Suchergebnisse

Abstract
During the Allied occupation of Austria from 1945 to 1955, hundreds of officials from the US Army, State Department, and various suborganizations worked in Vienna, Salzburg, and Washington, DC, on Austrian affairs. Their first-hand memories were recorded by the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training (ADST), which continues to interview members of the US Diplomatic Corps. The oral histories are preserved on the ADST website as well as the American Memory Collection of the Library of Congress. Highlights from the interviews specifically from the critical decade after World War II speak to both familiar and more novel facets of the US occupation and the Austrian State Treaty: Rot-Weiss-Rot radio, Voice of America, the United States Information Service (USIA), the American High Commission, trade, Llewellyn Thompson, the effects in Europe of the outbreak of the Korean War, and rivalry with the Soviet Union in the early Cold War. Included in this selection are oral histories with Walter Roberts, Halvor C. Ekern, Denise Abbey, William Lloyd Stearman, Arthur A. Bardos, Mary Seymour Olmsted, Robert J. Martens, Lloyd Jonnes, Hendrik Van Oss, and Alfred Puhan.

Abstract
This article explores the use of Christian rhetoric by nativists in Austria and in the United States in the twenty-first century. Based on a frame analysis of right-wing ephemera, it shows that while the Austrian Freedom Party has increasingly made use of religious allusions since 2005, it references Christianity as a cultural marker rather than as a faith. Ethnicity and culture are found to play a bigger role in Austrian nativist discourse than in the United States, where faith and value dimensions emerge as more prominent. The article describes the different maneuvers nativists perform to reconcile their policies—and the use of Christian rhetoric in this context—with Christian ethics (egalitarianism, hospitality imperative, etc.). Borrowing a term coined by Verena Stolcke, I qualify some of these maneuvers as manifestations of "cultural fundamentalism," including the presentation of segregation as God's will, opposing immigration in the very name of a diligently reframed "neighbor love," and blanket definitions of culturally "indigestible" groups of immigrants. Inter-case differences are interpreted as effects from dissimilar traditions of nationalism and faith-politics relations, the distinct makeup of the two right-wing spectra, and demographic peculiarities in immigration flows.

Abstract
This article assesses the activities of US intelligence services in early Cold War Austria along four separate, albeit linked axes. The organizations under observation, namely, Office of Strategic Services (OSS) and Strategic Services Unit (SSU) Austria, as well as (to a lesser extent) Central Intelligence Group (CIG) Austria, are explored differently than as in the past, cast not as cogs within a larger intelligence machinery directed from Washington, DC (headquarters) but rather as relatively autonomous producers of regional intelligence that was disseminated locally, laterally, and up the inner-organizational chain of command ("the field"). Key to discovering how OSS, SSU, and CIG evolved in Austria (rather than as the result of changes effected in Washington, DC, or its surroundings) are the interactions between middle management in Austria and senior leadership in Washington, several of whom were former "field" men (or women) themselves. Austrian-based staffing and reporting, operational successes and failures, as well as biographical sketches of several key individuals in question are presented, allowing for fresh insights into how each organization actually operated in Austria to be gained. Through studying these aspects jointly, the authors posit the emergence of a unique intelligence culture among US intelligence officers shaped by their shared Austrian experience, perhaps denoting a more efficient and fruitful approach to local and regional peculiarities.

Abstract
Kurt Rudolf Fischer was, perhaps more than anyone else in the postwar era, the person who connected the University of Vienna and Austrian students to American intellectual and academic life. He was a beloved teacher and a remarkable human being, who made many friends in both Austria and the United States. On May 12, 2022, the philosophy department of the University of Vienna celebrated 100 years since Kurt's birth. The following essay was one of the presentations at this international conference.

Die Ukraine war zu Ende des Ersten Weltkrieges zwischen den Zwängen des zerfallenden Russischen Reiches, den Mittelmächten, die große Gebiete besetzten, und einer starken, aber zersplitterten Unabhängigkeitsbewegung, eingezwängt. Erstmals versucht mit dieser Studie ein internationales Historikerteam mit Materialien aus Archiven in Moskau, St. Petersburg, Kiew, Warschau, Wien, London, Paris, Bern, Prag, Washington und aus den deutschen Archiven ein faszinierendes Bild des Unabhängigkeitszwanges der Ukraine zu zeichnen. Dabei wurde auch ein bisher kaum bearbeitetes Thema aufgebrochen: Die vielfach rücksichtslose Besatzung des Landes durch deutsche und österreichischungarische Truppen 1918 und ihre Auswirkungen und Folgen. ; This book is a collection of essays by prominent historians from Austria, Germany, Ukraine, Poland and Russia, who undertook a thorough and detailed study of one as yet inadequately researched aspect of the First World War--the occupation of Ukraine by the Central Powers in 1918. The book provides a new and fresh perspective on the historical context of Ukraine's struggle for independence following the First World War.

