Suchergebnisse

Partiendo del intenso impacto que está teniendo el big data y el resto de tecnologías conexas en nuestra existencia personal y social, el presente artículo busca, en primer lugar, realizar una aproximación a la naturaleza del conocimiento que los datos masivos generan desde el concepto foucaultiano de saber-poder, como también desentrañar el modo en que dicho conocimiento es utilizado para legitimar decisiones que se toman en la incertidumbre. En segundo lugar, intentará analizar qué novedad supone dicho saber en relación a su más inmediato precedente: la estadística y, por último, tendrá como fin examinar el tipo de poder que surge de dicho saber, en relación especialmente con las ideas, de nuevo en la estela de Michel Foucault (1926-1984), acerca del poder pastoral y la conducción a través de la verdad confesada.

The past two years have brought three developments almost certain to change radically the way social scientists and policy analysts view the conduct of their enterprise. These have been the release of samples of data collected by the ABS as unit records on magnetic tape, major modifications to the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences and the development of the completely new Australian Standard Classification of Occupations. The impact of each individually will be enormous, but the extraordinarily complementary nature of these almost simultaneous innovations is emphasised to demonstrate that together this impact will be revolutionary.

The quantitative evaluation of science, now in its second generation, has become a policy-oriented specialty. Second-generation bibliometrics, as represented by several new approaches, has transformed the analysis of publication and citation data into a sophisticated tool for comprehending the complexity of the scientific enterprise and for addressing practical issues on the national and world science policy agenda. By developing quantitative measures of research performance, second-generation bibliometrics has improved the scope and relevance of science output indicators and, to a lesser degree, indicators of the institutional structures that mediate science and society. These improved output measures are essential components of social impact of science (SIS) indicators, which represent in quantitative terms the conjunction of science indicators derived from second-generation bibliometrics and available social indicators.

PREDICTABLY, 1984 HAS BECOME THE YEAR OF GEORGE ORWELL AND BIG BROTHER. EVEN THE GOVERNMENT SEEMED PREPARED TO ENTER INTO THE SPIRIT OF THINGS WITH ITS VIGOROUS PURSUIT OF YET MORE LEAK INVESTIGATIONS, THE BANNING OF TRADE UNIONS AT GCHQ CHELTENHAM AND THE INTRODUCTION IN JANUARY OF THE NEW PLASTIC NATIONAL INSURANCE CARDS WITH THEIR THREE INTIMIDATING MAGNETIC STRIPS, TWO OF WHICH REMAINED MYSTERIOUSLY SURPLUS TO INITIAL REQUIREMENTS. THE YEAR ALSO SAW THE LAUNCH OF A NEW FREEDOM OF INFORMATION CAMPAIGN. IT IS IRONIC, THEREFORE, THAT 1984 WILL ALSO BE THE YEAR IN WHICH DATA PROTECTION LEGISLATION FINALLY REACHES THE BRITISH STATUTE BOOKS, OVER 20 YEARS SINCE THE FIRST PRIVATE MEMBER'S BILL AND NINE YEARS SINCE THE FIRST GOVERNMENT PROMISE TO LEGISLATE.

The international debate on information and communication became intense and acrimonious by the end of the 1970 s. The publication of the Macbride Commission Report in 1980 was the high water-mark in this debate.1 Throughout the 1970 s, the developing countries had been pressing for a new world order on information and communication as part of their struggle for a new international economic order. In the Third World, the public debate in general has been limited to issues of imbalances in the flow of international news dominated by the big four international news agencies (AP, Reuter, AFP and UPI), the efforts of the non-aligned countries to create a newspool, etc. However, the rapid strides in the field of microelectronics and its marriage to the developments in space technology has posed a number of intractable problems before the Third World, besides the issue of newsflow. The most important international fallout of the new developments in technology is the issue of transborder data flows (TDF).2 The international legal, political and economic implications of data flows across national frontiers are increasingly acquiring greater significance.

