Slavic themes: papers from two hemispheres ; Festschrift for Australia
In: Selecta Slavica 12
In: Selecta Slavica 12
The number of states with the monarchy system is decreasing today. Currently, there are about 50 of them in the world, including the 16 Commonwealth Realms. Canada and Australia are the countries with the longest Commonwealth Realm status and belong to the Commonwealth of Nations, an international organization associating 53 member states. Currently, Queen Elizabeth II is the sovereign of both countries and she will probably be succeeded by her eldest son, Prince Charles. Due to the fact that the monarch lives in the UK on a daily basis, her duties are performed by the governor general. The purpose of this article is a comparative analysis of Canada and Australia, aiming at presenting the moods prevailing in these countries in the context of a possible change of the state system from a monarchy to a republic. ; Kanada i Australia są państwami wspólnotowymi Wielkiej Brytanii, a co za tym idzie, łączy je osoba monarchy, która sprawuje władzę w państwie. W artykule ukazane zostały opinie panujące wśród społeczeństwa Kanady i Australii na temat monarchii, rodziny królewskiej oraz zmiany głowy rządzącej. Przedstawiono konkretne argumenty republikanów z obydwóch państw, jak również sympatie obywateli do poszczególnych członków brytyjskiej rodziny królewskiej. W obydwóch państwach występuje spory ruch antymonarchistyczny, który może się pogłębić po śmierci królowej Elżbiety II i objęciu tronu przez księcia Karola.
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The essence of democracy is the rule of the sovereign, that is the nation, today understood as all of the state's citizens. At present, the most common type of governance is representative democracy, exercised by representatives elected from the citizens themselves. Therefore, for the proper functioning of liberal democracy it is difficult to find a more important issue than the procedure for the election of those who govern us. The article presents two alternative electoral systems: an alternative voting system (AV) and the system of Single Transferable Vote (STV). ; The essence of democracy is the rule of the sovereign, that is the nation, today understood as all of the state's citizens. At present, the most common type of governance is representative democracy, exercised by representatives elected from the citizens themselves. Therefore, for the proper functioning of liberal democracy it is difficult to find a more important issue than the procedure for the election of those who govern us. The article presents two alternative electoral systems: an alternative voting system (AV) and the system of Single Transferable Vote (STV).
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In: Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis 1838
In: Wydawnictwa Ksie̜garni Akademickiej 19
In: Dissertationes Universitatis Varsoviensis 316
Global Warming and the Kyoto Protocol are issues that raise many controversies. This matter is especially visible in the countries which formed the JUSCANNZ, later renamed the Umbrella Group, which is an alliance in the climate negotiations process that consists of non-European Union developed states that – above all – oppose new greenhouse gases emissions reductions commitments under the Kyoto Protocol. The Kyoto Protocol itself and the aforementioned commitments were and still are the sources of conflicts on the international and country levels. On the country level these conflicts are highly noticeable in four Umbrella Group countries: United States, Australia, New Zealand and Canada and they occurred on various levels in regard to the Kyoto Protocol: negotiation (case of the United States), ratification (cases of the United States and Australia), implementation (cases of the Australia and New Zealand) and a level that can be called a "withdrawal" level (case of Canada). All these conflicts were caused by differences in main political parties' positions towards the Kyoto Protocol and/or by differences in the look on that matter presented by the legislative branch and the executive branch. In this article the abovementioned issues will be examined. ; Artykuł nie zawiera abstraktu w języku polskim
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European Union is principal example of the so-called fourth current of institutionalization of international relations. What makes it special in the context of other state-like communities is the level of integration and what follows the level of institutionalization of intra-communal relations. There are two levels of institutionalization of intentional relations in integration organizations. On the first level international relations are institutionalized within the community of states. The second level concentrates on institutionalization of relations between the community and other subjects of international relations. The European Union is an example of organization that is advanced on both levels of institutionalization. This paper analyzes institutionalization of international relations between EU and developed states (Australia and New Zealand) and Mercosur – another integrational organization. Recommencement of negotiation between EU and Mercosur on a treaty of association, as well as commencement of negotiations between EU and Australia on the conditions of a Framework Agreement, have taken place at the moment when it was certain that world economy has to cope with the effects of a serious recession. Those actions, although they may seem irrational, are thoroughly rational as they increase the chances of reaching a compromise. Crisis helps to concentrate on the core problems and states (or organizations of states) are more willing in that distinctions to reach an agreement, provided that the balance tilts in their favor (even if the results of negotiations are very diff erent from what was assumed at the beginning).
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In: De securitate et defensione: O bezpieczeństwie i obronności, Band 7, Heft 1
ISSN: 2450-5005
In the early days of Xi Jinping's rule, Sino-Australian cooperation was successful and benefiting both sides. Establishing a "strategic partnership" and the conclusion of a free trade agreement made it possible to deepen the relationship. In addition to developing economic relations, states actively collaborated on the social and cultural levels. China's growing power has brought new challenges. The increase in spending on armaments and the modernization of the army contributed to the increased military presence of the PRC in the region and the exacerbation of disputes in the South China Sea and the East China Sea, raising tensions in the region. The growing influence of the People's Republic of China in Australia has caused concern for the government, which has started to limit it. Beijing has been critical of Australian law to reduce foreign interference. The purpose of this study is to analyze the Sino-Australian relations in 2013-2018.
