantil, comparar os resultados com a informação nutricional contida no rótulo e com a legislação vigente. Foram analisadas seis marcas de pães, em relação aos teores de proteína, gordura, fibras, carboidrato, umidade, cinzas, sódio e valor calórico, seguindo os métodos do Adolfo Lutz e da Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Os resultados encontrados foram comparados com os valores apresentados na rotulagem nutricional das embalagens e com a tolerância de 20% preconizada pela Resolução da Diretoria Colegiada no 360 da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, classificando os pães de acordo ou não com a legislação vigente. Das seis marcas de pães do tipo bisnaguinha analisadas, todas estavam em desacordo com a legislação vigente, pois apresentaram nutrientes em desacordo com os 20% estabelecidos pela legislação.

Introdução: Durante a pandemia do COVID-19, várias atividades foram adaptadas a esse novo e desafiador cenário, envolvendo novas medidas de segurança e estratégias de isolamento social. Os esportes profissionais, por serem capazes de promover aglomerações, também tiveram suas competições suspensas ou adiadas. Entretanto, como a situação durou mais que o previsto inicialmente, os campeonatos foram retomados com adaptações. Para que isso ocorresse da forma mais segura possível, tornou-se fundamental a criação de protocolos efetivos e em consonância com as diretrizes médicas. Objetivo: Comparar os protocolos divulgados pelas organizações e ligas de esportes profissionais, bem como apontar possíveis contribuições da medicina, em especial, a esportiva em um cenário de pandemia de COVID-19. Metodologia: Trata-se de uma revisão narrativa da literatura, realizada em bases de dados (PubMed, ScienceDirect e Scielo) e em sites oficiais e jornais de ampla visibilidade. Os dados foram coletados durante o mês de agosto de 2020. Os protocolos da Union of European Football Associations (UEFA), National Basketball Association (NBA) e Confederação Brasileira de Futebol (CBF) foram selecionados. Resultados: Verificaram-se diferentes estratégias estabelecidas pelas instituições no combate à disseminação da COVID-19. A UEFA e a NBA convergiram no tocante às rígidas diretrizes de testagem para o vírus, de traslados das equipes e de isolamento dos jogadores e comissões técnicas. Contudo, as políticas da CBF analisadas não seguiram o mesmo rigor. Uma semelhança em todos os protocolos foi a proibição das torcidas nos jogos. Além disso, constatou-se que a questão da integridade física muscular dos atletas não foi abordada nos protocolos das ligas esportivas. Conclusão: As medidas adotadas pelas organizações focam no controle da transmissão do vírus e na segurança dos entes envolvidos quanto à pandemia de COVID-19, o que demonstra um trabalho cooperativo e uma atuação da medicina mais próxima da comunidade esportiva. ; Introduction: As the COVID-19 spread across the world, many activities had to adapt to the new challenging scenario, involving new safety measures such as strategies of social isolation. Since professional sports have a considerable potential of causing agglomerations, they also had their competitions suspended or postponed. However, as the situation lasted longer than previously expected, there was a necessity to get these tournaments resumed with adaptations. So that could happen safely and in agreement with the current moment, the creation of effective protocols and in harmony with the medical guidelines became essential. Objective: To compare the protocols published by the institutions of some professional sports events and leagues and to point possible contributions that can be given by the medicine, especially sports medicine at a COVID-19 pandemic scenario. Methods: This is a narrative review made in two research phases: in databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect and Scielo) and in official sites and wide visibility daily journals. The data were collected during 2020 August. The Union of European Football Associations (UEFA), National Basketball Association (NBA) and Confederação Brasileira de Futebol (CBF) protocols were selected. Results: Different strategies established by the institutions against COVID-19s dissemination were found. UEFA and NBA converged with the strict rules' definition for the players and staff members isolation, virus testing guidelines and teams transfer between games. These resources, however, were not present in CBF's politics, since the organization did not follow the same rigidity. The organizations, nevertheless, had one common proposition: the crowd suspension during the games. Besides that, in both protocols, the athletes' physical integrity issue was not approached. Conclusion: The organizations' measures focused on control of the virus transmission and the safety of all involved during COVID-19's pandemic, that demonstrates a cooperative work and a close medical participation with the sports community. Either way, a better clinical perspective in muscular health and athletes' immunity was demonstrated necessary.

