Human behavior in the face of new challenges of changing economic reality is of interest not only to Economics, but also to other social Sciences. In this regard, the question of creating a universal human model as a tool for interpreting and predicting behavior remains open. The article analyzes the formation of human model in the economy comparing neoclassical and alternative approaches. The purpose of the work is to identify the possibilities of methodological development of the model not only as a tool for analyzing economic phenomena and processes, but also as an independent object of knowledge. The results of the study show that drawing on the interdisciplinary approach of new institutional Economics, behavioral Economics, and social Sciences, you may perform a more profound study of behavioral assumptions, including an appeal to the motivational component of behavior, which expands the explanatory power of the model. The findings can be used both for promising theoretical and methodological approaches to the analysis of an individual as an economic entity, and for solving practical problems.
The article investigates the formal models as a method of analysis in international studies. The importance of this type of models in writing articles for world leading high-ranking journals from Scopus list is shown. The author reveals the main challenges of interdisciplinary synthesis related to the construction of formal models. The problem of identifying the actors of international relations is revealed, including the assessment of actor's involvement in a concrete international conflict (or process) in the context of the concepts of defensive and offensive realism, as well as of real and of latent (potential) power. The decrease in the influence of the state as the primary actor in international relations, and the increase of influence of new types of actors are shown, including international terrorist networks (led by IS), political parties, media and NGOs in the context of post-modernism, global business structures. At the national level, the main actors are illustrated both by the example of countries with a developed civil society and a market economy, and by that of the traditional non-Western society. The question of levels of analysis in international relations, as well as agent-structure problem are illustrated by concrete cases from modern international relations. The author describes a model of "nested" politics. The main types of models used in international studies (game theoretic, econometric, network analysis, simulation) are indicated as well as their shortcomings. Two kinds of simulation models - system dynamics and agent-based modeling are described. It is noted that the agent-based modeling is carried out mainly in the framework of the constructivist paradigm of international relations theory.
Научная новизна статьи обусловлена эволюционным подходом авторов к развитию теорий лидерства, в котором выделяются четыре этапа: 1) теория лидерских качеств, 2) поведенческие теории лидерства, 3) ситуационные теории лидерства, 4) интеракционистские теории лидерства. Поведенческие теории лидерства, которым посвящена настоящая статья, являются логичным продолжением теории лидерских качеств и закономерным предшественником ситуационных теорий лидерства. В статье подробно рассмотрены поведенческие модели лидерства К.Левина (авторитарный, демократический и попустительский стили лидерства), Д. Хемфилла и Э. Кунса (структурирование и внимательность), Р. Кана и Д. Каца (ориентация на работников и ориентация на производство). Показано, что, несмотря на различия в терминологии, все поведенческие модели лидерства указывают на два основных фактора, связанных с эффективностью лидерства: поведение, ориентированное на достижения, и поведение, ориентированное на межличностные взаимоотношения. Обсуждены ограничения поведенческих моделей, которые впоследствии привели исследователей к созданию ситуационных теорий лидерства. ; The scientifi c novelty of the article lies in the evolutionary approach of the authors to the development of the theory of leadership, in which the authors mark four stages such as 1) theory of leadership skills, 2) behavioral theories of leadership, 4) situational leadership theories, 4) interactionist theories of leadership. The article is devoted to the behavioral theories of leadership, which are a logical continuation of the theory of leadership qualities and the logical precursor of situational leadership theories. The article examines in detail behavior models of leadership of K.Lewin (authoritarian, democratic and passive leadership styles), D. Hemphill and E. Koons (structuring and mindfulness), R. Kahn and D. Katz (orientation towards workers and orientation towards production). The article shows that despite the differences in terminology, all behavioral models of leadership point out two main factors related to leadership effectiveness such as performance-oriented behavior and interpersonal relationshiporiented behavior. We consider the limitations of behavioral models, which later led researchers to creation of situational leadership theories.
The article surveys the theories of national economy regulation introduced by eminent economists of the Stockholm School in the late XIX - early XX centuries and the social situation in Sweden during this period. The article also analyzes the transformation of Swedish economy during XX century from a relatively pure market economy to a modern "Scandinavian socialism", focuses on the role of government agencies and the influence of the political system on this process. In addition, the paper highlights those features which, according to the author, contributed to Sweden's shift from the raw materials supplier of the leading industrial powers in the late XIX century to a current world leader in technological development.