Located in the South Pacific, for many years New Zealand has been an important part of a great power concert taking place within the region. The post- 1945 process which had given independence and the right to self-government to various states and territories formerly administered by the great powers, allowed them to shape their external relations with other states autonomously, and thus rendered the position of formal dominance previously held by the great powers obsolete. This included also New Zealand whose international position at that time was highly conditioned by trusteeship responsibilities performed pursuant to a UN mandate. Combining David A. Baldwin's contextual approach to power analysis with Ray S. Cline's resource-based power model, the author examines the presentday distribution of military and socio-economic potential within the South Pacific region and depicts the unilateral exercise of local preponderance by the Wellington government conducted in the last 10 years. He reaches a conclusion that, stemming either from individual actions conducive to an efficient exploitation of the social potential, or a close cooperative relationship with Australia, which gives rise to an asymmetrical great-power military tandem, in which the Wellington side plays a complementary role, New Zealand currently holds a position of a regional military and social power, whereas its capabilities predestine it obtain a similar status also with respect to economic matters.
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Located in the South Pacific, for many years New Zealand has been an important part of a great power concert taking place within the region. The post- 1945 process which had given independence and the right to self-government to various states and territories formerly administered by the great powers, allowed them to shape their external relations with other states autonomously, and thus rendered the position of formal dominance previously held by the great powers obsolete. This included also New Zealand whose international position at that time was highly conditioned by trusteeship responsibilities performed pursuant to a UN mandate. Combining David A. Baldwin's contextual approach to power analysis with Ray S. Cline's resource-based power model, the author examines the presentday distribution of military and socio-economic potential within the South Pacific region and depicts the unilateral exercise of local preponderance by the Wellington government conducted in the last 10 years. He reaches a conclusion that, stemming either from individual actions conducive to an efficient exploitation of the social potential, or a close cooperative relationship with Australia, which gives rise to an asymmetrical great-power military tandem, in which the Wellington side plays a complementary role, New Zealand currently holds a position of a regional military and social power, whereas its capabilities predestine it obtain a similar status also with respect to economic matters.
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Located in the South Pacific, for many years New Zealand has been an important part of a great power concert taking place within the region. The post- 1945 process which had given independence and the right to self-government to various states and territories formerly administered by the great powers, allowed them to shape their external relations with other states autonomously, and thus rendered the position of formal dominance previously held by the great powers obsolete. This included also New Zealand whose international position at that time was highly conditioned by trusteeship responsibilities performed pursuant to a UN mandate. Combining David A. Baldwin's contextual approach to power analysis with Ray S. Cline's resource-based power model, the author examines the presentday distribution of military and socio-economic potential within the South Pacific region and depicts the unilateral exercise of local preponderance by the Wellington government conducted in the last 10 years. He reaches a conclusion that, stemming either from individual actions conducive to an efficient exploitation of the social potential, or a close cooperative relationship with Australia, which gives rise to an asymmetrical great-power military tandem, in which the Wellington side plays a complementary role, New Zealand currently holds a position of a regional military and social power, whereas its capabilities predestine it obtain a similar status also with respect to economic matters.
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24th Conference of the Geological Society of Africa – Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, January 6–14, 2013: international aid vs. "scientific neocolonialism".A b s t r a c t. 24th Colloquium of Geological Society of Africa covered a wide range of fields in geology, from basic research and mineral resources geology to hydrogeology and geotourism. Presentations delivered at the colloquium confirmed vast scale of mineral wealth of Africa, showing at the same time that any substantial further progress in identifying new resources is hampered by the lack of good geological maps at appropriate scales. Some major problems in exploitation of mineral resources in Africa are related to artisanal and small scale mining (ASM). On one hand, ASM provides an income that is sufficient to cover basic needs for tens of millions of Africans, and on the other hand – its environmental impact may be very harmful, especially in the case of mining and processing of gold-bearing ores. Geological research in Africa is usually supported scientifically and financially by EU countries, USA, Canada, Australia as well as China. This is due to the lack of local specialists and sufficiently equipped laboratories practically everywhere except for RSA. Also two papers presented by the Author and his team gave results of research carried out in Angola and Zambia mainly thanks to assistance projects financed by the Polish Aid Programme of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland.
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Przedmiotem niniejszego opracowania jest przedstawienie obecnie obowiązującego stanu prawnego w Polsce dotyczącego rozszerzenia uprawnień pielęgniarek i położnych o możliwość wypisywania recept. Zgodnie z nowymi przepisami pielęgniarki i położne będą mogły wystawiać recepty od 1 stycznia 2016 roku na podstawie uchwalonego projektu ustawy, wniesionego przez rząd. Ponadto przedstawiono krótką charakterystykę doświadczeń innych krajów. Funkcjonowanie systemu wypisywania recept przez pielęgniarki zostało omówione na przykładzie 10 państw: Irlandii, Wielkiej Brytanii, Holandii, Szwecji, Stanów Zjednoczonych, Botswany, Australii, Nowej Zelandii, Kanadzie i Republiki Południowej Afryki. Pozytywne doświadczenia innych państw w przedmiotowej kwestii mogą służyć jako przykład utworzenia i doskonalenia rozwiązań w Polsce. ; The aim of this paper is to demonstrate a current legal status in Poland in reference to expanding the scope of practice of nurses and midwives to writing prescriptions. According to the new regulations, nurses and midwives will be able to write prescriptions from 1 January 2016 on the basis of a bill motioned by the government. Additionally, there was included a brief characteristic of experience of other countries in that matter. The functioning of the system of writing prescriptions by nurses has been discussed based on example of 10 countries: Ireland, Great Britain, the Netherlands, Sweden, The United States, Botswana, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and Republic of South Africa. Positive experience of other countries in this subject may serve as an example for creating and developing such solutions in Poland.
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