Suchergebnisse

Le attività di ricerca descritte in questa tesi si focalizzano sullo sviluppo dei quartieri ad energia netta zero (NZE settlements) in un caso di studio reale in Italia. Questo studio fa parte di un più ampio progetto di ricerca chiamato ZERO-PLUS (acronimo di "Achieving near Zero and Positive Energy Settlements in Europe using Advanced Energy Technology"), che fa a sua volta riferimento al programma internazionale Horizon 2020. Il progetto prevede la costruzione di quattro quartieri NZE in casi di studio reali in Europa, cioè in Italia, Francia, Cipro e Regno. In particolare, l'insediamento italiano è composto da soluzioni avanzate per l'involucro edilizio, sistemi innovativi di produzione di energia e gestione integrata delle risorse energetiche a livello di quartiere. Tuttavia, l'obiettivo di ottenere edifici ad alte prestazioni energetiche può essere raggiunto solo se si considera l'influenza contemporanea delle caratteristiche tecniche e dell'occupazione. Studi recenti riportano che, man mano che gli edifici diventano più efficienti dal punto di vista energetico, il comportamento degli occupanti gioca un ruolo sempre più importante nel consumo. Pertanto, una costruzione progettata per essere un "Net Zero Energy Building" (NZEB) potrebbe generare un consumo maggiore del previsto se le ipotesi fatte nel processo di simulazione non sono rispettate durante l'uso reale. D'altra parte, le prestazioni effettive di tecnologie innovative e ad alta efficienza devono essere verificate rispetto alle prestazioni previste. In quest'ottica, uno degli obiettivi di questo studio è quello di evidenziare i punti critici che possono influenzare le prestazioni energetiche, reali e attese, di nuovi edifici volti a soddisfare lo standard di energia netta zero. L'analisi è stata quindi eseguita attraverso la simulazione dinamica calibrata di un edificio continuamente monitorato. Nel dettaglio, le impostazioni dei parametri di comfort da parte degli occupanti e la loro interazione con l'involucro e i sistemi influenzano direttamente il funzionamento degli edifici e i relativi usi energetici. Gli strumenti di simulazione (EnergyPlus e DesignBuilder) sono stati impiegati per dimostrare il potenziale impatto degli stili di vita degli occupanti e delle diverse composizioni domestiche sull'uso di energia e sulle condizioni di comfort termico. I risultati rivelano chiaramente il loro impatto. I risparmi in termini di consumo annuale di energia possono arrivare fino al 60% nel passaggio da comportamenti errati a "verdi". Infatti, questo studio mira a focalizzare l'attenzione sull'urgente bisogno di modelli di riferimento relativi a problemi comportamentali umani che influenzano l'uso di energia negli edifici, in particolare negli NZEB. Infine, l'importanza dei fattori psicologici viene sempre più riconosciuta nel guidare il movimento NZEB. Questo studio sviluppa un esteso "Technology Acceptance Model" (TAM) per spiegare l'intenzione dei consumatori di adottare gli NZEB nel contesto dei quartieri NZE lo esamina attraverso un'ampia indagine condotta attraverso i canali dei social media. I risultati mostrano che la conoscenza soggettiva, l'utilità percepita, i cambiamenti climatici percepiti, l'atteggiamento nei confronti degli NZEB nel contesto dei quartieri NZE e le preoccupazioni ambientali generali misurate dalla scala "New Ecological Paradigm" (NEP), sono i determinanti psicologici significativi dell'intenzione di adottare gli NZEB nel contesto dei quartieri NZE. Si è anche riscontrato che la mancanza di conoscenze soggettive relative agli NZEB, e in particolare ai quartieri NZE, potrebbe costituire una potenziale barriera psicologica tra i consumatori intervistati. I fattori psicologici identificati forniscono riferimenti ai responsabili politici per sviluppare efficacemente strategie di intervento comportamentale per i consumatori e allocare risorse negli schemi di promozione dei quartieri NZE. This thesis focus on research activities within the context of the development of a Near Zero Energy (NZE) settlement in a real case study in Italy. This study is part of a wider research project called ZERO-PLUS (acronym of "Achieving near Zero and Positive Energy Settlements in Europe using Advanced Energy Technology"), which is in the International Horizon 2020 programme. The project involves the construction of four real-life case study NZE settlements in Europe, i.e. in Italy, France, Cyprus, and UK. In particular, the Italian settlement is composed of advanced solutions for the building envelope, innovative energy production systems, and integrated resources energy management at the settlement level. However, the objective of obtaining high performance energy buildings can be reached only if considering the contemporaneous influence of technical characteristics and occupancy. Recent studies report that as buildings become more energy efficient, the behavior of occupants plays an increasing role in energy consumption. Therefore, a construction designed to be a Net Zero Energy Building (NZEB) might consume higher than expected if the occupant behavior assumptions made in the simulation process are not respected during the real use. On the other hand, the effective performance of innovative and high efficiency technologies must be checked against predicted performance. In this view, one of the goals of this study is to highlight the critical points that may affect the energy performance, real and expected, of new buildings aimed at meeting the net zero energy standard. The analysis has, therefore, been performed through calibrated dynamic simulation of a continuously monitored building. In detail, indoor comfort settings by the occupants and their interaction with the envelope and the systems directly affect the operation of buildings and related energy uses. Simulation tools (EnergyPlus and DesignBuilder) were employed to demonstrate the potential impact of occupant behavior lifestyles and different household compositions on energy use and thermal comfort conditions. The results clearly reveal their impact. The savings in terms of annual energy consumption can reach up to 60% in the transition from wrong to "green" behaviour. Indeed, this study aims at focusing the attention on the urgent need of reference models related to human behaviors that influence the energy use in buildings, especially in NZEBs. Finally, the importance of psychological factors is also increasingly being recognized in driving the NZEB movement. This study develops an extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to explain consumers' intention to adopt NZEBs in NZE settlement framework and examines it through an extensive survey conducted via social media channels. The results show that subjective knowledge, perceived usefulness, perceived climate change, attitude towards NZEBs in NZE settlement framework and general environmental concern measured by the New Ecological Paradigm (NEP) scale, are the significant psychological determinants of intention to adopt NZEBs in NZE settlement framework. It is also found that lacking subjective knowledge related to NZEBs, and in particular NZE settlements, could be a potential psychological barriers among the surveyed consumers. The identified psychological factors provide references for policymakers to effectively develop consumers' behavioral intervention strategies and allocate resources in NZE settlements promoting schemes.

