Maintaining a certain level of biodiversity is essential to preserve ecosystemic functions. Conservation of biodiversity is a matter of great importance for the well-being of ecosystems and humans dependent on them. 130 world leaders committed to significantly reduce biodiversity loss before 2010 during the World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002. This goal is supported and prioritized by a number of significant policy documents among which are Strategy for Sustainable Development endorsed by EU leaders in Gothenburg in 2001, The Sixth Environment Action Programme and Lisbon Strategy. ; Проект № 2016-2592/001-001, 574826-EPP-1-2016-1-RU-EPPJMO-MODULE, при финансовой поддержке Европейской Комиссии
This article is the state-of-the-art review of acts and directives within the system of protected natural areas of the European region and the conservation of biodiversity of flora and fauna. Bern Convention is the basis for the creation of areas of special conservation interest in Europe. Emphasis is placed on the development in the countries of the European Union of an interstate ecological network of specially protected natural territories. The Emerald Network and Natura 2000 provide a unified, integrated approach to biodiversity conservation in Europe, including monitoring and management. ; "Interaction of Environment and Human Health: Experience of the European Union", with the reference number 2016-2592 / 001-001, 574826-EPP-1-2016-1-RU-EPPJMO-MODULE Содержание данного материала отражает мнение авторов, Европейская Комиссия не несет ответственности за использование содержащейся в нем информации
A technique is proposed that allows to formalize the procedure for implementing the legislative framework of Ukraine in the EU Directive on environmental biodiversity. A distinctive feature of the methodology is its orientation to the method of analyzing hierarchies, which makes it possible to obtain a quantitative assessment of the level of implementation.The features and options for implementing the main stages of implementation are considered. A formula is proposed for calculating the integral indicator of the conformity assessment of the contents of articles of the laws of Ukraine with the EU Directives ; Предложена методика, позволяющая формализовать процедуру имплементации законодательной базы Украины в Директивы ЕС в области биоразнообразия окружающей среды. Отличительной особенностью методики является ее ориентация на метод анализа иерархий, позволяющий получить количественную оценку уровня имплементации.Рассмотрены особенности и варианты реализации основных этапов имплементации. Предложена формула для расчета интегрального показателя оценки соответствия контента статей законов Украины с Директивами ЕС
In the system of political relations, more attention is paid to environmental diplomacy. The article considers the issues of the formation of environmental diplomacy in Uzbekistan. It Focuses on the environmental problems of local end global importance which exist in territory of Central Asia.
The specific objectives of this Country Environmental Analysis (CEA) are to: 1) Review the existing situation in the sector, identify priority areas for policy changes or investments, and consider the role of the government, the private sector, and donors in implementing this agenda 2) Assess macroeconomic-environmental linkages and measures that affect long-term sustainability and financial viability within the priority areas 3) Provide a basis for defining the Bank's future involvement in the sector. The following environmental issues have been identified as critical, based on the negative impact of the current environmental conditions on human health, the economy, and natural ecosystems: Deteriorating trends in water, sanitation, and waste management; threat of coastal zone deterioration; air pollution hot spots; energy inefficiency; excessive industrial pollution; weak environmental management system, institutionally and legally; economic instruments that are more geared to revenue generation than to providing incentives for environmentally responsible behavior; quality and quantity of water resources; transboundary water and global environmental issues; and lack of sustainable forest management. The report recommends improving waste management, particularly hazardous waste; increasing provision of basic water and sanitation services to urban and rural poor; addressing environmental hot spots; strengthening institutional capacity for environmental management; preparing a coastal zone strategy; including in the environmental assessment potential liabilities in the advent of privatization; introducing measures to enhance energy efficiency and use renewable energy sources; instituting measures to reduce nutrient run-off to the Danube; preparing a biodiversity strategy, identifying threatened species, and preparing an action plan; and preparing a management plan for Lake Skadar and introducing environmentally friendly natural resource use practices.