Seventh-day Adventism, a young American-based denomination, encountered strenuous opposition when it first reached Europe in the second half of the nineteenth century. This was especially true in Austria, where traditional allegiance to Roman Catholicism, linked with a strong emphasis on cultural continuity, constituted the tenor of social life. Although the Adventist church has been present in Austria for almost a hundred years, its influence and size have remained insignificant. Baptists and Methodists have had the same disappointing experience. Austria is certainly one of the most difficult countries for evangelical mission outreach in Europe. This dissertation not only describes the history of Seventh-day Adventism in Austria but also examines the relationship of the denomination to its political and religious milieu. How did the Austrian Adventists conduct themselves under the shadow of the predominant Catholic Church? How did they relate to the different forms of government such as monarchy, fascism, and National Socialism? Which missionary methods were employed to counteract the influence of alargely hostile church and state and to adapt to the environment? These and related questions are explored with the anticipation that this study may furnish valuable insights to stimulate further discussion of church-state relationships and to provide a basis for continuing investigation of the dynamics involved in encounters of minority religions with hostile socio-cultural settings. Chapter I sketches the origin and progress of the Adventist mission in Central Europe, dealing with the contributions of missionaries such as M. B. Czechowski, J. N. Andrews, and L. R. Conradi. Chapter II treats the difficult beginnings of Adventist mission work in Austria-Hungary. Chapter III describes Adventism during the interwar period. Chapter IV deals with Adventism in the corporative state and its adaptation during the Nazi period. Chapter V discusses the post-war development of Adventism until 1975. In overview, the Adventist church's adaptability from the outset of its existence in Austria facilitated denominational growth. The negative side of this approach was revealed during the Third Reich by the misuse of adaptability in making certain unwarranted concessions and compromises. Today flexibility still seems necessary to meet societal changes in Austria.

The articles presents a short outline of the history of the Biological Computer Laboratory created in 1958 as a special research unit within the Department for Electrical Engineering of the University of Illinois, Urbana. The founder of the laboratory, the Austrian-born Heinz von Foerster, part of the cybernetics-movement of the 1940ies and 1950ies, tried to develop and to "apply" findings of the so-called Macy-group to biology with a special emphasis to problems of perception. The consequent transdisciplinary approach of the BCL led to certain conflicts with the main stream in the fields involved. Other conflicts emerged on grounds of teaching experiments undertaken since the late 1960ies. In the seventies the laboratory failed in substituting diminishing research funds from military research ressources. In the consequence, the BCL was closed. Ideas produced there had a major impact on other cognitive domains especially on the social sciences in Europe. ; The articles presents a short outline of the history of the Biological Computer Laboratory created in 1958 as a special research unit within the Department for Electrical Engineering of the University of Illinois, Urbana. The founder of the laboratory, the Austrian-born Heinz von Foerster, part of the cybernetics-movement of the 1940ies and 1950ies, tried to develop and to "apply" findings of the so-called Macy-group to biology with a special emphasis to problems of perception. The consequent transdisciplinary approach of the BCL led to certain conflicts with the main stream in the fields involved. Other conflicts emerged on grounds of teaching experiments undertaken since the late 1960ies. In the seventies the laboratory failed in substituting diminishing research funds from military research ressources. In the consequence, the BCL was closed. Ideas produced there had a major impact on other cognitive domains especially on the social sciences in Europe.