Il romanzo latino Argenis di John Barclay, pubblicato a Parigi nel 1621, è stato uno dei libri più amati della sua epoca. La ragione del plauso dei lettori sarà da ricercare nella complessa macchina narrativa ideata dall'autore, unione di narrazione, storia, evocata in forma di allegoria, e magistero politico; in questo nuovo modello di scrittura è stato riconosciuto l'atto fondativo del genere cosidetto del "roman à clef" ("romanzo a chiave" in italiano). La ricerca propone un rigoroso studio dell'opera e mira alla definizione del giudizio su di essa espresso dai letterati italiani nel corso del Seicento. La tesi si sofferma in seguito sull'influenza esercitata dall'Argenis sul romanzo italiano. Attenzioni preliminari vengono così dedicate alle alterne fortune godute, nelle scritture di ambientazione fantastica, da alcune caratterizzanti scelte narrative del modello latino. Vengono quindi studiati i "romanzi a chiave" per delineare le declinazioni peculiari del genere in Italia, ponendo particolare attenzione alle forme e finalità di impiego della storia e ai nuovi indirizzi della materia politica. Gli autori di "romanzi a chiave" studiati sono: Francesco Agricoletti, Ciro Anselmi, Francesco Belli, Guidubaldo Benamati, Giovanni Francesco Biondi, Girolamo Brusoni, Niccolò Maria Corbelli, Carlo de' Dottori, Giovanni Francesco Loredano e Ferrante Pallavicino ; John Barclay's Argenis, a latin novel published in Paris in 1621, is one of the best sellers of its time. The reason for success is to be found in the complex narrative system conceived by the author, union of narration, history, recalled in the form of an allegory, and political thought; the foundative act of the so-called genre of the "roman à clef" ("novel with a key") is recognized in this new model of writing. The research aims at studying Barclay's novel and try to define its value in the opinion of the italian men of letters. The thesis focuses also on the influence of the Argenis on the seventeenth century italian novel. Preliminary attentions are dedicated to the variable success met by some characterizing narrative choices of the latin model within the fantasy setting novels. The italian "romans à clef" are examinated to determine the features of the genre in Italy, studying the forms and the finality of the use of history and the rethinkings imposed to the political argument. The authors examinated are: Francesco Agricoletti, Ciro Anselmi, Francesco Belli, Guidubaldo Benamati, Giovanni Francesco Biondi, Girolamo Brusoni, Niccolò Maria Corbelli, Carlo de' Dottori, Giovanni Francesco Loredano e Ferrante Pallavicino.