Studies the experience of cooperation between the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and Russia with the focus on the planned and already implemented environmental projects of the Global Environment Facility in Russia. Analyzes the main activities of the Fund and the features of GEF's environmental projects in Russia, evaluates the prospects for further cooperation. Presents the classification of environmental projects supported by the GEF depending on the scale of funding. Examines the mechanism and the degree of participation of stakeholders (Russia and GEF) in financing environmental projects in our country. It is pointed out that Russia is of great investment interest for the Global Environmental Facility, especially in the implementation of projects on biodiversity conservation, combating global climate change and protecting international waters. Considers the prospects for a possible development of Russia's cooperation with the GEF in addressing ecological problems.
This study was assessing the challenges and opportunities for managing Green Spaces (GS) of the Urban Part of Kigali City (UPKC). To find out the GS classes and their threats, the land use classes were identified using GIS technologies. Its output was completed by the field visit, questionnaire survey, informal interviews and desk review of the existing environmental and biodiversity policies and laws. The land use assessment has shown that the built up areas is the most predominant and occupies 74.3%, while the green spaces occupy only 25.3% of the total areas of Urban Part of Kigali City (UPKC). Among the GS classes identified in UPKC, wetlands occupy about 62.6% of the total area of the GS, forests 25%, gardens that are combination of the road side trees, the roundabouts, and playgrounds occupy 12.4% of the total area of GS while the seasonal and perennial crops areas are not significant in the city. In addition, results have shown that GS play different roles in the city among others, the beautification of the city, the air purification and refreshment, waste water treatment, heat reduction, mind refreshment; act as habitat, food and corridors for a good number of animal, etc. Even though there is no specific law or policy to the urban GS management and protection, the Government of Rwanda (GoR) has put in place a good number of opportunities that take them into consideration. Those include, (1) the governmental policies such as Environmental Policy, Biodiversity Policy, and Forest Policy; (2) the laws such as Organic Environmental Law and, (3) the plans such the master plans for the three districts that make Kigali City. Despite these opportunities, the management of GS in Kigali City is still facing some challenges that the Kigali City authorities are still trying to address. Those include the lack of policies on GS management, low level of awareness on GS management among local people, and the demographic pressure particularly caused by the rural migration that has led to inappropriate human settlement in some areas of the city, wastes management and pollution. ; This study was assessing the challenges and opportunities for managing Green Spaces (GS) of the Urban Part of Kigali City (UPKC). To find out the GS classes and their threats, the land use classes were identified using GIS technologies. Its output was completed by the field visit, questionnaire survey, informal interviews and desk review of the existing environmental and biodiversity policies and laws. The land use assessment has shown that the built up areas is the most predominant and occupies 74.3%, while the green spaces occupy only 25.3% of the total areas of Urban Part of Kigali City (UPKC). Among the GS classes identified in UPKC, wetlands occupy about 62.6% of the total area of the GS, forests 25%, gardens that are combination of the road side trees, the roundabouts, and playgrounds occupy 12.4% of the total area of GS while the seasonal and perennial crops areas are not significant in the city. In addition, results have shown that GS play different roles in the city among others, the beautification of the city, the air purification and refreshment, waste water treatment, heat reduction, mind refreshment; act as habitat, food and corridors for a good number of animal, etc. Even though there is no specific law or policy to the urban GS management and protection, the Government of Rwanda (GoR) has put in place a good number of opportunities that take them into consideration. Those include, (1) the governmental policies such as Environmental Policy, Biodiversity Policy, and Forest Policy; (2) the laws such as Organic Environmental Law and, (3) the plans such the master plans for the three districts that make Kigali City. Despite these opportunities, the management of GS in Kigali City is still facing some challenges that the Kigali City authorities are still trying to address. Those include the lack of policies on GS management, low level of awareness on GS management among local people, and the demographic pressure particularly caused by the rural migration that has led to inappropriate human settlement in some areas of the city, wastes management and pollution.