This book is the first complete description of 13th century architecture in Austria. This period was significant for ist political and historical events and upheavels in the provinces of Austria, but at the same time for the transition from romanic to gothic style. The book is the result of the author's continuous studies in this field of architectural history for more than 35 years. Basing on his doctoral thesis of 1975 the author is outlining a completely new panorama of the development in 13th century architecture by using the results of recent investigations, reconstructions and newly interpreted historical sources. Some important results were achieved on behalf of FWF-projects under the author's direction (reconstruction of the Capella Speciosa at Klosterneuburg, research on the history of the Imperial Palace di Vienna). The results are corresponding in perfect way with the scientifical researches in neighbouring countries as Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovenia and Germany, in regard of the long range cultural communications during the Middle Ages, which in former theories were denied by presupposing a distinct stylistic retard in Austrian architecture. Highly important was the author's proof that in the 13th century in Austria existed a contemporaneity between advanced and retarded stylistic forms. The choice of the stylistic attitude mainly depended on the client. The introduction of the book gives a survey of the actual state of research, followed by three chapters, which explicate the conditions in the 12th century, differentiated geographically (alpine regions, Danube valley) and concerning the clientage (dukes, archbishops and bishops of Salzburg and Passau) as well. By this way the general tendencies and motives (Cistercian architecture of Heiligenkreuz and Zwettl; Patavian architecture at Göttweig, Kremsmünster, Vienna, St.Pölten, Tulln; architecture at Salzburg - cathedral of archbisphop Konrad III - Gurk, Seckau, Hartberg) are outlined, which dominated the further development. In the following first main part, which is describing the first half of 13th century, the important role of the Austrian sovereigns (duke Leopold VI and duke Friedrich II) as founders and benefactors of eminent church architecture is emphasized. With these works of art most actual influences of french gothic architecture came to Austria (Capella Speciosa at Klosterneuburg, cloisters at Lilienfeld and Heiligenkreuz). The quarrel in ecclesiastical policy between the Babenberg dukes of Austria and the bishops of Passau, concerning the plan to establich a further diocesy in Austria, caused a competition in the field of architecture between the two powers. Thus the bishops of Passau reconstructed their patronage churches (St.Pölten, Kremsmünster, Ardagger) in Austria in a sumptuous way. Besides this stylistically advanced architecture there existed also a building acitivity not to be neglected, which was supported by the lower aristocracy and the duke's officials, who also founded some monasteries and churches. These buildings were constructed by local workmen, who were following the traditional patterns of late romanic style (Baumgartenberg, Wilhering, Bad Deutsch Altenburg, Petronell). At the dawn of the Babenberg dynasty an important political intervention of emperor Friedrich II. von Hohenstaufen took place. Recent researches indicate that the reconstruction of St.Stephen's church in Vienna with the famous "Riesentor" with sculptural decorations in Norman Style was initiated by the emperor, even as the foundation of the castle at the place of the later Imperial Palace, which obviously followed the type of the emperor's fortresses in Sicily. In spite of the political agitations and upheavals in the middle of the century some remarkable works of architecture were created, as the castle of Starhemberg, the fortresses at the border to Hungary (Wienertor at Hainburg), St.Virgil's chapel at Vienna and the charnel house at Tulln), where different inconological motives (links to Jerusalem) and stylistic approaches (Norman Style) can be registered. In the second half of the century under the reign of prince Ottokar Přemysl (since 1251) a new cultural direction in policies as well as in the arts was achieved. Motives, created in Bohemia, were taken over in church buildings (Dominikanerkirche, Minoritenkirche Stein, Dominikanerinnenkirche Imbach) and private houses (Gozzoburg) in and near Krems, at Marchegg and Leoben. Ottokar founded new cities but also continued the Babenberg traditions in regard of his internal policy; so he finished the monasteries at Lilienfeld and Heiligenkreuz. Recent investigations indicated that some of the most important architectural projects, which were supposed to date from the time of the early Habsburgs, already have been conceived under the reign of Ottokar (choir of Heiligenkreuz, Leechkirche at Graz, reconstrucion of the main church of Wiener Neustadt). Even after the takeover of power under Rudolph I. of Habsburg, the main lines, pronounced under Ottokar, as the promotion of mendicant architecture (Tulln, Retz, Wels, Imbach, Dürnstein, Krems, Wiener Neustadt), the maintenance of Babenberg traditions (fountain chapel at Heiligenkreuz, cloister Klosterneuburg), but also the introduction of new ideas in space structure (hall-churches at Tulln, Imbach) were continued. Nevertheless also uncommon solutions occured, as the monastery church of Stams. The sumptuously illustrated book contains many plans, graphic and computer-aided virtual reconstructions