This work presents the results of a research regarding the élite of Asti and the cultural factors that determine its role in the local governance performance. Starting from determining the difficulties of this territory to elaborate a shared vision of a new and effective trajectory of future development, the research aimed at focusing on the dynamics of power and of shared meanings that hinder this process, with the purpose of identifying possible strategies of change. The composition and stratification of local elite and features of local decision-making process were identified through a mixed method approach, based on positional, reputational, decisional and social network analysis. The analysis of the elite's discourse about local development highlighted a strong polarization both concerning the self-representation of local power and the possible levers of development. On the one hand, an image of power as a closed system, almost exclusively focused on its self-reproduction, in contrast with a more flexible one, based on the management of a territory through local services administration. On the other hand, an expectation of development opportunities almost automatically arising from landscape and natural resources in contrast with an idea of development more based on the opportunities arising form cultural heritage (Palio and local theatre tradition), which could create synergies with University's and local tourism's development strategies.

This work presents the results of a research regarding the élite of Asti and the cultural factors that determine its role in the local governance performance. Starting from determining the difficulties of this territory to elaborate a shared vision of a new and effective trajectory of future development, the research aimed at focusing on the dynamics of power and of shared meanings that hinder this process, with the purpose of identifying possible strategies of change. The composition and stratification of local elite and features of local decision-making process were identified through a mixed method approach, based on positional, reputational, decisional and social network analysis. The analysis of the elite's discourse about local development highlighted a strong polarization both concerning the self-representation of local power and the possible levers of development. On the one hand, an image of power as a closed system, almost exclusively focused on its self-reproduction, in contrast with a more flexible one, based on the management of a territory through local services administration. On the other hand, an expectation of development opportunities almost automatically arising from landscape and natural resources in contrast with an idea of development more based on the opportunities arising form cultural heritage (Palio and local theatre tradition), which could create synergies with University's and local tourism's development strategies.

