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Blockchain, like the internet, or democracy, or money, is many overlapping things. It is a decentralized record of cryptocurrency transactions. It is a peer-to-peer network of computers. It is an immutable, add-on-only database. What gets confusing is the way in which these overlapping functions override one definition or explanation of blockchain, only to replace it with an altogether different one. The conceptual overlaps are like glass lenses dropped on top of one another, scratching each other's surface and confusing each other's focal dimensions. This guide takes apart the stack of these conceptual lenses and addresses them one by one through the reconstruction of the basic elements of blockchain technology. The first section of this report gives a short history of blockchain, then describes its main functionality, distinguishing between private and public blockchains. Next, the guide breaks down the components and inner workings of a block and the blockchain. The following section focuses on blockchain's journalistic applications, specifically by differentiating between targeted solutions that use blockchain to store important metadata journalists and media companies use on a daily basis, and hybrid solutions that include targeted solutions but introduce cryptocurrency, therein changing the journalistic business model altogether. Finally, the report speculates on the proliferation of what are known as Proof-of-Stake blockchain models, the spread of "smart contracts," and the potential of enterprise-level and government-deployed blockchains, all in relation to what these mean to newsrooms and the work of reporters.

This book highlights the design, use and structure of blockchain systems and decentralized ledger technologies (B/DLT) for use in the construction industry. Construction remains a fragmented change-resistant industry with chronic problems of underproductivity and a very low digitization factor compared to other fields. In parallel, the convergence, embedding and coordination of digital technologies in the physical world provides a unique opportunity for the construction industry to leap ahead and adopt fourth industrial revolution technologies. Within this context, B/DLT are an excellent fit for the digitization of the construction industry. B/DLT are effective in this as they organize and align digital and physical supply chains, produce stigmergic coordination out of decentralization, enable the governance of complex projects for multiple stakeholders, while enabling the creation of a new class of business models and legal instruments for construction.

Cover -- Half-title -- Title page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Figures and tables -- 1 Introducing blockchain -- 1.1 A transaction -- 1.2 Key characteristics -- 1.3 Categories -- 2 Blockchain's basic components -- 2.1 Technical components -- Peer-to-peer networks -- Client-server architecture -- Grid-architecture -- P2P architecture -- Virtual machines and smart contracts -- Technical summary -- 2.2 Mathematical components -- Hash algorithms -- Public-key cryptography -- Mathematical conclusions -- 2.3 Economic, political and social components -- Consensus -- Governance -- Incentive patterns -- Conclusions -- 3 Potential and actual socio-economic impacts of blockchain -- 3.1 Crypto knowledge and crypto usage -- 3.2 Perceived and actual use of cryptocurrencies -- 3.3 Dis-intermediation, localization and individualization -- 3.4 Censorship resistance and privacy -- 3.5 Property and the empowerment of the individual -- 3.6 New markets and marketplaces -- 3.7 Crypto-secession: the most disruptive potential of distributed ledger technology -- 4 Applications of blockchain technology in different domains -- 4.1 Central bank digital currency (CBDC) -- 4.2 Energy markets and infrastructure -- 4.3 Self-sovereign identity -- 4.4 Capital markets and security services -- Clearing and settlement -- Initial coin offerings -- 4.5 Supply chains and logistics -- 4.6 The Gambling industry -- 5 Conclusion: possible directions of blockchain -- References -- Index.

The article is devoted to the coverage of the use of Blockchain technology in the field of public administration. The foreign experience of using Blockchain technology (Estonia, USA, Japan, Brazil, Ghana, Honduras, Georgia, UAE, the Netherlands and Sweden) has been analyzed, as well as prospects for its introduction in Ukraine. Examples of the implementation of Blockchain technology in Ukraine in providing public and public services to legal entities and individuals are presented. The main advantages and disadvantages of this technology are defined, the main principles of work of the Blocckhain are formulated. In addition, the main problems with which the Ukrainian government can meet, when using the distribution register (Blockchain) in public administration is indicated. Particular attention is paid to Blockchain technology as a means of bureaucracy and corruption in public authorities.

