Bitcoin
In: De Filippi, P. (2019) « Bitcoin » in Haunter D. & Op den Kamp C. (eds). A History of Intellectual Property in 50 Objects. Cambridge University Press
In: De Filippi, P. (2019) « Bitcoin » in Haunter D. & Op den Kamp C. (eds). A History of Intellectual Property in 50 Objects. Cambridge University Press
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Se menciona en el video que, el 7 de septiembre de 2021, entra en vigencia en El Salvador la nueva ley bitcoin [criptomoneda llamada también moneda virtual o criptodivisa, es dinero digital]; dicha ley permite que esta moneda virtual circule legalmente en el país, junto al dólar, y no está controlada por un banco o un gobierno central. También, menciona que cerca de la mitad de las transacciones del bitcoin han sido asociadas a bienes y servicios ilegales. Causa incertidumbre entre los salvadoreños e inversionistas que no hay información detallada al respecto para su uso. Finalmente, se indica en el video que aprobar leyes para el beneficio de la población requiere de transparencia y participación.
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In: Beyond Bitcoin: The Economics of Digital Currencies and Blockchain Technologies, 2nd ed, forthcoming
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Distribuierte Systeme, wie die Bitcoin-Blockchain, stellen das Recht vor neue Herausforderungen. Das disruptive Potential liegt unter anderem im Fehlen einer zentralen, verantwortlichen Kontrollinstanz, an die das Recht traditionell anknüpft, und im Verschwimmen der Rollen von "ProduzentInnen" und "KonsumentInnen" innerhalb des Systems. Die Erzeugung von Kryptowährungen, wie Bitcoin, mittels "Proof of Work" und die gleichzeitige Validierung von Transaktionen zwischen NetzwerknutzerInnen (sog "Mining") ist ein Beispiel dafür, dass die rechtlich etablierten Kategorien heute für eine effiziente Rechtsdurchsetzung unzureichend sind. "Mining" kann rechtlich zwar als Glücksspiel iSd österreichischen GSpG eingeordnet werden. Konsequenz dieser Einordnung sind allerdings Probleme beim Vollzug des folglich anwendbaren Ordnungs-, Abgaben- und Strafrechts. Daraus wird geschlossen, dass die Regulierung von "Peer to Peer"-Systemen neue Lösungsansätze erfordert, sodass dem Staat seine rechtliche Steuerungsfunktion erhalten bleibt. ; Distributed ledgers, such as the Bitcoin blockchain, create new challenges for authorities and legislators alike. The technology is considered disruptive due to the lack of a responsible legal entity and because the lines are blurred between the "producers" and "consumers" operating within it. The creation of cryptocurrencies, like Bitcoin, through "proof of work" and the simultaneous validation of transactions between users of the network (so called "mining") perfectly illustrate how established legal categories are insufficient to achieve effective law enforcement at present. This paper shows that according to Austrian law, "mining" qualifies as a gamble. In that case, the applicable provisions of Austrian regulatory, tax and criminal law are, however, hardly enforceable. It follows that the regulation of "peer to peer"-systems requires an innovative approach, in order for the state to remain a key player in managing society.
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In March 2014, the IRS issued a notice detailing the tax treatment the agency would apply to virtual currencies such as Bitcoin. Although applauded by some as a step towards legal legitimacy for this new technology, the IRS's position severely undermines the transactional utility of virtual currencies. Using tax rules established for traditional property transactions frustrates one of virtual currencies' principal purposes: its use as a medium of exchange. Tax compliance requires calculation and payment of capital gains tax, which necessitates documentation of all acquisitions and dispositions of virtual currencies. This tax treatment will likely discourage the use of these currencies, or alternatively will encourage noncompliance by their users. Decentralized currencies like Bitcoin pose novel and difficult regulatory questions, but mechanically applying old rules will lead to an unsatisfactory outcome. The best solution is new legislation that specifically addresses the novel issues posed by virtual currencies, fosters the use of virtual currency in transactions, and still collects tax revenues from investors.
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