Sulla base delle analisi transnazionali degli effetti della violenza collettiva (guerra e terrorismo) sui tassi di omicidi, la mia ricerca di dottorato contribuisce all' apertura di studi criminologici sull' omicidio verso una prospettiva integrata sulla violenza. La principale scoperta originale è che sia il terrorismo che le varie forme di guerra (ad esempio guerre etniche, civili e internazionali) sono associate in modo forte e positivo all' omicidio. Queste conclusioni si basano sul calcolo di una serie di modelli ad effetti fissi su un panel che comprende più di 100 paesi in oltre 20 anni dal 1990. I risultati danno un sostegno provvisorio alle ipotesi di "legittimazione della violenza" e "legittimazione-abituazione" formulate per quanto riguarda gli effetti transnazionali delle guerre nazionali sui tassi di omicidi, e gli effetti degli attentati terroristici e dei prolungati stati di belligeranza sui tassi di omicidi in Israele, rispettivamente. Entrambe le ipotesi suggeriscono che la violenza collettiva abbia un effetto causale positivo sull' omicidio, ma il tema è stato ampiamente trascurato nella ricerca criminologica fin dalla formulazione originale delle ipotesi più di 30 anni fa. Questo studio conclude che l'influenza causale della violenza collettiva sull'omicidio è probabile, ma non può essere dimostrata in modo definitivo entro i confini di un disegno di ricerca transnazionale. Da un punto di vista teorico, i quadri criminologici rilevanti dovrebbero essere arricchiti da due concetti distinti della scienza politica che permettono di collocare le ipotesi in un quadro più ampio di "cultura della violenza" e di "governance in aree di limitata statualità". ; Based on the cross-national analyses of the effects of collective violence (warfare and terrorism) on homicide rates, my Ph.D. research contributes to the opening of criminological homicide studies towards an integrated perspective on violence. The main original finding is that both terrorism and various forms of warfare (e.g. ethnic, civil and international wars) are robustly and positively associated with homicide. These findings are based on the calculation of a series of fixed-effects models on a panel that incorporates more than 100 countries over more than 20 years since 1990. The results lend tentative support to the so-called 'legitimation of violence' and 'legitimation-habituation' hypotheses that have been formulated in regard to the cross-national effects of nation-wars on homicide rates, and to the effects of terror attacks and prolonged states of belligerence on homicide rates in Israel, respectively. Both hypotheses suggest that collective violence bears a positive causal effect on homicide, but the topic has been largely neglected in criminological research since the original formulation of the hypotheses more than 30 years ago. This study concludes that a causal influence of collective violence on homicide is likely, but cannot conclusively be proven within the confines of a cross-national research design. From a theoretical perspective, relevant criminological frameworks should be enriched with two distinct concepts from political science which allow to situate the hypotheses within a larger framework of 'culture of violence' and 'governance in areas of limited statehood'.

The aim of this article is to analyze the effects of the implementation of additive technologies in the business models of manufacturing companies. In summary, additive technologies influence all the business model components, producing destructive effects on the linear models, with the generation of technology platform-based business models. The value creating logic of the focal enterprise changes and becomes value co-creation with the end user, whose role is no longer limited to the co-configuration of the modular product or to codistribution. This article also discusses about the roles that customer and focal company are going likely to play in business ecosystems in the immediate future, and the relationship between co-creation with the customer and open innovation with customer. The synthesis reached is consistent with the scenario that is emerging with the democratization of digital technologies that seems to suggest new solutions for the division of labor between producers and customers

Questo elaborato analizza il ciclo economico e come gli animal spirits possono influenzare il suo andamento. Il concetto di animal spirits, introdotto da J.M.Keynes e ripreso da G.Akerlof e R.Shiller, descrive il funzionamento dell'economia quando le persone sono umane. Basandosi su un'analisi comportamentale che individua meccanismi psicologici, presenti nel ciclo economico, si creano delle dinamiche diverse da quelle previste dalla teoria tradizionale. Il sistema economico è caratterizzato da incertezza e l'economia, oltre che da attori razionali, è governata da motivazioni non economiche. I concetti di razionalità e irrazionalità sono emersi nella seconda metà del XX sec. grazie alla Finanza Comportamentale, approccio interdisciplinare che fonde elementi di economia, finanza e psicologia in modo da capire il reale funzionamento dei mercati finanziari. Le dinamiche comportamentali possono influenzare sia i modelli macroeconomici DSGE, vere e proprie guide per le politiche economiche utilizzate dai governi e dalle banche centrali, sia la politica monetaria, ossia l'insieme delle scelte che un policymaker produce al fine di raggiungere gli obiettivi che riguardano la moneta. Nella realtà l'influenza degli animal spirits nei mercati finanziari e nel ciclo economico si può riscontare nello scoppio di due bolle speculative, negli Stati Uniti d'America nel 2007 e in Cina nel 2015. This paper analyzes the economic cycle and how animal spirits can influence its trend. The concept of animal spirits, introduced by J.M.Keynes and resumed by G.Akerlof and R.Shiller, describes the functioning of the economy when people are human. Based on a behavioral analysis that identifies psychological mechanisms, present in the economic cycle, different dynamics are created than those provided by traditional theory. The economic system is characterized by uncertainty and the economy, as well as rational actors, is governed by non-economic reasons. The concepts of rationality and irrationality emerged in the second half of the twentieth century. Thanks to the Behavioral Finance, an interdisciplinary approach combining elements of economics, finance and psychology to understand the real functioning of the financial markets. Behavioral dynamics can affect both the DSGE macroeconomic models, real economic policy guides used by governments and central banks, and monetary policy, that is, the set of choices that a policymaker produces in order to achieve the goals that concern the coin. In reality, the influence of animal spirits on the financial markets and the economic cycle can be reflected in the outbreak of two speculative bubbles, in the United States of America in 2007 and in China in 2015.