Рассматриваются проблемы правового регулирования учета водно-болотных угодий в Республике Беларусь. Показано значение водно-болотных угодий как эталонных, редких, уникальных экологических систем естественного и искусственного происхождения, необходимых для сохранения биологического разнообразия и обеспечения благосостояния человека. Обосновывается необходимость ведения учета болот как отдельного вида поверхностных водных объектов. Предлагается внесение соответствующих дополнений в законодательство Республики Беларусь об охране окружающей среды, охране и использовании вод в целях совершенствования правового регулирования учета водно-болотных угодий в Республике Беларусь. = This article is dedicated to the problems of legal regulation of accounting wetlands. The importance of wetlands as a reference, rare, unique ecosystems of natural and artificial origin, necessary for biodiversity conservation and human wellbeing is shown. The necessity of keeping records of the marshes as a separate type of surface water bodies is substantiated. In order to improve the legal regulation of accounting wetlands in Belarus the author proposes the introduction of relevant amendments to the legislation of the Republic of Belarus on protection of the environment, protection and use of water.
In the light of the serious challenges facing human civilization, it is imperative that measures should be taken to eradicate global bio-illiteracy and spread biological education for nonbiologists worldwide. This was one of the main goals of Prof M.V. Gusev's efforts in the capacity of a member of the Commission for Biological Education. Conceptual underpinnings for his practical activities were provided by the biocentric doctrine that in Gusev's view implied understanding and appreciating the absolute value of life in all its forms, advocating an ethical attitude towards biodiversity, and considering humankind as part and parcel to planetary bios (life). Biocentrism also provides the philosophical foundations for a more specific research direction, biopolitics, that is construed herein as encompassing all social and political implications of modern life sciences from genetics to neurophysiology to ecology to primatology. Currently, biopolitics represents an interdisciplinary area of research that actively develops on the global scale and includes philosophical (quasi-ideological), political science-related (theoretical), and practical dimensions. Biopolitics forms part of a wider area referred to as humanities-centered biology that incorporates all possible contributions of life sciences to social sciences and humanities. Apart from biopolitics, humanities-centered biology also includes bioethics, biophilosophy, biosemiotics, etc. ; Not available
The most important area of the common agricultural policy of the European Union (EU) is the sustainable development of rural territories. The priority of this issue for EU countries due to the emergence of a number of factors (migration of rural population, low incomes in rural areas, the deterioration of the quality of soils and waters, loss of biodiversity, etc.) that negatively affect the development of rural areas. The article describes the experience of the EU to implement the policy of supporting rural development, as well as changing goals and priorities of this policy within the different programme periods. In 2007-2013, around 50% of the funds supplied by the European agricultural Fund for rural development were aimed at the implementation of agri-ecological measures. Moreover, the largest part in the distribution of funds for the development of rural areas in the programme period 2014-2020 are to France (11.5%), Italy (10.5%), Germany (9.5%), Poland (8.8%), Spain (8.4%), Romania (8.2%). It is emphasized that the policy of development of rural territories in the EU for a long period was aimed at providing sufficient quantities of available food and appropriate living standards of farmers, the development and modernization of rural areas and creation of conditions for agriculture in all regions of the EU. Today the most important priorities of rural development policy in the EU are the protection of the environment and the conservation of biodiversity, combating climate change and increase rural employment. EU experience should be considered the government of the Russian Federation in the development and implementation of policies for sustainable development of rural areas. ; Важнейшим направлением единой сельскохозяйственной политики Европейского союза (ЕС) является обеспечение устойчивого развития сельских территорий. Приоритетность данной проблемы для стран ЕС обусловлена появлением ряда факторов (миграция сельского населения, низкий уровень доходов жителей сельских районов, ухудшение качества почв и вод, утрата биоразнообразия и др.), негативно влияющих на развитие сельских местностей. В статье рассмотрен опыт ЕС по реализации политики поддержки развития сельских районов, а также изменение целей и приоритетов данной политики в рамках различных программных периодов. В 2007-2013 гг. около 50% средств, выделенных Европейским сельскохозяйственным фондом развития сельских районов, было направлено на реализацию агроэкологических мер. Причем наибольшая доля в распределении средств на развитие сельских территорий в рамках программного периода 2014-2020 гг. приходится на Францию (11,5 %), Италию (10,5%), Германию (9, 5%), Польшу (8,8%), Испанию (8,4%), Румынию (8, 2%). Подчеркивается, что политика развития сельских территорий в ЕС на протяжении длительного периода времени была направлена на обеспечение достаточного количества доступных продуктов питания и соответствующего уровня жизни фермеров, развитие и модернизацию сельских местностей, а также создание условий для занятия сельским хозяйством во всех регионах ЕС. Сегодня же важнейшими приоритетами политики сельского развития в странах ЕС являются защита окружающей среды и сохранение биоразнообразия, борьба с последствиями изменения климата, а также повышение занятости сельского населения. Опыт ЕС следует учитывать правительству Российской Федерации при разработке и реализации политики устойчивого развития сельских территорий.
