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This thesis is composed of four essays. The first two essays draw on behavioral corporate finance and show to what extent French firms can take advantage of investors' erroneous judgment. We first study the impact of the familiarity bias on ownership. We find that firms with higher notoriety level, mostly small-cap ones, have higher individual ownership. Second, we test the catering hypothesis in dividend policy, in that whether firms are more prone to pay dividend when payers trade at a premium relative to non-payers. The results validate this hypothesis and support short-term opportunistic behavior by French firms, especially when family control is low or institutional ownership is high. The last two essays examine the impact of climate change issues on firms' decisions, in an international setting. Especially, the third essay demonstrates that eco-efficiency-based strategies significantly matters to the financial outcomes of mergers and acquisitions, which supports the economic rationality underlying carbon reduction investments, and claims for a win-win relationship between corporations and their environment. The fourth essay that deals with the environmental voluntary disclosure, emphasizes the increasing interest of stakeholders toward this kind of information: firms with higher exposure, higher leverage and those that are in the scope of regulators tend to be more transparent in terms of carbon reporting. Moreover, firms that are less eco-efficient show higher probability to report on their environmental performance, suggesting the search for legitimacy. ; Cette thèse comporte quatre essais dont les deux premiers, s'appuyant sur les fondements théoriques de la finance comportementale de l'entreprise, montrent dans quelle mesure les sociétés françaises tirent avantage des erreurs de jugement systématiques des investisseurs. Nous étudions dans le premier essai les conséquences du biais de familiarité sur la structure du capital. En particulier, nous montrons que les entreprises associées à un sentiment de familiarité élevé, notamment parmi les petites capitalisations, ont un actionnariat individuel plus large. Ce résultat souligne l'intérêt économique pour l'entreprise d'augmenter sa visibilité et de consolider sa notoriété dans le temps. Le deuxième essai traite de la politique de dividende sous l'hypothèse des « catering incentives ». Il s'agit de tester si les entreprises sont davantage incitées à distribuer du dividende lorsque les titres payeurs se négocient avec une prime par rapport aux non-payeurs. Nous validons cette hypothèse et mettons en évidence que les dirigeants français font preuve d'un opportunisme court-termiste accru en cas de faible contrôle familial ou de forte participation institutionnelle dans le capital. Les deux derniers essais s'intéressent aux comportements décisionnels des entreprises face aux enjeux du changement climatique. Ils se situent dans un contexte international. Le troisième essai, notamment, teste la pertinence des stratégies d'éco-efficience, via la réduction des émissions de carbone, sur la performance financière à l'occasion d'opérations de fusions-acquisitions. Les résultats tranchent en faveur de la rationalité économique de ces stratégies et affirment la possibilité pour la firme d'envisager une relation gagnant-gagnant avec son environnement. Le quatrième essai, consacré à l'étude de la communication environnementale volontaire, démontre l'intérêt croissant des parties prenantes pour ce type d'information : les entreprises les plus exposées médiatiquement, les plus endettées et celles qui entrent dans le cadre des nouvelles réglementations environnementales sont les plus transparentes en matière de reporting environnemental. De plus, les entreprises les moins éco-efficientes tendent à communiquer davantage sur leur empreinte écologique, traduisant une recherche de légitimité auprès des parties prenantes.