In general, the concept of 'model' may refer to a person, thing, or organisation that refine one or more features in one or more fields, and also to the ability of that person, thing, or organisation to build a model that can be reproduced according to these characteristics. It then designates the character of what is exemplary, of what can be mapped. In the more specific context of monastic Buddhism in contemporary China, the "model" issue influences the strategies adopted by temples to come to the world, and their positioning within a regulatory system defined by both religious and political. This environment drives a "model" Buddhista temple to spread the values defined as being specific to contemporary Chinese society, and to embody them in accordance with the expectations of the institutions. Furthermore, it encourages it to develop expertise in one or more fields, enabling it to reach a dominant position and recognition of its paratheties.These are precisely these different elements that make it possible to identify as a 'model' between the public temples (temple) of one or more fields, enabling it to achieve a dominant position and recognition of its parities. These various elements make it possible to identify as a 'model' between the public temples of political temples, enabling it to achieve a dominant position and recognition of its parities. These different elements make it possible to identify as a 'model' between the public feminist tempyms of one or more fields, enabling it to achieve a dominant position and recognition of its parities. These various elements make it possible to identify as a 'model' between the public temples of one or more fields, enabling it to reach a dominant position and recognise its parpassion.These different elements make it possible to identify as a 'model' between the public temples of the Budgetist (or its) Shareholders. Rehabilitated and rehabilitated by the monks in 1991, this temple is relatively recent and now hosts the largest female community in the country, ...

he redevelopment of Barcelona's waterfront has been among the most studied and acclaimed in the last 30 years.It can be referred to as the "Barcelona model" and to this day it still influences debate and urban practice in the planning of coastal cities and in the urban renewal of the port areas.After 30 years the first dissenting opinions have arisen, highlighting some negative aspects: gentrification, loss of identity, anonymous public spaces and globalized architectural language. Port Vell, one of the first cases of redevelopment, shows the ravages of time.We propose to consider a vaster vision of the Catalan experience, starting with the development policies of the 1970s, which brought to the fore the public private partnerships that made Barcelona a center for tourism and congresses.After years of immobility and compulsory administration, the port of Naples is undergoing an interesting phase of planning and a renewed bond with the city, based on the implementation of the D.lgs. 169/2016 and on the institution of a single Port System Authority for the port-cities of Naples, Salerno and Castellammare di Stabia.This renewal has brought our attention once more to unresolved issues in the urban debate: historic port, waterfront, city-port relationship, urban regeneration. The comparative analysis of these two case studies aims to determine which elements of the "Barcelona model" are still valid and can apply to the case of Naples. ; Nuove prospettive per il 'modello Barcellona' e proposte per la rigenerazione del waterfront di NapoliLa rigenerazione del waterfront di Barcellona è tra i casi più studiati e apprezzati sin dagli anni Novanta. Si può parlare di un "modello Barcellona" che ancora oggi ispira il dibattito e la pratica urbanistica nella pianificazione per le città di mare e negli interventi di riqualificazione delle aree portuali. A distanza di 30 anni, però, si registrano le prime voci dissenzienti che sottolineano alcuni aspetti negativi: gentrification, perdita d'identità, spazi pubblici anonimi e linguaggio architettonico globalizzato. Il Port Vell, tra i primi interventi di riqualificazione, mostra i segni del tempo.Si propone di riflettere sull'esperienza catalana in una visione più ampia, partendo dalle politiche di sviluppo urbano degli anni Settanta che diedero spazio alle collaborazioni pubblico-privato per fare di Barcellona una città del turismo e dei congressi.Il porto di Napoli, dopo anni di immobilismo e commissariamenti, sta vivendo una interessante fase di progettualità e rinnovato rapporto con la città, anche grazie all'attuazione del D.lgs. 169/2016 e l'istituzione dell'Autorità di Sistema Portuale unica di Napoli, Salerno, Castellammare di Stabia. La ripresa del porto ha richiamato l'attenzione del dibattito urbanistico su temi mai risolti: Porto Storico, waterfront, relazione tra porto-città, rigenerazione urbana.La comparazione tra i due casi studio è finalizzata a mettere a fuoco quali elementi del "modello Barcellona" sono ancora validi e applicabili alla realtà napoletana.