The pollution of world ocean is a serious threat to the biodiversity of flora and fauna. One of the most important sources of pollution are oil and oil products – every year more than 1 million tons of oil is spilled into the sea as a result of accidents during oil production or transportation. The teratogenic and carcinogenic effects of such oil components as benzopyrene is well known since the middle of the last century. However, after a large oil spill from "Exxon Valdez" tanker in 1989 it became clear that oil and its components have strong toxic effects in fish organism – and to a large extent these effects are caused by di- and tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, in particular phenanthrene. Field research have demonstrated that fish embryo and larvae are the most prone to the effects of oil – and the largest oil spills endanger the populations of important commercial fish species that spawn in this area. This review considers the influence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) on the physiology of various organ systems in fish. Particular attention is paid to the cardiotoxic effects of PAH which were recently discovered and which are potentially not only the main cause of animals' death upon the spill of PAH into water, but also underlie the malformation of other organs.
In such country as Israel with its high industrialization and urbanization rates the environment protection is of key importance for preserving the biodiversity of nature. Awareness of the need to protect precious natural resources and landscapes of Israel forced to pass numerous laws on protection of nature and wild animals. These laws provide legal basis for protection of environment, natural resources, wild animals, unique nature features and places being of scientific and educational value in this country.Israel locates at the juncture of three continents combining different climatic and botanical regions which have led to appearance of the unique, by diversity and composition, plant and animal world. In Israel you can find 2800 plant varieties (of which 150 are endemics), 8 species of amphibia, 80 species of reptiles, 450 species of birds and 70 species of mammals. For protection of natural biodiversity there were established 224 nature preserves and 203 and historical heritage deserves special mention.In the recent years the governmental and public organizations have focused on development of the programs on environment management for monitoring and ensuring the required quality of water and air and for processing and utilization of solid wastes.Quite spectacular achievements are observed in reintroduction of predatory and bible species, protection of sea turtles, impoundment of the Hula valley and preservation of migratory birds. The government's initiatives were welcomed by the public that joined in national parks which cover around 23% of the territory of Israel. The nature preserves and national parks represent the whole range of the natural heritage of Israel: Mediterranean forests, coastal and water landscapes, sand dunes, desert and crater landscapes and oases, while the unique archeological these activities. The environmental education, awareness and activities of the society have increased enormously which is proved by the growing number of nongovernmental environmental organizations — from a few in the 1990s to over one hundred nowadays. The greater attention is paid to collection and publication of environmental data. ; В такой стране, как Израиль, с высокими темпами индустриализации и урбанизации, охрана природы играет важную роль в обеспечении биоразнообразия природной среды. Признание необходимости защиты драгоценных природных и ландшафтных ресурсов Израиля привело к принятию многочисленных законов об охране природы и диких животных. Эти законы обеспечивают юридическое обоснование деятельности по защите окружающей среды, природных ресурсов, диких животных, уникальных уголков природы и мест, представляющих научный и образовательный интерес в Израиле.Географическое положение Израиля на стыке трех континентов, а также соединение различных климатических и ботанических регионов, привели к возникновению уникального по своему обилию и составу растительного и животного мира. Богатство биологического разнообразия Израиля выражается в 2800 видах растений (150 из которых эндемики Израиля), 8 видах земноводных, 80 видах рептилий, 450 видов птиц и 70 видов млекопитающих. Для охраны биоразнообразия природной среды на территории Израиля образовано 224 природных заповедников и 203 национальных парков. В результате около 23% территории Израиля являются охраняемыми природными заповедниками и национальными парками. Вместе заповедники и парки представляют весь спектр природного наследия Израиля — средиземноморские леса, прибрежные и водные ландшафты, песчаные дюны, пустынные и кратерные пейзажи и оазисы — а также его уникальное археологическое и историческое наследие.