According to the MSA, women represent 27.4% of non-salaried agricultural workers and 24.2% of heads of farms or agricultural enterprises. Agriculture remains a predominantly male sector, where women farmers struggle to find their place. Their profile makes them less eligible to receive subsidies, they are less trained and victims of persistent stereotypes. Consequently, their farm management often differs from that of men. Numerous studies have quantified these differences, but without going beyond a comparison of means. This thesis aims to deepen the analysis, using an econometric approach. After a phase of descriptive statistics, binary and multinomial logistic regressions were carried out on the R software. A first model showed that all the selected variables were significant in explaining the difference between women and men. We can cite, for example, the age of installation, the percentage of transfers between spouses and the percentage of contributors exercising an agrotourism activity, which are higher for women, and on the other hand the area, the agricultural profit and the number of salaried employees, higher among men. Then, more precise farmer profiles were drawn up. First of all, we tried to differentiate non-solidarity contributors from those in solidarity, but only a few variables were found to be significant (including area or professional income). On the contrary, the disparities were very marked between women farmers in individual farms and those in GAEC, EARL or others, as well as between those in market gardening and floriculture and those in field crops or in dairy cattle breeding. Despite some limitations, this thesis therefore confirms the hypotheses from the literature. ; D'après la MSA, les femmes représentent 27,4% des non-salarié·e·s agricoles et 24,2% des chef·fe·s d'exploitation ou d'entreprise agricole. L'agriculture reste un secteur encore majoritairement masculin, où les agricultrices peinent à trouver leur place. Leur profil les rend moins éligibles à toucher des subventions, elles sont moins formées et victimes de stéréotypes persistants. Par conséquent, leur conduite d'exploitation diffère souvent de celle des hommes. De nombreuses études ont permis de quantifier ces différences, mais sans aller plus loin qu'une comparaison de moyennes. Ce mémoire a pour objectif d'approfondir l'analyse par une approche économétrique. Après une phase de statistiques descriptives, des régressions logistiques binaires et multinomiales ont été réalisées sur le logiciel R. Un premier modèle a montré que toutes les variables sélectionnées étaient significatives dans l'explication de la différence femmes-hommes. On peut citer par exemple l'âge d'installation, le pourcentage de transferts entre époux et le pourcentage de cotisants exerçant une activité d'agrotourisme, plus élevés chez les femmes, et d'autre part la superficie, le bénéfice agricole et le nombre de salariés employés, plus élevés chez les hommes. Ensuite, on a dressé des profils d'agricultrices plus précis. On a tout d'abord tenté de différencier les cotisantes non-solidaires des solidaires, mais seules quelques variables se sont avérées significatives (notamment la superficie ou les revenus professionnels). Les disparités se sont au contraire montrées très marquées entre les agricultrices en exploitation individuelle et celles en GAEC ou en EARL, ainsi qu'entre celles en maraîchage-floriculture et celles en grandes cultures ou en élevages bovins lait. Malgré quelques limites, ce mémoire confirme donc les hypothèses issues de la littérature.

Odors emitted by mammalian mothers have an important influence on the behavioral and physical development of newborn offspring. Adaptive responses by nurslings to maternal odors include arousal reduction, directional movement to the odor source, localization of the nipple and initiation of effective sucking. The manner in which young animals respond to specific odors often reflects prior experience with those cues. Newborn rodents rapidly become familiar with odors associated with their mother. Olfactory learning may actually begin before birth through fetal contact with aromatic substances in the amniotic fluid. Investigations of mother-infant olfactory communication in our own species have been modeled closely after earlier relevant findings from research with non-human mammals.

L'objet de ce rapport est d'identifier les composantes cycliques des séries d'abattages et de prix de viande bovine en France c'est-à-dire d'en vérifier l'existence et de déterminer le calendrier de ces cycles. De plus, les déterminants des cycles d'abattages sont recherchés pour vérifier notamment si certains chocs (mise en place des quotas laitiers, crise du veau aux hormones) ont pu les influencer. Pour les abattages de veaux, on observe une série de trois cycles de 1953 à 1972 d'une durée d'environ 6 ans. Puis, la durée du cycle s'allonge (environ 9 ans). Depuis la fin des années 80, la série d'abattages de veaux ne semble plus présenter de composante cyclique. De 1953 à 1998, les abattages de gros bovins suivent huit cycles dont la durée varie de 5 à 7 ans, sauf pour la période 1964-1973. Contrairement aux abattages de veaux, la série des gros bovins suit toujours une évolution cyclique mais avec une amplitude plus faible. Le taux anticipé de variation des prix a un effet significatif et négatif sur le cycle pour les deux séries. Les effets de politiques sont différents pour les deux séries. Pour les veaux, aucune variable de politique n'a d'effet sur le cycle. La mise en place des quotas laitiers semble avoir supprimé tout effet prix sur le cycle des abattages de veaux. Pour l'équation du cycle des gros bovins, on peut mettre en évidence l'existence d'un effet positif lié à la réforme de la PAC en 1992 sur l'amplitude du cycle des gros bovins. Cet effet est sans doute un facteur explicatif de la réduction des amplitudes du cycle des gros bovins observé depuis 1990.

Most of the authors having recently published experiments on the role of imitation in language acquisition, had the subjects repeat sentences by which it was possible to measure a more or less precise reproduction. The task faced in our own experiment differs in that the influence of the models, which were either noun phrases or verb phrases, was to have an effect not on isolated phrases, but rather on the narration of a story. Results show that the commentary used as a model and which accompanied the projection of a sequence of 27 slides had actually modified the narration of the children in a way which was both diffuse and significant. This was the case when the structure of the proposed model was acceptable for the structure of the child's linguistic system. First of all, the model had no effect if the child had not reached a sufficient level of development. But if he has reached this level (generally about six years), the VP model, more consistent with general norms, is imitated more frequently than the NP model which consisted mostly of truncated utterances.