by the author. Das vorliegende Buch ist die erste architekturhistorische Gesamtdarstellung der Baukunst des 13. Jahrhunderts in Österreich, einer Periode bedeutender geschichtlicher Umwälzungen in den österreichischen Ländern und zugleich Übergangszeit von der Baukunst der Romanik zur Gotik. Das Buch ist Ergebnis einer über 35jährigen Forschungstätigkeit des Autors auf diesem Gebiet. Ausgehend von den Erkenntnissen, die er 1975 in seiner Dissertation dargelegt hat, ist es dem Verfasser gelungen, die Entwicklung der Baukunst durch Auswertung laufender bauhistorischer Forschungen, Einzeluntersuchungen und neu ausgewerteter historischer Quellen in ein völlig neues Gesamtbild zu bringen. Eine Reihe wichtiger Erkenntnisse wurden im Rahmen von FWF-Projekten unter der Leitung des Autors erarbeitet (Rekonstruktion der Capella Speciosa, Forschungen zur Wiener Hofburg). Die Ergebnisse korrespondieren überzeugend mit den Forschungen in den österreichischen Nachbarländern (Tschechien, Ungarn, Slowenien, Deutschland), indem sie die aktuellen überregionalen Kulturbeziehungen im Mittelalter bestätigen, die in früheren Theorien von einem stilgeschichtlichen Entwicklungsrückstand in Österreich negiert worden waren. Eine wichtige Erkenntnis der Forschungen des Verfassers ist, dass sich die Gleichzeitigkeit avancierter und rückständiger Stilformen nachweisen lässt, wobei die jeweilige Stilwahl von der Auftraggeberschaft abhängig war. Eingeleitet wird das Buch mit einem Überblick über die Entwicklung der Forschungslage, daran schließen drei Kapitel an, die die Voraussetzungen im 12. Jahrhundert behandeln, wobei der Überblick sowohl geographisch differenziert wird (Alpenländer, Donauraum) als auch hinsichtlich der Auftraggeber (Landesfürsten, Bischöfe von Salzburg und Passau). Dabei werden wichtige Leitlinien aufgezeigt, die die weitere Entwicklung nachhaltig bestimmten (Zisterzienserarchitektur in Heiligenkreuz und Zwettl, Passauer Bautätigkeit in Göttweig, Kremsmünster, Wien, St.Pölten und Tulln, Salzburger Bautätigkeit am Dom Konrads III. in Salzburg, in Gurk, Seckau, Hartberg). Im folgenden ersten Hauptabschnitt wird für die erste Hälfte des 13. Jahrhunderts in den Donauländern und der Steiermark die Rolle der Landesfürsten (Leopold VI. und Friedrich II. von Babenberg) als Stifter bedeutender Sakralbauten hervorgehoben. Mit diesen Werken gelangten hochaktuelle Errungenschaften der französischen Gotik nach Österreich (Capella Speciosa in Klosterneuburg, Klosteranlagen Lilienfeld, Heiligenkreuz). Der kirchenpolitische Machtkampf der Babenberger gegen das Bistum Passau um die Errichtung eines eigenen Landesbistums in Österreich führte zu einem baulichen Wettstreit, wobei die Passauer Bischöfe ihre Eigenkirchen in Österreich durch aufwändige Umbauten aktualisierten (St.Pölten, Kremsmünster, Ardagger). Im Schatten dieser stilgeschichtlich avancierten Baukunst bestand daneben noch eine nicht geringe Bautätigkeit, die von Adeligen und landesfürstlichen Ministerialen getragen wurde und in deren Klosterstiftungen und Patronatskirchen Ausdruck fand. Diese Werke wurden allerdings von lokalen Baugruppen errichtet, die noch länger an den traditionellen spätromanischen Stilformen festhielten (Baumgartenberg, Wilhering, Bad Deutsch Altenburg, Petronell). Am Ende der Babenbergerherrschaft kommt es zu einer politischen Intervention Kaiser Friedrichs II. in Österreich, auf die nach neuesten Forschungen sowohl die Initiative zum Umbau der Wiener Stephanskirche mit dem "normannischen" Riesentor als auch der Bau der Wiener Hofburg nach dem Vorbild einer staufisch-sizilianischen Kastellburg zurückgehen. Trotz der politischen Unruhen kommt es vor der Jahrhundertmitte zu bemerkenswerten Architekturschöpfungen (Umbau der Burg Starhemberg, Grenzbefestigungen, Wienertor in Hainburg, Virgilkapelle in Wien, Karner in Tulln), in denen sich unterschiedlichste stilistische und architekturikonologische Motive ("normannische" Bauplastik, Jerusalem-Bezüge) ausdrücken. In der zweiten Jahrhunderthälfte erfolgt unter dem seit 1251 in Österreich regierenden Přemyslidenfürsten Ottokar II. zu einer Neuorientierung sowohl in der Politik wie in der Baukunst nach Vorbildern Böhmens, die sich in Bauten im Raum von Krems (Dominikanerkirche Krems, Minoritenkirche Stein, Dominikanerinnenkloster Imbach, Gozzoburg Krems), in Marchegg und Leoben erkennen lassen. Ottokar tritt als Städtegründer auf, setzt aber gleichzeitig aus Gründen seiner Machtpolitik die Traditionen aus der Babenbergerzeit fort, was sich in der Vollendung der Klosterbauten in Lilienfeld und Heiligenkreuz ausdrückt. Jüngste Forschungen haben gezeigt, dass die Entwurfsphase bedeutender Sakralbauten, dis bisher in die Regierungszeit der ersten Habsburger datiert wurden, bereits in die Herrschaftsperiode Ottokars fällt (Hallenchor Heiligenkreuz, Leechkirche Graz, Umbauten an der Liebfrauenkirche Wiener Neustadt). Auch nach dem Machtwechsel unter Rudolf I. von Habsburg werden die von Ottokar geprägten Leitlinien, wie die Förderung der Bettelordensarchitektur (Tulln, Retz, Wels, Imbach, Dürnstein, Krems, Wiener Neustadt), die Kontinuität der Traditionen aus der Babenbergerzeit (Brunnenhaus Heiligenkreuz, Kreuzgang Klosterneuburg) aber auch die Aufnahme neuer Raumkonzepte (Hallenkirchen in Tulln und Imbach) ungebrochen fortgesetzt, daneben kommen vereinzelt auch ganz ungewöhnliche Gestaltungslösungen zur Ausführung (Klosterkirche Stams). Das reich bebilderte Buch enthält neben Photos zahlreiche Planzeichnungen, zeichnerische und computergraphische Rekonstruktionen des Verfassers.