The paper analyzes the specific nature of high-tech systems in IT area in terms of the transition to the digital economy (Digital Economy of the Russian Federation program). The research identifies the characteristics of legal regulation of databases, distributed ledgers, and blockchain technology. The author determines that the legal regime of databases is admissible with regard to the above-mentioned systems. The study reveals the aspects of special sectoral laws and regulations applied to databases in order to introduce distributed ledgers and blockchain technology. The research considers the dual nature of database laws governing blockchain technology in different ways. The author concludes that laws and regulations concerning databases can be implemented to introduce distributed ledgers and blockchain technology considering their specific legal nature for particular legal relations.

Стаття присвячена висвітленню використання блокчейн-технології в сфері публічного управління. Проаналізовано зарубіжний досвід використання блокчейн-технології (Естонія, США, Японія, Бразилія, Гана, Гондурас, Грузія, ОАЕ, Нідерланди і Швеція), а також перспективи її впровадження в Україні. Представлені приклади використання блокчейнтехнології в Україні при наданні державних і суспільних послуг юридичним і фізичним особам. Визначено основні переваги та недоліки цієї технології, сформульовано головні принципи роботи блокчейна. Крім цього, вказані основні проблеми, з якими може зіткнутися український уряд, при використанні розподіленого реєстру (блокчейна) в публічному управлінні. Особлива увага приділяється блокчейн-технології як засобу від бюрократії і корупції в органах публічної влади. ; The article is devoted to the coverage of the use of Blockchain technology in the field of public administration. The foreign experience of using Blockchain technology (Estonia, USA, Japan, Brazil, Ghana, Honduras, Georgia, UAE, the Netherlands and Sweden) has been analyzed, as well as prospects for its introduction in Ukraine. Examples of the implementation of Blockchain technology in Ukraine in providing public and public services to legal entities and individuals are presented. The main advantages and disadvantages of this technology are defined, the main principles of work of the Blocckhain are formulated. In addition, the main problems with which the Ukrainian government can meet, when using the distribution register (Blockchain) in public administration is indicated. Particular attention is paid to Blockchain technology as a means of bureaucracy and corruption in public authorities.

"Recent years have seen a surge of interest in 'the commons' based on a simple yet radical idea: great improvements in production and management could be achieved by reducing barriers to knowledge exchange and power-sharing. Ranging from meadows, forests and parks to language, open source software (FLOSS and Blockchain) and 3D printers, the commons are distributed or common property resources/infrastructures which are self-managed by their user communities. While acknowledging the significant contributions that can be made through commons-based peer production, this book provides a critical examination of the commons with the aim of contributing to their long-term sustainability. In particular, the book examines the relation of Blockchain to the commons by illustrating the case study of the Commons Stack. Drawing on a range of interdisciplinary ideas and methodologies, the chapters argue that there are a number of economic and social barriers which are obstructing the wider reproduction of the commons. Problems with access to capital and training, the lack of entrepreneurial and managerial skills, and the absence of institutional support from governments, larger coops, and NGOs, are some of the external problems facing the commons today. Meanwhile, localism, gated communities, vested interests, atavism, traditionalism, ideology, conflict, neo-conservatism and techno-elitism represent some of the internal contradictions inherent in the commons. Through overcoming these contradictions, the ultimate goal is to transform capitalism into the postcapitalism of the commons: the creation of a social economy self-organised around the commons. This book provides vital reading for anyone interested in the commons from economics, techno-politics and across the social sciences. Vangelis Papadimitropoulos is a post doc researcher in the School of Political Sciences at Panteion University, Athens, Greece"--

Over the past two decades, improvements in the information technology landscape have made the collection, preservation, and analysis of digital evidence extremely important. This book can provide a wide-ranging overview of how AI and blockchain can be used to solve problems in digital forensics using advanced tools and applications.

