Suchergebnisse

The international business has been consistently represented in the world economy for more than 150 years and has been continuously increasing and strengthening all the time, making it today the most important economic and globalization factor that undoubtedly dominates the world economy. It is characterized primarily by the so-called. multinational corporations that operate through their affiliates in several countries with the main goal of maintaining and increasing their profits. They are now present practically in all countries of the world, and it is estimated that their business activities now contribute to generating the global GDP of about 75%. Such a progressive multinational business generally bases itself on highly competent management and the use of the latest and increasingly productive technologies as a materialized expression of the development of applied economic and social sciences. Within all this, regarding the world-established freedom of movement of capital and labor, national states are making increasing efforts to regulate the breakthrough and functioning of an international business in their territories in the interest of their progress.In this context, in order to regulate the operation of the international business, it has been selected to study the treatment of international business in Serbia, as a small transition country, with the results thus obtained being representative for all the countries of the present day. Consequently, the focus of these studies is the attitude of the state of Serbia and its higher education towards the emerging international business. In this paper, with the help of an adequate questionnaire and respondents from higher education institutions, the attitude of the state and higher education towards the international business is considered, where adequate breakthrough of the positive and inert suppression of the negative activity of that business is ascertained. The positive treatment of this business is reflected in the state stimulation of its attraction in order to raise the level of GDP and employment, while the negative sides refer to the insufficient protection of national economic entities, the poor protection of the available natural resources, and the insufficient study of that business in higher education system of Serbia.On this basis, the paper presents suggestions that the state of Serbia and its higher education should even more constructively treat international business in the function of its further economic prosperity. Of course, all these results are not representative for Serbia only, but practically for all other countries.

Each day we make decisions, draw conclusions or resolve problems. The environment in which we make decisions is complex and dynamic and yet it influences the whole process as much as one's knowledge, experience, etc. In these situations, the decision making analysis stands out which provides a logic base for defining possible alternatives and the choice of an optimal option from the possible solutions. The decision making analysis helps the decision maker to choose the optimal option in line with his knowledge, reasoning, beliefs and preferences. When there are several criteria the decision making is ambiguous and one needs to find the optimal or the most efficient solution. The multi-criteria decision making can be multi-purposeful. In case the alternatives are explicitly defined and quantified we are dealing with the multi-attribute decision making. The criteria values for the analyzed alternatives can be qualitative and quantitative; therefore, the qualitative ones have to be quantified. Deciding on the location is one of the key elements of logistics and of the importance of the decision making process used by the companies in order to determine where to locate the facility is a decision of crucial importance to all logistic elements and the entire business development of the company. Further on, the contemporary economic, competitive and technological conditions and the business environment comprise a dynamic category, so the currently optimal location may not be optimal in the future. Companies use qualitative and quantitative criteria while deciding on the location of the factory. When deciding on the location of the factory one conducts a detailed analysis due to the dynamic business environment. Constant changes in the environment influence business adjustments. On the contrary, the logistic facilities and their locations are static and are not subject to alteration in a short period of time and in such a way respond to the business environment changes. While making such a decision one needs to use new methodologies and contemporary tools as a decision making support in order to adequately respond to the business environment changes and secure the high quality decision making by taking into account quantitative and qualitative criteria which are important for making a decision on a choice of a location. From the very beginning, local self-governments, worldwide as well as in Serbia, had different roles in the economic development. Local self-governments usually dealt with administrative procedures with no active part in the economic development. By establishing legal grounds local self-governments started improving the business environment and providing support to the business community, but also actively attracting foreign direct investments which have proven to be the key activity of the local economic development. Identification and understanding of the industrial location decision making process within the companies has been identified as a crutial activity which the local self-governments can use in improving the business environment and recruitment of direct investments. On the basis on the prioritization of the quantitative and qualitative decision making criteria in the process of selection a location, local self-governments can improve their business environment if resources are being used optimally and in such a way they support the local economic development by assisting the business community and attracting direct investments. In this paper we established a model which, using the method for decision making in the case of optimization of the industrial location decision making, enables efficient use of the resources of local economic development. The model will enable the identification of criteria / determinant of locations that should be invested in order to promote local economic development, on the basis of a comparison of local governments and types of potential investors. Use of standard methods of multiattribute analysis gives the possibility of a subjective approach to the researcher who must determine in advance the criteria weights, while the application of the model presented in this paper avoids the subjectivity and objectifies the process of preference, a combination of criteria DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis,) and multiattribute analysis methods (AHP, ELECTRE, PROMETHEE, TOPSIS). Within the dissertation, survey conducted, analysed local governments (alternatives) in terms of fulfilling the criteria (location determinants), within which each local government alone determines the criteria weight based on survey of types of potential investors. A comparative analysis of the results of these studies, where other various methods for decision making can be also used, identified the best method, among selected that are the best known and most used, and the result of the dissertation will determine the importance of the location determinants, which will enable to policymakers in field of local economic development, investment promotion and improving business environment at all levels, through the use of the proposed model of efficient planning, the opportunity to efficiently and cost-effectively use the resources at their disposal.