This article investigates the policing measures of the Habsburg Empire against the exiled defeated revolutionaries in the Mediterranean after the 1848–1849 revolutions. The examination of this counter-revolutionary policy reveals the pioneering role Austria played in international policing. It shows, in particular, that Vienna invested more heavily in policing in the Mediterranean after 1848 than it did in other regions, such as Western Europe, due to the multitude of 'Forty-Eighters' settled there and the alleged inadequacy of the local polities (e.g., the Ottoman Empire, Greece) to satisfactorily deal with the refugee question themselves. The article explains that Austria made use of a wide array of both official and unofficial techniques to contain these allegedly dangerous political dissidents. These methods ranged from official police collaboration with Greece and the Ottoman Empire to more subtle regional information exchanges with Naples and Russia. However, they also included purely unilateral methods exercised by the Austrian consuls, Austrian Lloyd sailors and ship captains, and ad hoc recruited secret agents to monitor the émigrés at large. Overall, the article argues that Austrian policymakers in the aftermath of 1848 invented new policing formulas and reshaped different pre-existing institutions (e.g., consuls, Austrian Lloyd), channelling them against their opponents in exile. Therefore, apart from surveying early modes of international policing, this study also adds to the discussion about Austrian (and European) state-building and, furthermore, to the more specific discussion of how European states dealt with political dissidents abroad in the nineteenth century.

