Suchergebnisse

Abstract— The Crusading invasion of the Levant created a new situation; It makes this area at a direct and instant threat. This in turn gave a great impulse to statue of the military elite. The duties of protecting the inner cities like Damascus and Aleppo, and starts the (Jihad) counter- crusade movement to liberate the occupied territories, especially the Al-Kuds Al-Shareef . This article manages to examine the real statue of the military elite, by discussing the process of it rising to power, and the main category and post it had. The second part of the article is the role this caste played in the politics of Jihad during the zenkid and Ayyubid period.

This thesis discusses the military architecture of the Ayyubid period (1171-1250) in Egypt and its most important extant structures. We will discuss the fortifications of Cairo (Cairo citadel and the walls) and the two extant citadels in Sinai: the citadel of al Gindi in Wdi Sedr and the citadel of Salah al Din near Taba. We will only discuss the architectural forms and historical settings, but in our discussion we will contest the current accepted perceptions about the military fortifications of Cairo and present alternate theories to numerous issues.

Questo lavoro presenta i risultati dello studio di uno degli elementi chiave della storia costruttiva della cittadella di Damasco, la torre 8. La datazione di questa struttura è stato lungamente dibattuta nella letteratura specialistica. Attraverso l'analisi stratigrafica delle murature viene ricomposta la sequenza costruttiva del manufatto, e definita una cronologia assoluta basata sulle iscrizioni e sulla tipologia muraria. Le evidenze presentate e discusse in questo lavoro vanno anche a costituire documenti di confronto per tracciare l'evoluzione dell'architettura militare nella regione.

The Ayyubid period represented a new stage in the domination of the military elements and the introduction of the military iqta' of the Saljuq type. Two kinds of iqta' were prevalent: the administrative iqta', which concerned the sultans of the ruling Ayyubid family, the leading princes and administrators, and the second military iqta', which did not differ in origin or form from the Saljuq iqta'. The iqta' in Bilad al-Sham in the Ayyubid period underwent a series of changes due to the political and economic situation. There were also iqta's for Arab tribes in certain areas. The military iqta' was connected to an integrated administration, known as the Diwan al-Iqta', subject to the Diwan al-Jaysh. The value of an iqta' was determined by esstimation and was granted in lieu of a salary in return for military service. The holder of an iqta' had military responsibilities, such as providing a fully equipped unit for the army of the sultan in time of war. The iqta' holder was also responsible for some economic duties, such as maintaining the irrigation projects within his iqta' and collecting for the state the taxes and duties imposed on his iqta'. In the Ayyubid period the iqta' system was hereditary and was found in a number of districts.

This article concerns the conquest of Libya and Tunisia by Saladin (Salah al-Din) and the Ayyubids in the 1170s and 1180s. First it presents a reconstruction of the campaigns conducted by the Ayyubid mamlūks Sharaf al-Dīn Qarāqūsh and Ibn Qarātikīn in Libya and the conflict in Ifrīqiya (Tunisia) between the Almohads and the Ayyubids based on the relevant primary sources. Then the extent to which Saladin was responsible for these military expeditions is considered and finally the issue of the motive behind them is discussed. It is concluded that Salāh al-Dīn and his amirs invaded the Maghrib in order to control the northern termini of the eastern and central axes of the trans-Saharan trade routes, thereby gaining access to the West African gold which passed along these routes. This occurred at a time when there was a great shortage of precious metals in Egypt and Saladin was in need of cash to pay for his wars with the Crusaders in Palestine. ; Este artículo trata sobre la conquista de Libia y Túnez por Saladino (Salah al-Din) y los Ayyubíes en las décadas de 1170 y 1180. En primer lugar se presenta una reconstrucción de las campanas dirigidas por los mamelucos ayyubíes Sharaf al-Din Qaraqush e Ibn Qaratikin en Libia y de la guerra entre los almohades y los Ayyubíes en Ifriqiya (Túnez) basada en fuentes primarias relevantes. A continuación se estudia en qué medida Saladino fue el responsable de estas expediciones militares y, finalmente, se discute el motivo de dichas expediciones. Se llega a la conclusión de que Saladino y sus emires invadieron el Magreb con el fin de controlar los puntos septentrionales de los ejes oriental y central de las rutas comerciales que cruzaban el Sahara y con esto lograr tener acceso al oro de África Occidental que pasaba a lo largo de estas rutas. Esto ocurrió en un momento en que había una gran escasez de metales preciosos en Egipto y Saladino necesitaba efectivo para pagar sus guerras con los cruzados en Palestina.