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Two experiments were performed which were designed to replicate and extend the findings of Glass and Singer and others on the aftereffects of noise on performance. In the first, subjects were exposed to 24 min of 95 dBA fixed schedule (FS) or random schedule (RS) intermittent conglomerate noise or to 46 dBA background control (C) noise. After exposure. persistence on insoluble puzzles was least in the RS noise condition and greatest in the C noise condition. In the second experiment. subjects were exposed to 95-dBA intermittent white noise. Recorded nonnal aircraft flyovers, recorded combinations of aircraft noise peaks (AC), and Glass and Singer (GS) conglomerate noise or to 48-dBA background control noise. Following exposure, the GS and AC groups persisted less on the puzzles than the other three groups. In neither experiment was there an effect of noise on routine tasks performed during exposure or on a proofreading task following exposure. Also, there were no significant correlations between subjective ratings of the noise and the performance aftereffects. The significance of these findings is considered ill terms of existing theories.

Graduate students have become the driving force of scientific research at Chinese universities. Therefore, further work is needed to understand what influences postgraduate students' academic integrity. Using the theory of planned behavior, this study investigated the relationships
between postgraduates' attitude toward academic integrity, social norms (subjective, descriptive, and moral), perceived behavioral control, and intentions, and examined the moderating role of social identity in the relationship between social norms and intentions. We conducted a survey with
1,256 Chinese biomedical postgraduate students, and analyzed the data with structural equation modeling. The results show that attitude, subjective norms, descriptive norms, and perceived behavioral control influenced students' academic integrity-related behavioral intentions. The model explained
over half of the variance in intentions, indicating that attitude, subjective norms, descriptive norms, and perceived behavioral control were the main variables influencing academic integrity-related behaviors. The theory of planned behavior can be applied in research on postgraduates' academic
integrity.

Introduction -- Part I. Asset Pricing -- Chapter 1. Oil Price Uncertainty: Panel Evidence from the G7 and BRICS Countries -- Chapter 2. Climate Risk and the Volatility of Agricultural Commodity Price Fluctuations: A Forecasting Experiment -- Chapter 3. Linking the COVID-19 Epidemic and Emerging Market OAS: Evidence Using Dynamic Copulas and Pareti Distributions -- Part II. Behavioral Finance -- Chapter 4. On the Relevance of Employee Stock Options Behavioral Models -- Chapter 5. the Term Structure of Psychological Discount Rate: Characteristics and Functional Forms -- Chapter 6. An Experimental Analysis of Investor Sentiment -- Chapter 7. On the Evolutionary Stability of Sentiment Investor -- Chapter 8. Institutional Investor Field Research: Company Fundamentals Driven by Investor Attention -- Chapter 9. What Drives the US Stock Market in the Context of COVID-19, Fundamentals or Investors' Emotions?.

A number of microeconomic choice models are currently applied to demonstrate systematic biases in energy consumer behavior. The models highlight the hidden potential of energy savings from policies that target the so-called behavioral anomalies. Nevertheless, whether these patterns are repeatable or not is not clear, because the efforts to determine the transferability or generalizability of these models are practically nonexistent. This paper uses a unique collection of empirical data from five EU countries collected within the CONSEED project to refine and develop further the standard consumer decision model, validate it for policy purposes, and elaborate on its transferability between countries. The pooled samples allow for a more reliable investigation of the relative importance of the factors influencing consumers' attitudes and beliefs towards energy investment decisions. Based on the statistical tests conducted to evaluate the "transferability" of the pooled models (i.e., the possibility of creating a "universal" model of EE from the pooled model), it can be argued that the models are transferable in specific cases since attitudinal factors and demographic characteristics play a significant role. Although the pooled models are validated, any extrapolation of the above-mentioned findings to specific populations in terms of "space" (i.e., country) and "target" (e.g., sectors and technologies) should be approached with caution from a policy perspective. ; publishedVersion

Intro -- Title page -- Table of Contents -- Copyright -- Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter One: Social Influences on Nicotine-Related Behaviors -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Clinical Examination of the Relationship Between Social Influence and Nicotine Use -- 3 Preclinical Models of Social Influence on Nicotine Addiction -- 4 Neurobiological Mechanisms Underlying Anxiolytic and Anxiogenic Effects of Nicotine and Its Role in Social Interaction -- 5 Conclusions -- Chapter Two: Assessing Social Alcohol Drinking in Rodent Models: Are We There Yet? -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Overview of Existing Methods and Results -- 3 Total Intake per Cage Model -- 4 Mesh-Separated Compartments Model -- 5 Parallel Use of Total Intake Model and Mesh Divided Compartments -- 6 Video Tracking -- 7 Radio Frequency Tracking -- 8 Conclusions -- Chapter Three: Social Factors in Ethanol Sensitization -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Factors Influencing Ethanol-Induced Behavioral Sensitization -- 3 Behavioral Sensitization and Stress -- 4 Behavioral Sensitization and Environmental Enrichment -- 5 Conclusions -- Chapter Four: Social Influences in Animal Models of Opiate Addiction -- Abstract -- 1 Endogenous Opioid Signaling -- 2 Historical Aspects of Social Influences on Opiate Use -- 3 The Current Opiate Epidemic -- 4 Standard Rodent Models of Opiate Addiction -- 5 Summary of Existing Literature on Social Influences on Opiate Addiction Behaviors in Rodents -- 6 Newer Rodent Paradigms for Assessing Prosocial Behavior in Opiate Addiction -- 7 Limitations of Current Models -- 8 Conclusions -- Chapter Five: Social Modification of Amphetamine Reward -- Abstract -- 1 Experimental Evidence of Social Modification of Drug Reward -- 2 Is Social Facilitation the Sum of Two Reinforcing Effects? -- 3 Modification of Drug Effects by Social Stress

AbstractFlood risk is a function of both climate and human behavior, including individual and societal actions. For this reason, there is a need to incorporate both human and climatic components in models of flood risk. This study simulates behavioral influences on the evolution of community flood risk under different future climate scenarios using an agent‐based model (ABM). The objective is to understand better the ways, sometimes unexpected, that human behavior, stochastic floods, and community interventions interact to influence the evolution of flood risk. One historic climate scenario and three future climate scenarios are simulated using a case study location in Fargo, North Dakota. Individual agents can mitigate flood risk via household mitigation or by moving, based on decision rules that consider risk perception and coping perception. The community can mitigate or disseminate information to reduce flood risk. Results show that agent behavior and community action have a significant impact on the evolution of flood risk under different climate scenarios. In all scenarios, individual and community action generally result in a decline in damages over time. In a lower flood risk scenario, the decline is primarily due to agent mitigation, while in a high flood risk scenario, community mitigation and agent relocation are primary drivers of the decline. Adaptive behaviors offset some of the increase in flood risk associated with climate change, and under an extreme climate scenario, our model indicates that many agents relocate.