В рамках деятельностно-структурной концепции Т. И. Заславской определены ключевые этапы развития предпринимательства в Беларуси в зависимости от влияния политико-управленческой и реформаторской деятельности властей на социально-инновационную деятельность предпринимателей. Историко-социологический подход к развитию предпринимательства в Беларуси основан на анализе книг, статей, официальных документов и государственной статистики. Отмечается, что реформаторская деятельность властей по отношению к предпринимательству полностью зависит от политико-административного влияния, именно поэтому поведенческие стратегии предпринимателей формируются как реакционно-адаптивное поведение. ; The aim of the study is within T. Zaslavskaya's theoretical model of societal transformation to determine the key development stages of small entrepreneurship in Belarus depending on the impact of politico-administrative activity and reformative activity of authorities on socio-innovative activity of entrepreneurs. Historico-sociological approach to the development of entrepreneurship in Belarus is based on the analysis of books, articles, official documents and state statistics. We found out that the reformative activity of the authorities towards entrepreneurship is absolutely dependent on politicoadministrative influence. That is why the behavioral strategies of entrepreneurs are formed as reaction-adaptive behavior. The results of the study are primarily applicable for post-Soviet republics and countries with transition economy.
Analytical approaches to technological modernization depend on the conditions of that certain scholars take like a basis (industrial, institutional approaches). The article discusses about the factors which are necessary for the success of projects to introduce technological innovations (information systems, etc.) in the various kinds of organizations (in government, financial and real sectors of the economy).Purpose: definition of the behavioral factors to consider when carrying out technological modernization in the Russian economyMethodology: in article logical-historical methods, and also general scientific methods of the analysis were used.Results: highlights some of the most informative factors that influence the implementation of technological innovations in the Russian economy.Practical implications: results should apply by economic agents who engaged in or planning to implement of technological changes. ; налитические подходы к проведению технологической модернизации зависят от условий, которые те или иные исследователи принимают за базовые (индустриальный, институциональный подходы). В статье рассматриваются факторы, учет которых необходим для успеха проектов по внедрению технологических новшеств (информационные систем и т.п.) на организациях различной направленности в экономике России (госучреждения, организации финансового и реального секторов экономики).Цель: определение поведенческих факторов, которые необходимо учитывать при проведении технологической модернизации в экономике России.Метод или методология проведения работы: в статье использовались логико-исторические методы, а также общенаучные методы анализа.Результаты: выделены некоторые наиболее информативные факторы, которые оказывают влияние на реализацию процессов по внедрению технологических новшеств в экономике России.Область применения результатов: полученные результаты целесообразно применять экономическими субъектами, осуществляющими или планирующими технологические изменения.
Разработана модель влияния информационно-психологических воздействий на боевую готовность подразделений. Модель позволяет: оценивать различные варианты планов проведения мероприятий по контролю уровня боеготовности подразделений при различных стратегиях информационно-психологического воздействия со стороны противника; оптимизировать план проведения мероприятий по контролю уровня боеготовности подразделений и план психологической реабилитации военнослужащих. ; Розроблена модель дії інформаційно-психологічного впливу на бойову готовність підрозділів. Модель дозволяє: оцінювати різні варіанти планів проведення заходів щодо контролю рівня боєготовності підрозділів при різних стратегіях інформаційно-психологічного впливу з боку противника; оптимізувати план проведення заходів щодо контролю рівня боєготовності підрозділів і план психологічної реабілітації військовослужбовців. ; The model of influence of the informatively-psychological affecting is developed alertness of subdivisions. A model allow: to evaluate the different variants of plans of leadthrough of measures on control of level of alertness of subdivisions at different strategies of informatively-psychological influence from the side of opponent; to optimize the plan of leadthrough of measures on control of level of alertness of subdivisions and plan of psychological rehabilitation of military man.
В статье рассматривается модель воспитания правовой культуры студентов как важный инструмент их подготовки к успешной профессиональной деятельности. Актуальность исследуемой проблемы обусловлена социальным заказом общества на подготовку специалиста новой формации, обладающего высоким уровнем общей и правовой культуры, нравственной и правовой устойчивостью, оперативно решающего насущные задачи, обладающего аналитическим, саногенным мышлением, креативностью и экстраполирующего правомерную поведенческую стратегию. В качестве методов исследования выступили понятийно-терминологический анализ, синтез, аналогия, систематизация, интерпретация, классификация, теоретическое моделирование, интервьюирование. При раскрытии исследуемого феномена были использованы нормативно-правовые акты, посвященные основным правам и свободам личности, а также научно-педагогическая, психологическая и юридическая литература. Полученные данные постулируют, что определение дефиниции «правовая культура» коррелирует с концептуальными идеями исследователей, представляющих различные методологические школы, что свидетельствует о поливариативности изучаемой категории. По мнению авторов статьи, модель воспитания правовой культуры студентов включает целевой и методологический подходы, методологические принципы, педагогические условия, содержательный, процессуальный, критериально-оценочный и результативный блоки. The article considers the model of education of legal culture of students as an important tool for preparing them for successful professional activities. The relevance of the problem under study is due to the social order of society for the training of a specialist of a new formation, who has a high level of general and legal culture, moral and legal stability, promptly solving urgent problems, possessing analytical, sanogenic thinking, creativity and extrapolating lawful behavioral strategy. The research methods were: conceptual and terminological analysis, synthesis, analogy, systematization, interpretation, classification, theoretical modeling, interviewing. When disclosing the phenomenon under study, we used normative-legal acts devoted to the basic rights and freedoms of the individual, as well as scientific, pedagogical, psychological and legal literature. The obtained data postulate that the definition of legal culture correlates with the conceptual ideas of researchers representing different methodological schools, which indicates the polyvariability of the studied category. According to the authors of the article, the model of education of legal culture of students includes target and methodological approaches, methodological principles, pedagogical conditions, content, procedural, criterion-evaluation and result blocks.