This PhD dissertation in applied economics proposes an analysis of individual behaviors in the area of social protection, especially in the context of health and human capital management. Chapter 1 analyzes the effect of the coverage level on individual health care consumption in the French context, taking into account the behavioral dimension. Based on an econometric study of 2012 data from the French Health and Social Protection Survey, merged with individual health-care consumption data from the National Health Insurance Database, the estimation of a simultaneous equation regression model reveals a negative correlation between the level of insurance and the level of health expenditure of the insured, once controlled for the selection effect. The results also underline the important role of risk aversion which conditions the nature of the relationship between risk and insurance in the French complementary health-insurance market. Based on an experimental study, chapters 2 and 3 focus on the individual trade-off between insurance and prevention. The objective of chapter 2 is to examine the impact of prevention on the individual insurance demand and whether the introduction of a prevention mechanism affects individual insurance choices. The results reveal a form of dynamic inconsistency in individual choices, with a decrease in the demand for insurance in the presence of a prevention mechanism compared to the case where prevention is not present, without subsequently resulting in more prevention effort. Chapter 3 looks at the impact of the opportunity of insurance contract choice on the preventive behavior of policyholders: does the opportunity to choose the insurance contract versus an imposed contract in a mandatory insurance context affect the preventive behavior of policyholders? The experimental evidence reveals a negative impact of the introduction of the contract choice option on policyholders' preventive effort since the opportunity of contract choice, compared to the case where the contract is imposed, ...

This PhD dissertation in applied economics proposes an analysis of individual behaviors in the area of social protection, especially in the context of health and human capital management. Chapter 1 analyzes the effect of the coverage level on individual health care consumption in the French context, taking into account the behavioral dimension. Based on an econometric study of 2012 data from the French Health and Social Protection Survey, merged with individual health-care consumption data from the National Health Insurance Database, the estimation of a simultaneous equation regression model reveals a negative correlation between the level of insurance and the level of health expenditure of the insured, once controlled for the selection effect. The results also underline the important role of risk aversion which conditions the nature of the relationship between risk and insurance in the French complementary health-insurance market. Based on an experimental study, chapters 2 and 3 focus on the individual trade-off between insurance and prevention. The objective of chapter 2 is to examine the impact of prevention on the individual insurance demand and whether the introduction of a prevention mechanism affects individual insurance choices. The results reveal a form of dynamic inconsistency in individual choices, with a decrease in the demand for insurance in the presence of a prevention mechanism compared to the case where prevention is not present, without subsequently resulting in more prevention effort. Chapter 3 looks at the impact of the opportunity of insurance contract choice on the preventive behavior of policyholders: does the opportunity to choose the insurance contract versus an imposed contract in a mandatory insurance context affect the preventive behavior of policyholders? The experimental evidence reveals a negative impact of the introduction of the contract choice option on policyholders' preventive effort since the opportunity of contract choice, compared to the case where the contract is imposed, ...

This PhD dissertation in applied economics proposes an analysis of individual behaviors in the area of social protection, especially in the context of health and human capital management. Chapter 1 analyzes the effect of the coverage level on individual health care consumption in the French context, taking into account the behavioral dimension. Based on an econometric study of 2012 data from the French Health and Social Protection Survey, merged with individual health-care consumption data from the National Health Insurance Database, the estimation of a simultaneous equation regression model reveals a negative correlation between the level of insurance and the level of health expenditure of the insured, once controlled for the selection effect. The results also underline the important role of risk aversion which conditions the nature of the relationship between risk and insurance in the French complementary health-insurance market. Based on an experimental study, chapters 2 and 3 focus on the individual trade-off between insurance and prevention. The objective of chapter 2 is to examine the impact of prevention on the individual insurance demand and whether the introduction of a prevention mechanism affects individual insurance choices. The results reveal a form of dynamic inconsistency in individual choices, with a decrease in the demand for insurance in the presence of a prevention mechanism compared to the case where prevention is not present, without subsequently resulting in more prevention effort. Chapter 3 looks at the impact of the opportunity of insurance contract choice on the preventive behavior of policyholders: does the opportunity to choose the insurance contract versus an imposed contract in a mandatory insurance context affect the preventive behavior of policyholders? The experimental evidence reveals a negative impact of the introduction of the contract choice option on policyholders' preventive effort since the opportunity of contract choice, compared to the case where the contract is imposed, ...