This article analyzes the changing relationship between the aggregate demographic characteristics of cities, their investment in policing, and officially reported rates of crime. The data are for the nation's 32 largest cities, for the years 1946-1970. Analysis reveals that 1970 data support Louis Wirth's contention that crime rates are highest in large, dense, heterogeneous places; however, data from earlier years indicate that this overlap is a relatively recent phenomenon. I suggest that this reflects the process of suburbanization. Since World War II, white migration out of certain central cities has encouraged social changes which have led to the current stratification of communities. This process re sembles that which led to the formation of stratified neighborhoods within cities during an earlier era; the current covariation between demography and crime thus resembles that found at the subcommunity level 25 years ago.

While alumni are widely believed to give more money when their colleges have winning athletic teams, evidence of this is sparse & mixed. This relationship is tested for 138 colleges & universities with Division I intercollegiate football programs in 1975/76, with data for years after 1959 on change in total alumni giving, in value of average gift, & in proportion of alumni who gave, & on success in football & basketball. No significant relationship was found. Thus, the support for this idea seems to be ideological rather than empirical. 1 Table. W. H. Stoddard.

Prior studies of the institutional financial implications of success or failure in big-time Coll sports have focused on voluntary contributions to the alumni funds, & have come to some contradictory conclusions. A probe of the connection between athletic success or failure & voluntary contributions made directly to the athletic department, utilizing 1980/81 data on 57 athletic programs collected in a survey conducted by the Omaha World Herald (see Middleton, Lorenzo, "Large Expenses for Sports Programs Lead More Colleges to Seek Funds from Donors," Chronicle of Higher Education, 1982, 3 Mar, 5-6), concludes that, of all the factors considered in a multivariate model of voluntary giving, success in football is easily the best predictor of athletic contributions. 2 Tables, 21 References. Modified HA.

In this paper it is shown that education has a strong and significant effect on incomes from regular employment. The data base used is the 1974/75 Integrated Rural Survey

THIS STUDY TESTS THE NOTION THAT THOSE WHO CONTRIBUTE SUBSTANTIAL SUMS OF MONEY TO THEIR PARTY AND ITS CANDIDATES ARE DISTINCTIVE IN WAYS ABOVE AND BEYOND THE EXTENT OF THEIR LARGESS WHEN COMPARED TO OTHER PARTY LEADERS AND THAT THEY HAVE HAD DECLINING IMPORTANCE IN THEIR PARTY'S ELITE OVER THE PAST TWO DECADES. THE DATA ANALYZED DERIVE FROM QUESTIONNAIRES SUBMITTED TO CALIFORNIA DEMOCRATIC PARTY LEADERS AT FOUR YEAR INTERVALS BEGINNING IN 1964. THEY DEMONSTRATE THAT REGULATORY CHANGES IN THE 1970S HAVE SUBSTANTIALLY ACHIEVED THE GOAL OF REMOVING BIG CONTRIBUTORS FROM PLACES OF POLITICAL PROMINENCE. FURTHER, THEY DEMONSTRATE SUPPORT FOR CERTAIN POPULAR IMAGES OF BIG CONTRIBUTORS, THAT IS, THE "SOCIOECONOMIC ELITE" IMAGE, THE "SELF-SERVING" IMAGE, AND THE "IDEOLOGICAL CONSERVATIVE" IMAGE. A FOURTH IMAGE-THE "SPORADIC INTERVENTIONIST" IMAGE-IS NOT SUPPORTED BY THE PRESENT DATA.

This study tests the notion that those who contribute substantial sums of money to their party and its candidates are distinctive in ways above and beyond the extent of their largess when compared to other party leaders and that they have had declining importance in their party's elite over the past two decades. The data analyzed derive from questionnaires submitted to California Democratic party leaders at four year intervals beginning in 1964. They demonstrate that regulatory changes in the 1970s have substantially achieved the goal of removing big contributors from places of political prominence. Further, they demonstrate support for certain popular images of big contributors, that is, the "socioeconomic elite" image, the "self-serving" image, and the "ideological conservative" image. A fourth image-the "sporadic interventionist" image-is not supported by the present data.

The relative importance of federal and local government was reversed between 1932 and 1940. This changing composition of government expenditures by level of government accounts for the rise of "big" government during the Depression. State governments expanded their fiscal activity, maintaining their share of total government expenditures. Utilizing data on federal grants and state and local expenditures, I find that the relative decline of local governments and sustained growth of state governments can be explained by the financial and administrative provisions of the federal New Deal programs.