В последние годы правительственные и общественные организации сосредоточили внимание на разработке программ управления окружающей средой для мониторинга и обеспечения необходимого качества воды, воздуха, переработки и утилизации твердых отходов. Впечатляющие достижения были сделаны в таких областях, как реинтродукция хищных и библейских видов, защита морских черепах, подтопление долины Хула и сохранение перелетных птиц. Инициативы правительства сопровождались растущим участием общественности. Экологическое образование, осведомленность и активность общественности значительно возросли, о чем свидетельствует резкий рост числа неправительственных экологических организаций — от единиц в начале 90-х годов до более ста в настоящее время. Уделяется больше внимания сбору и публикации экологических данных.
The global market economy creates a number of threats to the world community, including in connection with human activities that negatively affect climate change, the state of nature, including flora and fauna, land and water resources, etc. This is also stated in the Report on Global Risks presented at the World Economic Forum in January 2020. In the modern domestic and foreign economic literature, the concepts of sustainable development are developed taking into account environmental constraints, both in theoretical and practical terms, which emphasize the preservation of natural balance, biodiversity, and the formation of an environmentally sustainable society. There are also diverse areas of research on nature management, but they usually focus on applied issues of nature research and the use of its benefits. The authors propose to systematically consider the development of society as anthropogenicoriented, involving three target areas: economic well-being, socio-political wellbeing and environmental well-being. But the implementation of these directions is possible, according to the authors, only under the condition of an adequate legal nature and society of the institutional environment and effective public and state control. The methodological basis of the theory of the formation of the ecologicalsocio-economic type of development is the synthesis of political economy and institutionalism. The empirical basis was the research experience of one of the authors (a Turkish citizen), who has been working for several years on the topic «The political economy of climate change and the environment in Turkey: sustainable development, privatization and energy policy». The article has a theoretical and methodological orientation, suggesting recommendations of a fundamental nature.
The aim of the present study is to investigate the risk of climate change on Istanbul. Istanbul is the largest city, in terms of both population and economic activity capacity, in Turkey meaning that any climate-related risk would be destructive not only for the city but also for the country. The urban system has been identified based on urban sectors that are the issues of activities, management areas, ecological systems, resources and species and critical for economic viability and public health of the city, also likely to be affected by climate-related disasters. 11 urban sectors and 25 sub-sectors, which are also presented as planning areas, have been determined considering the development strategies of Istanbul as water resources, health, energy, agriculture, transportation, development and land use, public safety, infrastructure, biodiversity and ecology, culture and materials. ICLEI's handbook titled "Preparing for Climate Change: A Guidebook for Local, Regional and State Governments" guided the risk assessment of these planning areas and sectors. The data has been obtained via in-depth interviews with city stakeholders and the sectors have been ranked considering the risk factors of each. The results of this study reveal the urban sectors that are under the greatest and lowest risk due to the impacts of climate change. Highlighting the climate change risk on vital sectors of Istanbul is essential for decision makers to develop further strategies to mitigate the impacts of climate change and adapt the upcoming impacts. ; C1 [Aygun, A.; Baycan, T.] Istanbul Tech Univ, TR-34437 Istanbul, Turkey. ; [Aygun, A.] Pamukkale Univ, Kinikli Campus, TR-20160 Denizli, Turkey.
Project report prepared under the European Union Programme on Sustainable Management of Water Resources in Rural Areas in Uzbekistan. Component 1: National policy framework for water governance and Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM). In Russian