Article is devoted to the review of formation and decline of behavioralism paradigm in political science. The author begins the analysis with critical consideration of the scientific concepts preceding emergence of modernist empiricism within which there is a behavioral analysis. Further the researcher traces formation behaviorism in the social disciplines: formation model in psychology, release of the theory out of limits of pure psychology and transferring ideas in sociology and political science. The author analyzes inquiries to the scientific theory by behavioralism. He opens the principles of behavioralism as paradigm in political science. The author presents the conceptual and contextual factors promoting recession of popularity behavioralism in political science and submits methodological restrictions approach. The author states the main claims of critics to this research approach and explains the reasons decline this paradigm. At the same time the methodological reflection of behavioralism which has followed recession of his popularity is reflected in work. The author opens the principles of the new methodological direction – post-behavioralism and the position of modern representatives of the behavioral analysis. ; Статья посвящена обзору становления и упадка бихевиоралистской парадигмы в политологии. Автор начинает анализ с критического рассмотрения научных концепций, предшествующих появлению модернистского эмпиризма, в рамках которого возникает поведенческий анализ. Далее исследователь прослеживает путь становления бихевиоризма в русле обществоведческих дисциплин: формирование модели в психологии, выход теории за пределы чистой психологии и перенесение ее идей сначала в социологию, а после и в политологию. Автор анализирует гносеологические запросы бихевиорализма к научной теории и раскрывает принципы бихевиорализма как политологической парадигмы. В работе представлены концептуальные и контекстуальные факторы, способствовавшие спаду популярности бихевиорализма в политической науке, рассматриваются его методологические ограничения. Автор излагает основные претензии критиков к данному исследовательскому подходу и объясняет причины упадка данной парадигмы. Вместе с тем, в работе отражена и методологическая рефлексия бихевиорализма, последовавшая за спадом его популярности, раскрыты принципы нового направления – пост-бихевиорализма, а также изложена позиция современных представителей поведенческого анализа по некотором методологическим вопросам.
This article is based on the results of a sociological study of Saratov's youth, conducted by means of mass survey. Examined are the theoretical approaches towards analyzing patriotism as a social phenomenon based on the notion of its multi-variance. The substantive content of the term "patriotism" is defined to a significant degree by those values which young people appreciate. It is shown that the diversity of value dominants creates seven models of patriotic attitudes: abstract patriotism, traditional, local (including household), liberal, democratic, critical and globalist anti-patriotism. Temporally all of these models shift in different and often times opposite directions. The older one gets – the more "abstract" and "traditional" models of patriotism diminish in terms of their importance, while local and liberal models grow, on the contrary (however, the proportion of household patriotism, which is included into the local category, does decrease). The process of maturing for young people is typically accompanied by a decreasing significance of the anti-patriotic interpretation.
Young people's patriotism usually manifests itself in everyday life, and less commonly in political and celebratory activities. The younger generation takes the utmost pride in our World War 2 victory, as well as the culture and history of their country. The fact that upbringing has the greatest effect on developing patriotism among young people is confirmed. Other influential factors include (in order of diminishing importance) public organizations, structures of government power, mass media, the education system, religion. The authors' analysis of the influence of patriotic events revealed that the greatest contributing factor to developing patriotism is when young people meet with veterans of various wars. Second place in that rating of effectiveness goes to watching feature films and reading books. All of Russian society's social institutions appear to have vast unrealized potential when it comes to cultivating patriotic sentiments and views among young people. In order to fully realize this potential, the authors suggest not only drastically changing our perspective on such an issue as patriotism, but also initiating active work in regions and in local communities, assisting patriotic associations, clubs and other organizations focused on patriotism, paying close attention to the activities of educational institutions, intensifying patriotic work with students on behalf of the armed forces, and, finally, prompting mass media to radically change their perspective on patriotism and patriotic upbringing.