The financial sector is characterised by numerous changes that affect the changes in the institutional structure of functioning of the financial system, as well as the choice of funding of business entities. This has resulted in the fact that in contemporary business conditions, financing of economic development become a complex area of research. Local development planning on the basis of public revenues is a weak base for the rapid development of local governments. Therefore, it is necessary to supplement the budget financing by attracting private capital for the construction of public goods and improving the quality of public services. In this regard, the objective of this paper is to point to alternative ways of borrowing, both from domestic and international sources of funding, as well as to the possibilities for their use by the local governments. Bearing in mind the defined objective, the paper discusses the possible external sources of funding of local governments, such as loans from commercial banks and other financial institutions, and municipal bonds. In order to evaluate the possibilities for successful development of local governments, the paper points to the possible solutions to financing projects of public importance in the practice of Serbia.

The author gives a brief account of the (active or passive) complicity of the overwhelming majority of Serbian intellectuals in the Serbs' war on Croatia and Bosnia-Hercegovina and the war crimes and crimes against humanity author then argues that in view of this complicity, intellectuals outside Serbia should not be doing "business as usual" with their Serbian colleagues. He advances an argument for a comprehensive, but selective, boycott of Serbian intellectuals as the morally appropriate response of intellectuals the world over. (SOI : PM: S. 94)

According to actual legislation, the performing of communal activities in the Republic of Srpska is mainly entrusted with public utility companies founded and managed by local governments (municipalities and cities), as well as their majority owners. Municipalities and cities have a legal obligation to prescribe the conditions and manner of performing utility activities, material, technical and other conditions for the financing, development, the construction and maintenance of utility infrastructure, the conditions for the functioning of the technical and technological unity of utility systems and devices and others. One of the constant problems in the present management, financing, and monitoring and reporting on the real effects of the management of public utility infrastructure refers to the fact that it is a property that is owned (usually in the business balance) of local governments, but which is often included in the business balance of public utilities companies, such corporations, which managing these assets realize their regular business income. Different approaches to the legal treatment of utility infrastructure and its different models accounting for, among other things, significantly affecting the quality of information on financial position and performance of public utilities companies, and through it to relation managers and owners acording to its maintenance and renewal. The actual ballast of many years of unresolved dilemmas in this area in the final bears citizens, who are have the right to use public services of appropriate quality and under acceptable economic conditions. ; Prema važećim zakonskim propisima, obavlјanje komunalnih djelatnosti u Republici Srpskoj uglavnom je povjereno javnim komunalnim preduzećima koja osnivaju i kojima upravlјaju jedinice lokalne samouprave (opštine i gradovi), kao njihovi većinski vlasnici. Opštine i gradovi imaju zakonsku obavezu da propišu uslove i način obavlјanja komunalnih djelatnosti, materijalne, tehničke i druge uslove za finansiranje, razvoj, igradnju i održavanje komunalne infrastrukture, uslove za funkcionisanje i tehničko-tehnološko jedinstvo komunalnih sistema i uređaja i dr. Jedan od konstantno prisutnih problema u upravlјanju, finansiranju, kao i praćenju i izvještavanju o stvarnim efektima upravlјanja javnom komunalnom infrastrukturom odnosi se na činjenicu da se radi o imovini koja se nalazi u vlasništvu (obično i u bilansima) jedinica lokalne samouprave, ali koja je nerijetko uklјučena i u poslovne bilanse javnih komunalnih preduzeća, kao korporatizovanih društava kapitala, koja gazdujući tom imovinom ostvaruju svoje redovne poslovne prihode. Različitim pristupima pravnom tretmanu komunalne infrastrukture i različitim modelima njenog računovodstvenog obuhvata, pored ostalog, značajno se utiče na kvalitet informacija o finansijskom položaju i uspješnosti javnih komunalnih preduzeća, a kroz to i na odnos upravlјača prema njenom održavanju i obnavlјanju. Stvarni teret dugo godina nerazriješenih dilema u predmetnoj oblasti u konačnom snose građani, koji imaju pravo na korišćenje javnih usluga odgovarajućeg kvaliteta i pod za njih pristupačnim ekonomskim uslovima.