Intro -- Materialien zum Buch -- 1 Vorwort -- 1.1 Vorwort der Autoren -- 1.2 Geleitwort -- 2 Einführung -- 2.1 Was ist die Blockchain? -- 2.1.1 Herausforderungen des Internets -- 2.1.2 Die Blockchain -- 2.1.3 Die Blockchain als Problemlöser -- 2.2 Geschichte der Blockchain -- 2.2.1 Pioniere der Blockchain -- 2.2.2 Bitcoin -- 2.2.3 Altcoins -- 2.2.4 Blockchain 2.0 -- 2.2.5 Gegenwart und Zukunft -- 2.3 Anwendung der Blockchain-Technologie -- 2.3.1 Entscheidungskriterien für die Blockchain -- 2.3.2 Blockchain-Varianten -- 2.3.3 Branchen mit Blockchain-Potenzial -- 2.3.4 Realbeispiele für Blockchain-Anwendungen -- 2.4 Zusammenfassung -- 3 Die Basics: So funktioniert eine Blockchain -- 3.1 Kryptografische Grundlagen -- 3.1.1 Einführung in die Kryptografie -- 3.1.2 Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) -- 3.1.3 Kryptografische Hashfunktionen -- 3.2 Die Blockchain -- 3.2.1 Transaktionen -- 3.2.2 Vom Block zur Blockchain -- 3.2.3 Das Blockchain-System -- 3.2.4 Weiterentwicklungen der Blockchain -- 3.3 Die Blockchain 2.0 -- 3.3.1 Einführung und Grundlagen -- 3.3.2 Accounts und State Trie -- 3.3.3 Transaktionen und Transaction Trie -- 3.3.4 Receipts und Receipts Trie -- 3.3.5 Vom Block zur Blockchain 2.0 -- 3.3.6 Das Blockchain-System 2.0 -- 3.3.7 Weiterentwicklung der Ethereum-Plattform -- 3.4 Alternative Konsensmodelle -- 3.4.1 Proof-of-Stake (PoS) -- 3.4.2 Delegated Byzantine Fault Tolerance (dBFT) -- 3.4.3 Proof-of-Activity -- 3.4.4 Proof-of-Importance -- 3.4.5 Proof-of-Authority -- 3.4.6 Proof-of-Reputation -- 3.4.7 Proof-of-Capacity/Proof-of-Space -- 3.4.8 Proof-of-Elapsed-Time -- 3.4.9 Proof-of-Burn -- 3.5 Sicherheit der Blockchain -- 3.5.1 Blockchain und Informationssicherheit -- 3.5.2 Angriffsszenarien -- 3.6 Zusammenfassung -- 4 Eine eigene Blockchain erstellen - Grundfunktionen -- 4.1 Transaktionen - die kleinste Einheit.

Chapter 1. Role of Community Model in Networked Healthcare Organizations -- Chapter 2. Blockchain Architecture for the Healthcare Ecosystem -- Chapter 3. Blockchain-Based Dynamic Consent for Healthcare and Research -- Chapter 4. "Pay for Value": Blockchain for Drug Pricing in Canada -- Chapter 5. A Blockchain-Centric Data Sharing Framework for Building Trust in Healthcare Insurance -- Chapter 6. Learning to Trust: Exploring the Relationship between Trust and User Experience in Blockchain Systems -- Chapter 7. Design and Implementation Considerations for Blockchain for Health Records -- Chapter 8. Blockchain Implementation for Decentralized Real-World Research -- Chapter 9. The inter-organizational environment of blockchain in healthcare: The state of blockchain healthcare consortia.

This paper provides the first comprehensive survey of methods for inserting arbitrary data into Bitcoin's blockchain. Historical methods of data insertion are described, along with lesser-known techniques that are optimized for efficiency. Insertion methods are compared on the basis of efficiency, cost, convenience of data reconstruction, permanence, and potentially negative impact on the Bitcoin ecosystem.

"This book offers relevant theoretical frameworks and empirical research findings to nurture investigations in blockchain technology innovations meant as a basis for understanding novel technological, organizational and societal settings involving blockchain technology"