Abstract
Evelyn Tucker, a Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives (MFA&A) representative, worked in the US military–occupied zone of Austria, investigating and restituting Nazi-plundered, Austrian-owned cultural property between 1946 and 1949. Her experiences remain hidden despite passing references in the scholarship covering Allied restitution of Nazi-looted, Jewish-owned cultural property, as the literature focuses on postwar Germany, not Austria. She attempted to openly criticize the US Army for the thefts by blaming the Army's appalling behavior on its lack of understanding US restitution efforts. However, she was incapable of stopping this gross negligence, and her condemnation of the Army led to her dismissal. I argue that contentious political divisions within the Allies' policymaking in occupied Austria stalled Tucker's restitution investigations, thus her work deserves critical investigation. Tucker defied expectations, and a thoughtful analysis of her contributions to the restitution process helps us gain a clearer appreciation of the political and cultural chaos of occupied Austria. In relationship to that gap, my archival research sheds light on the underappreciated role of Eve Tucker in her fight for rightful restitution.

Celebrated today for his groundbreaking work in logic and the foundations of mathematics, Bernard Bolzano (1781-1848) was best known in his own time as a leader of the reform movement in his homeland (Bohemia, then part of the Austrian Empire). As professor of religious science at the Charles University in Prague from 1805 to 1819, Bolzano was a highly visible public intellectual, a courageous and determined critic of abuses in Church and State. Based in large part on a carefully argued utilitarian practical philosophy, he developed a non-violent program for the reform of the authoritarian institutions of the Empire, which he himself set in motion through his teaching and other activities. Rarely has a philosopher had such a great impact on the political culture of his homeland. This volume contains a substantial collection of Bolzano's writings on ethics and politics, translated into English for the first time. It includes a complete translation of the treatise On the Best State , his principal writings on ethics, an essay on the contemporary situation in Ireland, and a selection of his Exhortations, dealing with such topics as enlightenment, civil disobedience, the status of women, anti-Semitism and Czech-German relations in Bohemia. It will be of particular interest to students of central European philosophy and history, and more generally to philosophers and historians of ideas.

Abstract
This article discusses the processing, reporting, evaluation, and dissemination of intelligence from Office of Strategic Services (OSS) and Strategic Services Unit (SSU) missions in Austria both locally and in Washington, DC. We begin by briefly reviewing the organization of OSS Austria after which the question of who was evaluating intelligence from Austria locally and in Washington is addressed. Then, we compare the roles of the Secret Intelligence (SI) Reports (or Reporting) Board and, until October 1945, OSS Research and Analysis (R&A) both in Austria and Washington. This leads to our first major postulation, namely, that it was not R&A that evaluated field intelligence but, rather, the SI Reports Board. Coupled with their training, competence, and knowledge, when R&A was transferred to the State Department at the end of September 1945, it did not have a noticeable impact upon either Austrian-based reporting or its quality. Using both internal and external assessments, we instead suggest that the quality of intelligence from Austria improved after R&A and SSU parted in October 1945. Finally, we examine some of the external customer requests OSS/SSU Austria received, how these were acted upon, and what reaction(s) they generated.