Economic science considers human capital as a fundamental factor that stimulates the accumulation of productive capital and, accordingly, has a positive effect on economic growth. Improving labor force quality can lead to an increase in the well-being of an individual due to an increase in his labor cost. An increase in public welfare will affect the economic growth of the state as a whole. The above conditions the relevance and timeliness of this work, aimed at illustration of human capital concept (subject of the study), as well as determination of human capital place in theoretical economic growth models and empirical mechanisms of its influence on growth. A review of theoretical works analyzing human capital concept and its relationship with economic growth rates aimed at achieving this goal. The study was conducted at the IPEI Center for the Study of Central Banking Problems as part of the RANEPA state task for 2022 using relevant academic literature and as the major source of information and methods such as descriptive, statistical, comparative analysis, as well as systematic approach. Analysis of human capital concept allows concluding that this indicator represents a set of innate and acquired through investment knowledge, skills and practical skills that determine labor productivity and future income of an employee. The mechanisms of human capital impact on economic growth include the relationship between growth and education level, the impact of human capital on technological progress, the relationship between health indicators and economic growth rates, the growth effect of public spending on education and health, and, finally, the effect of human capital in terms of poverty reduction. In the future, this review can serve as a starting point for an empirical study of investments in human capital in Russia within the framework of models with uncertainty and individual heterogeneous discounting.
The communication rights enshrined in Part 1 of Article 5 of the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany — freedom of expression, freedom of informa-tion, press, broadcasting, and cinema (Kommunikationsgrundrechte) are of constitu-tive importance for German democracy, since the process of forming of public opinion, which is important for the functioning of democratic institutions, depends on the level of their guarantee. At the same time, due to the special persuasiveness of the audiovi-sual form of information presentation, broadcasting is the most significant means of influence. Public service broadcasting (öffentlich- rechtlicher Rundfunk) is central to the German broadcasting system, while the role of private broadcasters is secondary. The decisive importance of public broadcasting in shaping the political opinion of Ger-man citizens presupposes the existence of sufficient and effective constitutional and legal guarantees that exclude the instrumentalization of this institution by the state, industry, and other influential public groups. The article, taking into account the historical con-text and using examples from the legislation and practice of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany, analyzes these guarantees, and also describes the basic constitutional and legal principles of the functioning of the broadcasting system in Germany. As a conclusion, a set of the basic essential characteristics of the German model of public broadcasting is fixed, which might be used for further critical consideration of this institution.
The article analyzed the formation of social space in gaming practices in terms of gender asymmetry, we study the influence of these particular types of toys to the social space. As a basic model of the game, we consider Irwin Hoffman's frame model.
Export determinants and their interconnection with technological sophistication and exchange rates are a popular topic in foreign articles. This paper is devoted to relation between export sophistication and exchange rate, including disaggregation of the used data to the country level. Main hypothesis of the research can be formulated as follows: export sophistication moderates the influence of exchange rate risks on export volume. First of all, analytical review of literature over the period of 2009-2019 has been carried out. It includes such topics as influence of trade policy on wages and employment in developing countries, main determinants of export diversification, role of foreign direct investments in export sophistication, etc. Furthermore, articles devoted to experience of China, Korea, Singapore, Japan, ASEAN and Latin America countries have been studied. Second part of the research focuses on statistical and regression analysis of Japanese export partners' data, and also evaluation of ESI and PSI according to R. Hausmann methodology. Moreover, three clusters of countries were outlined: first - the leader - the USA, second - countries with growing exports - China and Korea, third - other countries. The structure of Japanese exports inclines the focus on high and middle-high technological goods. This trend is more evident in case of ESI and PSI: middle and high technological goods retain minimal fluctuations in volumes since 2014. Finally, regression coefficients indicate that yen deflation stimulates export, this result can be explained by Japanese policy of division between internal and external markets.
The article presents the author's classification of the "catching-up modernization" models typical for Russia and Japan at the initial stage of acceleration of industrial development. The common features of the "state-national" model (Japan) and the "least resistance" model (Russia) are identified and characterized, and their comparative analysis is carried out. Particular attention is paid to the country features that have had a huge impact on the formation of national types of "catch-up modernization" model and their practical implementation. The role of the state, traditionally strong in Russia and Japan, is noted, and its change in the process of "catching up modernization" is traced. The degree of influence of endogenous and exogenous factors on the implementation of large-scale transformation of Russian and Japanese economic systems is analyzed. It is concluded that the development of national economies of the countries under consideration was a natural result and reflection of their types of the model of "catching-up modernization".