ABSTRACT. This article has as objective the understanding of the social actions performed by Lourival Soares da Silva, who stood out for a life dedicated to activism in the movements of rural workers acting for several years as president of the Rio das Pedras Settlement Association, in Uberlândia. To understand and analyze their actions, a qualitative, observational approach was used and also through semi-structured interviews, in the methodological perspective of oral history. The theoretical framework consisted of a combination of Max Weber's comprehensive sociology, which is based on the understanding of human conduct endowed with meaning, more specifically the rational action in relation to values, with Jürgen Habermas' theory of communicative action, centered on oriented actions by the intersubjective agreements that are revealed in language and communication. It is concluded that the meanings linked to the social actions carried out by the social movement leader are summarized in categories based on the values of equality, justice, right to work, dialogue, democracy and collective social action. These ethical and emancipatory standards are not limited to their finalistic aspect, or their results, but above all in the value of a daily course that is very present in the imagination of social movements. ; ABSTRACT. This article has as objective the understanding of the social actions performed by Lourival Soares da Silva, who stood out for a life dedicated to activism in the movements of rural workers acting for several years as president of the Rio das Pedras Settlement Association, in Uberlândia. To understand and analyze their actions, a qualitative, observational approach was used and also through semi-structured interviews, in the methodological perspective of oral history. The theoretical framework consisted of a combination of Max Weber's comprehensive sociology, which is based on the understanding of human conduct endowed with meaning, more specifically the rational action in relation to values, with Jürgen Habermas' theory of communicative action, centered on oriented actions by the intersubjective agreements that are revealed in language and communication. It is concluded that the meanings linked to the social actions carried out by the social movement leader are summarized in categories based on the values of equality, justice, right to work, dialogue, democracy and collective social action. These ethical and emancipatory standards are not limited to their finalistic aspect, or their results, but above all in the value of a daily course that is very present in the imagination of social movements. ; RESUMEN. Este artículo tiene como objectivo la comprensión de las acciones sociales realizadas por Lourival Soares da Silva, quien se destacó por una vida dedicada a los movimientos de trabajadores rurales, actuando durante varios años como presidente de la Asociación de lo Asentamiento Rio das Pedras, en Uberlândia. Para comprender sus acciones, se utilizó un enfoque cualitativo, observacional y de entrevistas semiestructuradas, con base en la historia oral. El marco teórico consistió en una combinación de la sociología integral de Max Weber, que se basa en la comprensión de la conducta humana dotada de significado, más específicamente la acción racional en relación con los valores, con la teoría de la acción comunicativa de Jürgen Habermas, centrada en acciones orientadas por los acuerdos intersubjetivos que se revelan en el lenguaje y la comunicación. Los significados vinculados a las acciones sociales llevadas a cabo por el líder del movimiento social se resumen en categorías basadas en los valores de igualdad, justicia, derecho al trabajo, diálogo, democracia y acción social colectiva. Estos estándares emancipatorios no se limitan su aspecto finalista o sus resultados, mas sobre todo en el valor de un curso diario que está muy presente en la imaginación de los movimientos sociales. ; ABSTRACT. This article has as objective the understanding of the social actions performed by Lourival Soares da Silva, who stood out for a life dedicated to activism in the movements of rural workers acting for several years as president of the Rio das Pedras Settlement Association, in Uberlândia. To understand and analyze their actions, a qualitative, observational approach was used and also through semi-structured interviews, in the methodological perspective of oral history. The theoretical framework consisted of a combination of Max Weber's comprehensive sociology, which is based on the understanding of human conduct endowed with meaning, more specifically the rational action in relation to values, with Jürgen Habermas' theory of communicative action, centered on oriented actions by the intersubjective agreements that are revealed in language and communication. It is concluded that the meanings linked to the social