Abstract
After the US Senate rejected the Treaty of Versailles in 1920, the US government needed to find an alternate, politically viable route to a legal termination of its state of war with Germany, Austria, and Hungary. This was necessary to reopen diplomatic and trade relations, end domestic wartime legislation in the United States, settle a range of war-induced property claims, and, in Austria, to secure a League of Nations economic restructuring plan. In the Knox-Porter Resolution, or July Resolution, Congress claimed rights based on November 1918 armistices and the subsequent Paris treaties, even as they refused to ratify those actual treaties. This resolution formed the basis of the 1921 US treaties with Austria, Hungary, and Germany. The process of settling property claims dragged on until the end of the decade. The coverage in the New York Times reveals the importance of conflicts between the executive and legislative branches, partisanship and debates over the future of US foreign policy, US politicians' focus on Germany rather than on the particular circumstances facing Austria, and a commitment to protecting private property rights as elements that shaped and prolonged the process of reaching a US-Austrian peace.

Viktor Franz Freiherr von Andrian-Werburg (1813-1858) war und ist vor allem als Autor der bedeutendsten Programmschrift der ständischen Opposition des späten Vormärz, Österreich und dessen Zukunft bekannt. Kaum bekannt ist, dass er Zeit seines erwachsenen Lebens Tagebuch geführt hat. Nunmehr liegen seine gesamten erhaltenen Tagebücher in einer wissenschaftlichen Edition vor. Zwischen dem ersten Eintrag vom 20. Oktober 1839 bis zum letzten erhaltenen Eintrag liegen 19 Jahre, die Andrian vom jungen subalternen Beamten in Norditalien, Istrien und Wien zum Idol der vormärzlichen Opposition, vom geachteten Abgeordneten und Vizepräsidenten der Frankfurter Nationalversammlung und deutschen Reichsgesandten in London zum geächteten Zerstörer des vorrevolutionären Paradieses, vom Berater österreichischer Politiker der Jahre nach 1849 zum Verwaltungsrat kapitalistischer Eisenbahngesellschaften der 1850er Jahre machten. Dabei sah sich Andrian als verkanntes Genie, das es in der Hand gehabt hätte, die Gesellschaft aus der Unterdrückung und dem Stillstand des Vormärz und dem Chaos der Revolution in eine bessere Zukunft zu führen. Während all dieser Jahre vermischen sich in den Tagebüchern private und öffentliche Ereignisse, Reflexionen über familiäre und freundschaftliche Verhältnisse und persönliche Entwicklungen mit politischen Aussagen und Betrachtungen über die eigene Rolle im öffentlichen Leben. Die Schwerpunkte und die Dichte der Einträge verändern sich je nach Andrians Lebenslage. Als Konstante bleibt aber das unmittelbare Interesse an der Entwicklung Österreichs und seiner zukünftigen Gestaltung in direkter Verbindung mit der eigenen Situation. Diese Wechselwirkung von öffentlichem Interesse mit persönlichem Erleben machen die Tagebücher so zu einer der eindrucksvollsten privaten Quellen zur österreichischen Geschichte vom Vormärz über die Revolution von 1848/49 bis zur Spätphase des Neoabsolutismus. Schilderungen von finanziellen Problemen und Strategien zu ihrer Lösung, etwa durch eine reiche Heirat, wechseln mit Analysen der innen- und außenpolitischen Verhältnisse und Plänen zur Neugestaltung Österreichs. Phasen aktiven politischen Gestaltens wechseln mit Zeiten freiwilliger und erzwungener Zurückgezogenheit. Daher finden sich Einträge über Diskussionen mit führenden Politikern und höchsten Würdenträgern des Hofes bis hin zu Audienzen beim Kaiser ebenso wie Berichte von Reisen von Helgoland bis Rom und von der französischen Atlantikküste bis in den Süden Ägyptens. Zentral bleibt dabei immer das Wechselspiel zwischen privatem Erleben und öffentlicher Einflussnahme. Viktor von Andrian fühlte sich zum Führer, nicht zum Untergebenen berufen und meinte, auf jenen Zeitpunkt warten zu können, an dem man ihn rufen müsste. So blieb er mit Ausnahme des Jahres 1848, als er für kurze Zeit aktiv in das politische Geschehen eingriff, ein Beobachter, Ratgeber und Kritiker von außen, der auf den richtigen Zeitpunkt wartete, an dem ihm die Zügel der Macht zufallen sollten. Obwohl er sich in seinen letzten Lebensjahren bewusst war, dass es sich hierbei um eine Illusion handelte, war Andrian mit dem Verlauf seiner persönlichen Entwicklung zufrieden: "Schlechtes, Gemeines habe ich Gottlob mir nie vorzuwerfen gehabt." Die dreibändige Edition enthält neben dem kommentierten Text der Tagebücher eine Einleitung zu Leben und Werk Viktor von Andrians, eine Darstellung der Überlieferung der Tagebücher sowie erstmals ein exaktes Werkverzeichnis Andrians. Ergänzt und erweitert wird das Tagebuch durch zahlreiche Auszüge aus seinem erhaltenen Briefwechsel im Kommentar. Erschlossen ist die Edition durch ein kommentiertes Personenregister mit über 2.800 Einträgen. ; Viktor Franz Freiherr von Andrian-Werburg (1813-1858) was and still is primarily known as the author of Österreich und dessen Zukunft, the most important programmatic brochure of the estatist opposition in the late Vormärz. But it is almost unknown, that he kept a diary for most of his adult life. These diaries are now presented in a scholarly edition. Between the first entry of 20 October 1839 and the last surviving entry of 10 March 1858 lie 19 years which transformed Andrian from a young subordinate public servant in Northern Italy, Istria and Vienna to the idol of the Vormärz opposition, from a respected member and vice-president of the National Assembly in Frankfurt and German envoy in London to the proscribed demolisher of the pre-revolutionary paradise, from the advisor of the Austrian politicians in the years past 1849 to the member of the boards of capitalist railway companies in the 1850s. Throughout this whole time, Andrian saw himself as an unrecognized genius who could have rescued society from the oppression and stagnancy of the Vormärz and from the chaos of the revolution and lead it towards a better future. During all these years, the diaries show a mixture of private and public events. Reflections on family, friends, and personal developments are blended with statements and reflections on politics and policy and Andrian's own role in public life. While focus and denseness of the entries change along with Andrian's private and political situation, at center stage is always the interest in the developments in Austria and her future constitution in close connection with his personal conditions. It is this interaction between public interest and private experience that make the Andrian diaries one of the most impressive private sources on Austrian history from the Vormärz through the revolutionary years of 1848/49 well into the last years of the Neoabsolutism. Narratives about financial problems and strategies for a solution, for example through a rich marriage, alternate with analyses of internal and foreign politics and plans on the re-creation of Austria. Phases of active political involvement change with periods of voluntary and enforced retreat. Therefore, there are entries on discussions with leading politicians and court dignitaries and on audiences with Emperor Francis Joseph as well as accounts of journeys from Helgoland to Rome, from the French Atlantic coast to the South of Egypt. But the central aspect is always the interplay between private experience and public influence. Viktor Andrian felt to be a born leader, not a subordinate, and believed that he could wait for the moment when he was called to lead. Therefore he remained, with the exception of the revolutionary period of 1848/49 when he got actively involved in politics, an observer, adviser and critic at the fringes, waiting for the moment when the reins of power would fall to him. Although he realized in his later years that this was an illusion, Andrian was complacent with his personal development: "Thank God, I never had to blame myself for wicked, vicious things." This edition in three volumes contains the annotated diary entries, an introduction on Viktor Andrian's life and works, an account of the history of the diaries, and, for the first time, a complete listing of Andrian's publications. Numerous excerpts from Andrian's preserved correspondence in the commentary complement and broaden the diaries. An annotated index refers to more than 2.800 persons mentioned in the entries.