RESUME:Un modèle d'évaluation des actifs financiers basé sur la consommation et la monnaie estdéveloppé pour mettre en évidence l'influence de la politique monétaire sur la prime de risque,le taux d'intérêt sans risque et la volatilité du prix des actions. Appliquée à la Réserve fédéraledes Etats-Unis, l'analyse montre que la politique monétaire peut avoir un impact déséquilibrantsur le prix des actifs. Lorsque l'équilibre existe, elle n'a qu'une influence réduite sur la prime derisque et ne permet une réduction de la volatilité du prix réel des actions que si les agents ontune « préférence » pour la liquidité très faible. Aussi importe-t-il que cette préférence soitlimitée, afin que l'objectif de stabilisation macroéconomique coïncide avec celui de stabilisationfinancière. ; ABSTRACT:A tractable consumption-based and money-based asset pricing model is built to relate in closedform the risk premium, the risk free rate and the volatility of asset price to parameters ofmonetary policy. When applied to the Fed, the analysis shows that the monetary policy mayhave a destabilizing impact on asset prices. When equilibrium exists, the monetary policycontributes little to the equity premium, and does reduce the volatility of equity price only if therepresentative agent has a low preference for liquidity. As a result, this preference should below, in order that objectives of macroeconomic and financial stabilization match up. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/published ; Special Issue30th Symposium on Money, Banking and FinanceGuest editors: Christian Aubin, Noëlle Duport andDaniel Goyeau

The fascism of the Legion de l'Archange Michel/Garde de fer has a number of atypical features compared with the main Italian and German models which can bring it closer to the French Action. Taking root in an agricultural country, she was forced to adopt more traditional, monarchic and Christian elements to reach rural masses that were difficult to politicise. In addition, the prestige of French nationalism in the aftermath of the victory attracted young Romanian nationalists in Charles Maurras' orbit. Comparing the French Action and the Legionnaires Movement and studying their relations nevertheless leads to a finding of divergence. Historians of traditional or reshareholder rights are interested in their ideas and organisations that are more or less adapted to the modern world; the historians of fascism are moving towards a culturalist approach known as the 'new consensus', which highlights the radical breakdown introduced by ideologies related to irrationalist political religions, revolutionary methods, totalitarian and modernist aspirations, activists subject to charismatic youth leaders. Lastly, it should be noted that there was a divergence in the pro-German direction of the Legion in international politics, to which the French Action was totally hostile. ; International audience The fascism of the Legion of Saint Michael Archangel presents a few atypical features regarding to the great German and Italian models which may compare it to the Action Française. Rooted in an agrarian country, it was compelled to adopt a more traditional – monarchical and religious – stance, in order to touch rural masses, hard to mobilize politically. Furthermore, the prestige of the French nationalism after the victory had attracted young Romanian nationalists in the circle of Charles Maurras. The comparison between the Action Française and the Legionary Movement, and the analysis of their relations, drive to the conclusion of their divergence. The historiography of the traditional or reactionary rightist groups is interested ...

Through the political history of water, that is to say, the history of not only speeches but also actors who hide their interest and power, this work shows the oldness of the use, by the elite, of international benchmarks. It shows the same oldness of the very poor implementation of idealized foreign models in national institutions. The technocratic idealization on a side and the clientelistic reality on the other explain such discrepancy. The paper successively examines the water management for early modernity, modernity and postmodernity. ; A travers une histoire politique de l'eau, c'est-à-dire une histoire non seulement des discours, mais aussi des acteurs qui cachent leur intérêt et leur pouvoir, ce travail montre l'ancienneté du recours, par l'élite, aux références internationales . Il montre la même ancienneté concernant l'adaptation très éloignée, dans les institutions nationales, des modèles étrangers idéalisés. L'idéalisation technocratique d'un côté et la réalité clientéliste de l'autre expliquent un tel décalage. L'article aborde successivement la gestion élitaire de l'eau pendant la prémodernité, la modernité et la postmodernité.

Through the political history of water, that is to say, the history of not only speeches but also actors who hide their interest and power, this work shows the oldness of the use, by the elite, of international benchmarks. It shows the same oldness of the very poor implementation of idealized foreign models in national institutions. The technocratic idealization on a side and the clientelistic reality on the other explain such discrepancy. The paper successively examines the water management for early modernity, modernity and postmodernity. ; A travers une histoire politique de l'eau, c'est-à-dire une histoire non seulement des discours, mais aussi des acteurs qui cachent leur intérêt et leur pouvoir, ce travail montre l'ancienneté du recours, par l'élite, aux références internationales . Il montre la même ancienneté concernant l'adaptation très éloignée, dans les institutions nationales, des modèles étrangers idéalisés. L'idéalisation technocratique d'un côté et la réalité clientéliste de l'autre expliquent un tel décalage. L'article aborde successivement la gestion élitaire de l'eau pendant la prémodernité, la modernité et la postmodernité.