This paper examines the impact of foreign direct investment on the important component of social development, women's entrepreneurship. Promoting gender equality is one of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals, which advocates for the reduction of women's unemployment as well as their empowerment. The country of Turkey was taken as an example, for the reason that there has been an increase in women's entrepreneurial activity in the last two decades, but it is still not at а level of entrepreneural development in developed countries. The paper pays special attention to the answer on the question of whether foreign direct investment contributes to higher employment of women in Turkey, as well as to identify the obstacles that stand in the way of women's empowerment and the development of women's entrepreneurship. The practical examples described in the paper unequivocally indicate the importance of the development of women's entrepreneurship, as well as the fact that the bearers of Turkey's economic policy in the future must pay more attention to the issue of attracting foreign direct investment. ; U radu se ispituje uticaj stranih direktnih investicija na važnu komponentu socijalnog razvoja, žensko preduzetništvo. Promovisanje rodne ravnopravnosti je jedan od Milenijumskih razvojnih cilјeva Ujedinjenih nacija koji zagovara smanjenje nezaposlenosti žena, kao i njihovo osnaživanje. Kao primer je uzeta Turska, iz razloga što je u njoj prisutan porast preduzetničke aktivnosti žena u poslednje dve decenije, ali i dalјe nije na nivou razvoja preduzetničke aktivnosti u razvijenim zemlјama. U radu je posebna pažnja posvećena pružanju odgovora na pitanje da li strane direktne investicije doprinose većoj zaposlenosti žena u Turskoj, kao i identifikovanju prepreka na putu osnaživanja žena i razvoja ženskog preduzetništva. Praktični primeri opisani u radu nedvosmisleno ukazuju na značaj razvoja ženskog preduzetništva, kao i na to da nosioci ekonomske politike u Turskoj u budućem periodu moraju veću pažnju posvetiti pitanju privlačenja stranih direktnih investicija.

The concept of corporate environmental responsibility is under-implemented in developing countries, especially in those where there is insufficient application of environmental legislation regulating the way in which the business activities of the participants are carried out. In the face of insufficient government support, many multinational corporations, in collaboration with the World Business Council for Sustainable Development, have initiated collective action to adopt best environmental practices in their industries to better protect the environment. It is about adopting green programs, and this is characteristic of corporations in the cement industry, which face many challenges such as: lack of raw materials, depletion of fossil fuel reserves, increased demand for cement and concrete, strong environmental concerns related to climate change. Several different forms of voluntary initiatives can be identified by which multinational corporations seek to achieve more favourable position on the global market, such as: unilateral initiatives initiated by enterprises in the absence of government support, adoption of environmental standards on a voluntary basis have been prescribed by the state, and partnership agreements resulting from the cooperation of public and private actors. This paper reviews individual multinational corporations from the African state of Morocco and how they adopt best environmental practices from other corporations in the cement industry. Adopted environmental practices can increase the capacity of these corporations in the field of environmental protection, and provide them with communication skills that will enhance collaboration and exchange of ideas with other corporations. ; Koncept korporativne ekološke odgovornosti se nedovolјno primenjuje u zemlјama u razvoju, posebno u onim u kojima ne postoji dovolјna primena zakonskih propisa u oblasti zaštite životne sredine koja reguliše način obavlјanja poslovnih aktivnosti učesnika. U uslovima nedovolјne podrške države, mnoge multinacionalne korporacije u saradnji sa Svetskim poslovnim savetom za održivi razvoj su pokrenule kolektivne akcije kako bi usvojile najbolјe ekološke prakse u svojim industrijama u cilјu bolјe zaštite okruženja u kojem se nalaze. Reč je o usvajanju zelenih programa , i to je karakteristično za korporacije u industriji cementa koja se suočava sa brojnim izazovima kao što su: nedostatak sirovina, iscrplјivanje rezervi fosilnih goriva, povećana potražnja za cementom i betonom, izražena ekološka briga povezana sa klimatskim promenama. Moguće je identifikovati nekoliko različitih oblika dobrovolјnih inicijativa putem kojih multinacionalne korporacije nastoje da postignu što povolјniji položaj na globalnom tržištu, i to su: (1) jednostrane inicijative pokrenute od strane preduzeća u odsustvu državne podrške, (2) usvajanje ekoloških standarda na dobrovolјnoj bazi koji su propisani od strane države, i (3) sporazumi u vidu partnerstava nastali kao rezultat saradnje javnih i privatnih učesnika. U radu je dat osvrt na pojedine multinacionalne korporacije iz afričke države Maroko i na način na koji one usvajaju najbolјe ekološke prakse od drugih korporacija u industriji cementa. Usvojene ekološke prakse mogu povećati kapacitete ovih korporacija u domenu zaštite životne sredine, i obezbediti im komunikacione veštine koje će unaprediti saradnju i razmenu ideja sa drugim korporacijama.