Viktor Franz Freiherr von Andrian-Werburg (1813-1858) war und ist vor allem als Autor der bedeutendsten Programmschrift der ständischen Opposition des späten Vormärz, Österreich und dessen Zukunft bekannt. Kaum bekannt ist, dass er Zeit seines erwachsenen Lebens Tagebuch geführt hat. Nunmehr liegen seine gesamten erhaltenen Tagebücher in einer wissenschaftlichen Edition vor. Zwischen dem ersten Eintrag vom 20. Oktober 1839 bis zum letzten erhaltenen Eintrag liegen 19 Jahre, die Andrian vom jungen subalternen Beamten in Norditalien, Istrien und Wien zum Idol der vormärzlichen Opposition, vom geachteten Abgeordneten und Vizepräsidenten der Frankfurter Nationalversammlung und deutschen Reichsgesandten in London zum geächteten Zerstörer des vorrevolutionären Paradieses, vom Berater österreichischer Politiker der Jahre nach 1849 zum Verwaltungsrat kapitalistischer Eisenbahngesellschaften der 1850er Jahre machten. Dabei sah sich Andrian als verkanntes Genie, das es in der Hand gehabt hätte, die Gesellschaft aus der Unterdrückung und dem Stillstand des Vormärz und dem Chaos der Revolution in eine bessere Zukunft zu führen. Während all dieser Jahre vermischen sich in den Tagebüchern private und öffentliche Ereignisse, Reflexionen über familiäre und freundschaftliche Verhältnisse und persönliche Entwicklungen mit politischen Aussagen und Betrachtungen über die eigene Rolle im öffentlichen Leben. Die Schwerpunkte und die Dichte der Einträge verändern sich je nach Andrians Lebenslage. Als Konstante bleibt aber das unmittelbare Interesse an der Entwicklung Österreichs und seiner zukünftigen Gestaltung in direkter Verbindung mit der eigenen Situation. Diese Wechselwirkung von öffentlichem Interesse mit persönlichem Erleben machen die Tagebücher so zu einer der eindrucksvollsten privaten Quellen zur österreichischen Geschichte vom Vormärz über die Revolution von 1848/49 bis zur Spätphase des Neoabsolutismus. Schilderungen von finanziellen Problemen und Strategien zu ihrer Lösung, etwa durch eine reiche Heirat, wechseln mit Analysen der innen- und außenpolitischen Verhältnisse und Plänen zur Neugestaltung Österreichs. Phasen aktiven politischen Gestaltens wechseln mit Zeiten freiwilliger und erzwungener Zurückgezogenheit. Daher finden sich Einträge über Diskussionen mit führenden Politikern und höchsten Würdenträgern des Hofes bis hin zu Audienzen beim Kaiser ebenso wie Berichte von Reisen von Helgoland bis Rom und von der französischen Atlantikküste bis in den Süden Ägyptens. Zentral bleibt dabei immer das Wechselspiel zwischen privatem Erleben und öffentlicher Einflussnahme. Viktor von Andrian fühlte sich zum Führer, nicht zum Untergebenen berufen und meinte, auf jenen Zeitpunkt warten zu können, an dem man ihn rufen müsste. So blieb er mit Ausnahme des Jahres 1848, als er für kurze Zeit aktiv in das politische Geschehen eingriff, ein Beobachter, Ratgeber und Kritiker von außen, der auf den richtigen Zeitpunkt wartete, an dem ihm die Zügel der Macht zufallen sollten. Obwohl er sich in seinen letzten Lebensjahren bewusst war, dass es sich hierbei um eine Illusion handelte, war Andrian mit dem Verlauf seiner persönlichen Entwicklung zufrieden: "Schlechtes, Gemeines habe ich Gottlob mir nie vorzuwerfen gehabt." Die dreibändige Edition enthält neben dem kommentierten Text der Tagebücher eine Einleitung zu Leben und Werk Viktor von Andrians, eine Darstellung der Überlieferung der Tagebücher sowie erstmals ein exaktes Werkverzeichnis Andrians. Ergänzt und erweitert wird das Tagebuch durch zahlreiche Auszüge aus seinem erhaltenen Briefwechsel im Kommentar. Erschlossen ist die Edition durch ein kommentiertes Personenregister mit über 2.800 Einträgen. ; Viktor Franz Freiherr von Andrian-Werburg (1813-1858) was and still is primarily known as the author of Österreich und dessen Zukunft, the most important programmatic brochure of the estatist opposition in the late Vormärz. But it is almost unknown, that he kept a diary for most of his adult life. These diaries are now presented in a scholarly edition. Between the first entry of 20 October 1839 and the last surviving entry of 10 March 1858 lie 19 years which transformed Andrian from a young subordinate public servant in Northern Italy, Istria and Vienna to the idol of the Vormärz opposition, from a respected member and vice-president of the National Assembly in Frankfurt and German envoy in London to the proscribed demolisher of the pre-revolutionary paradise, from the advisor of the Austrian politicians in the years past 1849 to the member of the boards of capitalist railway companies in the 1850s. Throughout this whole time, Andrian saw himself as an unrecognized genius who could have rescued society from the oppression and stagnancy of the Vormärz and from the chaos of the revolution and lead it towards a better future. During all these years, the diaries show a mixture of private and public events. Reflections on family, friends, and personal developments are blended with statements and reflections on politics and policy and Andrian's own role in public life. While focus and denseness of the entries change along with Andrian's private and political situation, at center stage is always the interest in the developments in Austria and her future constitution in close connection with his personal conditions. It is this interaction between public interest and private experience that make the Andrian diaries one of the most impressive private sources on Austrian history from the Vormärz through the revolutionary years of 1848/49 well into the last years of the Neoabsolutism. Narratives about financial problems and strategies for a solution, for example through a rich marriage, alternate with analyses of internal and foreign politics and plans on the re-creation of Austria. Phases of active political involvement change with periods of voluntary and enforced retreat. Therefore, there are entries on discussions with leading politicians and court dignitaries and on audiences with Emperor Francis Joseph as well as accounts of journeys from Helgoland to Rome, from the French Atlantic coast to the South of Egypt. But the central aspect is always the interplay between private experience and public influence. Viktor Andrian felt to be a born leader, not a subordinate, and believed that he could wait for the moment when he was called to lead. Therefore he remained, with the exception of the revolutionary period of 1848/49 when he got actively involved in politics, an observer, adviser and critic at the fringes, waiting for the moment when the reins of power would fall to him. Although he realized in his later years that this was an illusion, Andrian was complacent with his personal development: "Thank God, I never had to blame myself for wicked, vicious things." This edition in three volumes contains the annotated diary entries, an introduction on Viktor Andrian's life and works, an account of the history of the diaries, and, for the first time, a complete listing of Andrian's publications. Numerous excerpts from Andrian's preserved correspondence in the commentary complement and broaden the diaries. An annotated index refers to more than 2.800 persons mentioned in the entries.