actions carried out by the social movement leader are summarized in categories based on the values of equality, justice, right to work, dialogue, democracy and collective social action. These ethical and emancipatory standards are not limited to their finalistic aspect, or their results, but above all in the value of a daily course that is very present in the imagination of social movements. ; O objetivo primordial deste artigo é a compreensão das ações sociais desempenhadas por Lourival Soares da Silva, que se destacou por uma vida dedicada à militância nos movimentos dos trabalhadores rurais, atuando há vários anos como presidente da Associação do Assentamento Rio das Pedras, em Uberlândia. Para compreender e analisar suas ações, foi utilizada uma abordagem qualitativa, observacional e também entrevistas semiestruturadas, na perspectiva metodológica da história oral. O referencial teórico consistiu numa combinação da sociologia compreensiva de Max Weber, que tem como fundamento a compreensão da conduta humana dotada de sentido, mais especificamente a ação racional em relação a valores, com a teoria da ação comunicativa de Jürgen Habermas, centrada nas ações orientadas pelos acordos intersubjetivos que se revelam na linguagem e na comunicação. Conclui-se que os significados vinculados às ações sociais executadas pelo líder de movimento social sintetizam-se nas categorias baseadas nos valores igualdade, justiça, direito ao trabalho, diálogo, democracia e ação social coletiva. Além disso, esses padrões éticos e emancipatórios não se resumem ao seu aspecto finalístico, ou em seus resultados, mas, sobretudo no valor de um proceder cotidiano que está muito presente no imaginário dos movimentos sociais. Palavras-chave: movimentos sociais, ação social orientada a valores, ação comunicativa, educação extra escolar, liderança. University of life, rational and communicative action of a social movement leader ABSTRACT. This article has as objective the understanding of the social actions performed by Lourival Soares da Silva, who stood out for a life dedicated to activism in the movements of rural workers acting for several years as president of the Rio das Pedras Settlement Association, in Uberlândia. To understand and analyze their actions, a qualitative, observational approach was used and also through semi-structured interviews, in the methodological perspective of oral history. The theoretical framework consisted of a combination of Max Weber's comprehensive sociology, which is based on the understanding of human conduct endowed with meaning, more specifically the rational action in relation to values, with Jürgen Habermas' theory of communicative action, centered on oriented actions by the intersubjective agreements that are revealed in language and communication. It is concluded that the meanings linked to the social actions carried out by the social movement leader are summarized in categories based on the values of equality, justice, right to work, dialogue, democracy and collective social action. These ethical and emancipatory standards are not limited to their finalistic aspect, or their results, but above all in the value of a daily course that is very present in the imagination of social movements. Keywords: social movements, social action oriented to values, communicative action, extra-school education, leadership. Trayectoria de vida, acción racional y comunicativa de un líder de movimiento social RESUMEN. Este artículo tiene como objectivo la comprensión de las acciones sociales realizadas por Lourival Soares da Silva, quien se destacó por una vida dedicada a los movimientos de trabajadores rurales, actuando durante varios años como presidente de la Asociación de lo Asentamiento Rio das Pedras, en Uberlândia. Para comprender sus acciones, se utilizó un enfoque cualitativo, observacional y de entrevistas semiestructuradas, con base en la historia oral. El marco teórico consistió en una combinación de la sociología integral de Max Weber, que se basa en la comprensión de la conducta humana dotada de significado, más específicamente la acción racional en relación con los valores, con la teoría de la acción comunicativa de Jürgen Habermas, centrada en acciones orientadas por los acuerdos intersubjetivos que se revelan en el lenguaje y la comunicación. Los significados vinculados a las acciones sociales llevadas a cabo por el líder del movimiento social se resumen en categorías basadas en los valores de igualdad, justicia, derecho al trabajo, diálogo, democracia y acción social colectiva. Estos estándares emancipatorios no se limitan su aspecto finalista o sus resultados, mas sobre todo en el valor de un curso diario que está muy presente en la imaginación de los movimientos sociales. Palabras clave: movimientos sociales, acción social orientada a valores, acción comunicativa, educación extra escolar, liderazgo.