In the essence, the problem of eco-economic (economic and environmental) development is reduced to the problem of choosing concrete protection mechanisms and measurement heights achieved economic, and environmental, social and institutional (sustainable) development. This opens up the question of measuring the economic problems, but also each other prosperity of society, because they set goals, benchmarks and parameters to be taken into account are different, depending on what needs to be done measuring the degree of development. This mechanism of measuring economic development, set 30-s of the 20 th century, more and more often is criticized modern economists such as Joseph Stiglitz, who report that in the modern global business development of the country should be measured by a broader set of indicators. For these reasons, the European Commission in cooperation with the European Parliament, the OECD, the Club of Rome and the World Wide Fund (WWF), in 2007. organized International Conference - Beyond GDP Conference. In this sense, in addition to GDP, significant measures have been introduced for economic development and other indicators of well-known as an Enlarged GDP. The aim of this paper is to present the fundamental differences between GDP and GDP Enlarged indicators in calculation methodology that takes into consideration and certain other elements apart from consumption, investment and export levels. .

The aim of the research was to determine the effects of globalization on the international business Serbia, as well as the contribution of FDI to the current socio-economic development of Serbia in the process of joining the European Union and anticipating numerous challenges. The entire research is based on the simultaneous use of different methods of qualitative and quantitative analysis, and synthesis and comparison. Analysis of the situation in the domestic economy, it was concluded that met only some of the prerequisites for a higher level of foreign direct investment because foreign direct investments in Serbia have not yielded the expected results. The results show that the process of priva-tization contributed to the revival of several forms of investment: domestic investors, foreign direct investment, loans and capital mar-kets. To unapredula and improve the investment climate, it is necessary to remove administrative barriers to foreign investment through amen-dments to existing legislation, the establishment and strengthening of relevant institutions, as well as the further development of infrastructu-re. With this in mind it is necessary to develop new comparative advan-tages in exports, based on technological modernization of the economy and improving the concept of education, management and organizatio-nal knowledge and experience. The results provide the identification of all the advantages and disadvantages inherent in the globalization of the economy and foreign direct investment.