La ricerca analizza la forma di Stato e di Governo e si focalizza nel ruolo importante del Capo dello Stato in funzione alla separazione dei poteri e consolidamento della democrazia in una Repubblica Parlamentare. Questa ricerca comparativa analizza l'evoluzione della forma di governo in Italia e Albania. La ricerca analizza nei dettagli l'evoluzione della forma di Governo, focalizzandosi all'istituzione del Capo dello Stato in Albania dall'indipendenza (1912), evidenziando il ruolo dell'Italia in quest'evoluzione. In maniera comparativa si analizza l'evoluzione dell'istituzione del Capo dello Stato in Italia fin dalla sua unita e gli altri sviluppi i quali servirono come modello per l'Albania, evidenziano l'influenza a livello internazionale che ebbe l'Italia per l'indipendenza dell'Albania, che portò al consolidamento dei loro rapporti. Questa ricerca analizza la collaborazione di questi due Stati la quale culmino con la loro Unione Personale identificandosi nello stesso Capo di Stato. La ricerca inoltre evidenzia che come questa fase sia stata superata dalla II Guerra Mondiale e la Guerra Fredda che vide questi Stati a sviluppare diverse forme di Governo. Per di più la ricerca evidenzia la trasformazione politico-istituzionale e il processo di cambiamento dell'Albania dopo la caduta del muro di Berlino che segno la fine del sistema comunista, che vide l'Albania ad adottare il modello Italiano per il Capo dello Stato. ; This study analyses the important role of the Head of State on the separation of power and the consolidation of democracy in a Parliamentary Republic. This comparative study analyses the evolution on the form of governance in two respective countries Albania and Italy. The study develops in-depth analyses on the alteration of the form of governance indicating the evolution of the country's President Institution in Albania from independence (1912) to democracy (1990) and the influence of Italy, decisive to the governance of the country. Comparatively, the analysis follows the alteration on the evolution of the Head of State in Italy pursuant to country's unification and further developments, which served as a model for Albania, stating the international role Italy played towards Albanian's independence which led to the consolidation of the cooperation between countries. This research draws an analysis on the collaboration between the abovementioned countries resulting the institutional unification and having a common leadership, practice abolished with the Second World War, identifying two different forms of governance in respective countries during the Cold War. Moreover, this study highlights institutional transformation and developments in Albania subsequent to the fall of Berlin Wall identified as the failure of communist regime, specifying Albania's form of governance and Head of State pursuant to the Italian model.