Based on the axiological approach, it has been established that the moral-ethical orientations of the German society have been internalized in the minds of the ethnos and verbalized by the ethnosymbols. An ethnosymbol is a motivated, conventional linguistic sign with multiple meaning that embodies important cultural meaningful concepts. The reasons for the formation of ethnosymbols are the specificity and duration of interethnic contacts, social, political and economic conditions for the development of ethnic groups. The semantic structure of the ethnosymbol is formed on the basis of national associative relationships commonly used in a particular sociolinguistic system of agreements. The aim of the article is to establish the value dominants of German culture on the basis of the analysis of ethnic symbols as important components of the linguistic picture of the world. Symbolic meaning as an associative rethinking of the direct and figurative meanings of the word involves taking into account the social function and ethnocultural specifics of the denoted object. National verbal associations are a prerequisite for the formation of symbolic semantics of the word, but the involvement of only linguistic methods does not provide a thorough and comprehensive study. The connection between language and language consciousness can be explored through an associative experiment. The results of such an experiment make it possible not only to establish the features of verbal memory, mental lexicon, cultural stereotypes, but also to reflect the specifics of the worldview of the language community. Most German ethnic symbols objectify such concepts as order, punctuality, purity, diligence, thrift. The set of the value dominants creates a certain type of the culture that has been maintained in the language and is transferred from generation to generation. ; Partiendo del enfoque axiológico, se ha establecido que las orientaciones ético-morales de la sociedad alemana han sido internalizadas en la mente de las etnias y verbalizadas por los etnosímbolos. Un etnosímbolo es un signo lingüístico convencional motivado con múltiples significados que encarna importantes conceptos culturales significativos. Las razones de la formación de etnosímbolos son la especificidad y duración de los contactos interétnicos, las condiciones sociales, políticas y económicas para el desarrollo de los grupos étnicos. La estructura semántica del etnosímbolo se forma sobre la base de relaciones asociativas nacionales comúnmente utilizadas en un sistema sociolingüístico particular de acuerdos. El objetivo del artículo es establecer los valores dominantes de la cultura alemana sobre la base del análisis de los símbolos étnicos como componentes importantes de la imagen lingüística del mundo. El significado simbólico como un replanteamiento asociativo de los significados directos y figurativos de la palabra implica tener en cuenta la función social y las especificidades etnoculturales del objeto denotado. Las asociaciones verbales nacionales son un requisito previo para la formación de la semántica simbólica de la palabra, pero la participación de solo métodos lingüísticos no proporciona un estudio completo y completo. La conexión entre el lenguaje y la conciencia del lenguaje se puede explorar mediante un experimento asociativo. Los resultados de tal experimento hacen posible no solo establecer las características de la memoria verbal, el léxico mental, los estereotipos culturales, sino también reflejar los detalles de la cosmovisión de la comunidad lingüística. La mayoría de los símbolos étnicos alemanes objetivan conceptos como orden, puntualidad, pureza, diligencia, ahorro. El conjunto de valores dominantes crea un cierto tipo de cultura que se ha mantenido en la lengua y se transmite de generación en generación. ; A partir da abordagem axiológica, constatou-se que as orientações ético-morais da sociedade alemã foram internalizadas nas mentes das etnias e verbalizadas pelos etnossímbolos. Um etnossímbolo é um signo linguístico convencional motivado com múltiplos significados que incorpora conceitos culturais significativos. As razões para a formação dos etnossímbolos são a especificidade e a duração dos contatos interétnicos, as condições sociais, políticas e econômicas para o desenvolvimento dos grupos étnicos. A estrutura semântica do etnossímbolo é formada com base nas relações associativas nacionais comumente usadas em um determinado sistema de acordos sociolinguísticos. O objetivo do artigo é estabelecer os dominantes de valor da cultura alemã com base na análise dos símbolos étnicos como componentes importantes da imagem linguística do mundo. O significado simbólico como um repensar associativo dos significados diretos e figurativos da palavra envolve levar em consideração a função social e as especificidades etnoculturais do objeto denotado. As associações verbais nacionais são um pré-requisito para a formação da semântica simbólica da palavra, mas o envolvimento apenas de métodos linguísticos não fornece um estudo completo e abrangente. A conexão entre a linguagem e a consciência da linguagem pode ser explorada por meio de um experimento associativo. Os resultados de tal experimento tornam possível não apenas estabelecer as características da memória verbal, léxico mental, estereótipos culturais, mas também refletir as especificidades da visão de mundo da comunidade linguística. A maioria dos símbolos étnicos alemães objetiva conceitos como ordem, pontualidade, pureza, diligência, economia. O conjunto dos dominantes de valor cria um certo tipo de cultura que foi mantida na língua e é transferida de geração em geração.

Brazil grew 2.4 percent per year on average in the last 25 years-somewhat less than Latin America, a good deal less than the world, far less than the emerging countries of Asia in the same period, and indeed far less than Brazil itself in previous decades. If anything stands out favorably in recent Brazilian experience, it is not growth but stabilization and the successful opening of the economy. The purpose of this paper is more modest. It is limited to setting out the authors' particular view of recent efforts to consolidate democracy in Brazil while controlling inflation and resuming economic growth. At the same time the paper presents, as objectively as possible, some thoughts on the limits but also the relevance of action by political leaders to set a course and circumvent obstacles to that process. Here and there, the paper refers to the experiences of other Latin American countries, especially Argentina, Chile, and Mexico, not to offer a full fledged comparative analysis but merely to note contrasts and similarities that may shed light on the peculiarities of the Brazilian case and suggest themes for a more wide-ranging exchange of views.