The financial crisis has adversely affected all the countries of the world in the conditions of globalization with different intensity, no matter if it is higher or lower level of development and different economic structures. In the context of globalization in the countries in transition, the banking system was reformed, thus creating a new financial market. The International Monetary Fund has taken an active part in the transition process of Eastern European countries by providing advice and approving financial arrangements. Developed countries of the world have implemented measures of non-standard monetary policy to overcome the global financial crisis. In some parts of Central and Eastern Europe, in addition to the general corporate identity (bank name, abbreviated name, trademark and slogan of the bank), the countries also applied qualitative features of the bank's corporate identity (image, reputation and goodwill). As they enter the 21st century, banks in developed countries are increasingly emphasizing the corporate culture and style of business of the bank. In the practice of banks, the following performances are most often present: financial, marketing, performance management, employee performance, business philosophy, reputation and the image of the bank. The banks' performance analysis included 13 Central and Eastern European countries divided into three groups. Performance over the period 2008-2018 is analyzed, related to: share of total assets in GDP, share of total loans in GDP, share of total deposit in GDP and level of capital adequacy of Central and Eastern European countries. The analysis shows that the central banks of the countries of Central Europe are dominant, and that in certain performances they are approached by the banks of the countries of Eastern Europe (members of the European Union and the Western Balkans). ; Finansijska kriza je negativno uticala na sve zemlje sveta u uslovima globalizacije sa različitim intezitetom, bez razlike da li se radi o višem ili nižem nivou razvijenosti i različitim privrednim strukturama. U uslovima globalizacije u zemljama u tranziciji izvršena je reforma bankarskog sistema i na taj način je započeto stvaranje novog finansijskog tržišta. Međunarodni monetarni fond uzeo je aktivno učešće u procesu tranzicije zemalja istočne Evrope pružanjem saveta i odobravanjem finansijskih aranžmana. Razvijene zemlje sveta su radi prevazilaženja svetske finansijske krize primenile mere nestandardne monetarne politike.Zemlje centralne i istočne Evrope su u određenom delu pored opšteg korporativnog identiteta (naziv banke, skraćenog imena, zaštitnog znaka i slogana banke) primenjivale i kvalitativna obeležja korporativnog identiteta (imidž, reputacije i gudvila) banke. Ulaskom u 21. vek banke razvijenih zemalja sve više stavljaju naglasak na korporativnu kulturu i stil poslovanja banke. U praksi banaka najčešće su prisutne sledeće performanse: finansijske, marketing, menadžment performanse, performanse zaposlenih, poslovne filozofije, ugleda, reputacije i imidža banke. Analiza performansi banaka obuhvatila je 13 zemalja centralne i istočne Evrope podeljenih u tri grupe. Analizirane su performanse u vremenskom periodu od 2008-2018. godine koje se odnose na: učešće ukupne aktive u BDP-u, učešće ukupnih kredita u BDP-u, učešće ukupnog depozita u BDP-u i nivo adekvatnosti kapitala zemalja centralne i istočne Evrope. Analiza pokazuje da su dominantne banke zemalja centralne Evrope, a da se njima u određenim performansama približavaju banke zemalja istočne Evrope (članice Evropske Unije i zapadnog Balkana).

Today's world is shaped by the processes of globalization and economic liberalization, which dominantly determine the social, economic, environmental and political conditions. As part of these processes, there is an increasing rhetoric about the activities of the state to build a legal system 'ideal for attracting' foreign investment, to establish state institutions in charge of 'attracting foreign investment', and to create a business environment conducive to 'attract' foreign investment. Faced with citizen requests and pressure to create conditions for employment, in initial negotiations with foreign investors state, authorities articulate their willingness to meet these requests. The affirmative stance of governments towards the investments of multinational companies easily can be changed. Once the investment begins, the pledges made by one contracting party to the other may prove to be unrealistic and economically unjustified. The tensions generated between the host state and foreign investors jeopardize the foreign investment contract concluded by the contracting parties. Further fulfillment of contractual obligations from foreign investment contracts will be possible if the contracting parties resolve the resulting conflict through mutual negotiations. Through negotiations, the contracting parties can depreciate the impact of the changed circumstances, including a range of economic, political, legislative and environmental conditions. Initiating negotiations at the right time and conducting them in good faith may lead to a solution. Even if an agreement is not reached, the renegotiation may contribute to a better understanding of contractual partners and redefining the positions of the contracting parties.

Local government is a complex system of management (Holding Company) that directly provides various services to the local community or operates a service delivery system, of a "higher" managerial (political, economic, social) level. The services provided in local government are very numerous and different in character. In this multitude of services, utilities can be considered as the local government services in the narrow sense. Utilities are services provided by local governments that meet the needs and interests of citizens and organizations. All utilities are, in fact, activities providing utilities, that is, services provided by local governments, through their bodies, organizations and services. The actions that implement these utilities are expertly technical actions and procedures, but what precedes the undertaking of these utilities is determined by the General Administrative Procedures Act (GAPA). Therefore, the provision of public utilities has its own expert and technical aspect, as well as administrative, which accompanies it before, during and after, in terms of utility services management. The optimization of administrative procedures has become an important goal of administrative reform in many countries and involves a number of measures. What is primary is determining administrative costs and burdens, which are a significant barrier to business as well as meeting citizens' daily needs. After enlisting of the administrative procedures, it is necessary to analyze and then optimize the administrative procedures related to communal services, in order to determine which procedures need to be simplified and which should be abolished. After the analysis has been carried out, the proposal will be prepared for the amendment, or simplification of administrative procedures, as well as the eventual abolition of those that are unnecessary. ; Published