The Safe Harbour agreement was the result of an economic and political compromise between the European Union and the United States in the field of data protection, where the European regulatory model has demonstrated its influence in an interdependent world. The ECJ judgement has put an end to this compromise.Against this background, the author points out the different solutions that private companies may adopt in the short-, medium- and long-term. In this light, the article considers the chance of reaching a new international bilateral agreement in short time and the limits posed by the ECJ decision to this potential agreement.Focusing on the medium-term scenario, the author takes into account the impact of the Schrems case on the different legal alternatives for data transfer (data subject's consent, standard contractual clauses, and binding corporate rules) and discusses the consequences of this judgement on business strategies.In the long-term scenario, a more optimistic outlook is possible, given the increasing demand for data protection coming from U.S. companies and society at large, as demonstrated by the support provided the U.S. business community to new regulatory initiatives and by the In re Microsoft Corp. case. ; The Safe Harbour agreement was the result of an economic and political compromise between the European Union and the United States in the field of data protection, where the European regulatory model has demonstrated its influence in an interdependent world. The ECJ judgement has put an end to this compromise.Against this background, the author points out the different solutions that private companies may adopt in the short-, medium- and long-term. In this light, the article considers the chance of reaching a new international bilateral agreement in short time and the limits posed by the ECJ decision to this potential agreement.Focusing on the medium-term scenario, the author takes into account the impact of the Schrems case on the different legal alternatives for data transfer (data subject's consent, standard contractual clauses, and binding corporate rules) and discusses the consequences of this judgement on business strategies.In the long-term scenario, a more optimistic outlook is possible, given the increasing demand for data protection coming from U.S. companies and society at large, as demonstrated by the support provided the U.S. business community to new regulatory initiatives and by the In re Microsoft Corp. case.

The aim of the research is to analyze the role of the consumer in a detailed way. Firstly I defined the concepts of "consumption" and "consumer", giving relief to the socio-economic theories that have characterized the subject during recent years,and taking in consideration the process of consumption and the behavioral and decisional theories proper of the consumer. Moreover, I have deeply analyzed the consumer under the juridical aspect, from the mere legal recognition to the trial and the efforts sustained by the European Legislator during the last years with the purpose of creating a system of common rules with the final goal of guaranteeing a high-level of protection to the consumer in international contracts and assuring the correct operation of the Single Internal Market founding the discipline on a competitive model. Great relief is given to the "Rome I Regulation" on the choice of the law aplicable to contracts and to the "Bruxelles Convention" on the competent court.

The increasing widespread of digital technologies, enabled by the Internet and by new kind of rising market, is beginning to influence the global social-economical fabric and the already known production models. In this context, Toyota model early identified those typical relational factors of artisan production, that revealed their extremely high competitiveness in every field of industrial production, regardless of culture background of implementation. The widespread adoption of Pull logic is progressively undermining fordist model and strengthening a production model that could satisfy highly variable, for typology and volume, custumer requirements: Mass Personalization. A network of private and university FabLabs, composed by Digital Artisan, miscellaneous for competences and functions, could be the exponent of such a model and could go beyond the craftsmanship limits, through the capability of doing activity such as research and development. Cultural reflection of MIT, widespread laboratory for research and invention, answer to a grassroots demand, promoting sharing, international solution for the decrease of Digital Divide and knowledge democratization, aimed at the encouragement of local entrepreneurship, exponent of a general revalue of craftsmanship and self-production activities, FabLab is the most innovative institution in the present overview and probably the repository of an advanced Lean approach.

Bayes' Classroom: Methodological, Epistemological and Operational Notes for a Real Digitalization of Teaching in the Italian School System The gap between the new «digital natives» learning styles and teaching strategies and practices – still very traditional in Italy – is wide. We need to radically re-think the teaching and learning setting, at least, with regard to three fundamental issues: (a) the physical spaces of education; (b) the methodological approaches; (c) the technologies involved in the learning process. The aim is to sketch a possible design for the new digitally augmented education, based on a social-constructivist approach. The analysis of data and evidence related to behavioral and cognitive styles of the younger generations have led us to identify the logic of scientific discovery (in this case, understood in terms of Bayesian epistemology) as the best suited cultural matrix to develop a model of augmented education. In order to illustrate our proposal, we first describe how and why the brain-frame of «digital natives» is different when compared to our Gutenberg-based way of teaching. The second part describes the design of our methodological and technological proposal, and outlines its three step-structure: tool box, cooperative problem-solving, and situation room. The third part provides some remarks on the impact of this approach on the concept of democratic citizenship.