The article is devoted to disclosure of the tendencies in the promotion of Lithuanian physical activity. During the Soviet times, Lithuanian sports politics was oriented to elite sport and it is still. The attempts to foster physical activity of the population lie on the movement "Sport for all," but the results of the movement are not effective enough, because only a small part of the population (approximately 6%) took part in it. No one governmental institution has full and clear responsibility for the results of physical activity promotion. The poor environment of physical activity results in poor possibilities to be physically active in leisure domain. Differently, the huge expansion of the private sport, health, and beauty industries fosters the adoration of the body and overemphasizes the meaning of body image in the society. Physical activity is represented as the measure to achieve ideal body image or good health, but not as the measure of the overall culture of the human or society. Conclusions. The long-lasting, health-related physical activity-oriented national strategy is essential to foster physical activity, health, and quality of life at the national level. The multiplicity of possibilities in the physical activity would foster lifestyle activity instead of adoration of body image and would improve the psychological and physical well-being of the population.
A contemporary consuming society emphasizes a human body as a sign that represents a race, gender, age, social status or role and a body language that highlights emotions and feelings. A society could be analysed on the basis of a gender discourse. It is rich with social, political and cultural processes shaping gender identities, stereotypes and ideals. Changes in the 20th century influenced the alterations in a woman's roles ant attitudes towards her. A man's identity was changing as well. Some social subcultures have not been defined and analysed in history or in science. These subcultures are considered to be marginal groups: gays, lesbians and disabled. Very often they felt the ignorance, discrimination and aggression. In the second half of the 20th century the feminist movement speeded social changes all over the world. At that time a contemporary dance appeared as a complex phenomenon in art. Researchers do not outline its clear beginning or the end. It is a mix of various techniques and dancers are free from a strict movement alphabet. Representation and questioning of traditional (a woman and a man) and marginal (homosexuals and disabled) reflections of a body in a contemporary dance influenced the analysis of a contemporary dance in the social and cultural context. The subject of a diploma paper is the body's social reflections in a contemporary dance: traditional (a woman and a man) and marginal (homosexuals and disabled). The field of the subject is European and Lithuanian performances of the contemporary dance created in the last three decades. The investigation of the subject is based on the vertical (historical) and horizontal (social, cultural) analysis. After reaching the defined aim and objectives of the paper, it is possible to state that in a contemporary society the body is understood as a developing sign system interdependent with surrounding factors. The perfection of the body is taken as a natural permanent process which aim is the implementation of needs and desires. The main function of the body becomes its representation. Different woman's models and stereotypes depicted in the contemporary dance are a free interpretation. The changes in men's social roles, stereotypes and relations are hyperbolized. The contemporary dance is the art form that can reveal directly the experience of a disabled, help the society to know and understand the disability as a phenomenon and inevitability. This form of art allows the audience to recognize social subcultures, to manipulate the traditional attitudes and norms. The dance can be the form of art that educates and fosters tolerance in a society.
A contemporary consuming society emphasizes a human body as a sign that represents a race, gender, age, social status or role and a body language that highlights emotions and feelings. A society could be analysed on the basis of a gender discourse. It is rich with social, political and cultural processes shaping gender identities, stereotypes and ideals. Changes in the 20th century influenced the alterations in a woman's roles ant attitudes towards her. A man's identity was changing as well. Some social subcultures have not been defined and analysed in history or in science. These subcultures are considered to be marginal groups: gays, lesbians and disabled. Very often they felt the ignorance, discrimination and aggression. In the second half of the 20th century the feminist movement speeded social changes all over the world. At that time a contemporary dance appeared as a complex phenomenon in art. Researchers do not outline its clear beginning or the end. It is a mix of various techniques and dancers are free from a strict movement alphabet. Representation and questioning of traditional (a woman and a man) and marginal (homosexuals and disabled) reflections of a body in a contemporary dance influenced the analysis of a contemporary dance in the social and cultural context. The subject of a diploma paper is the body's social reflections in a contemporary dance: traditional (a woman and a man) and marginal (homosexuals and disabled). The field of the subject is European and Lithuanian performances of the contemporary dance created in the last three decades. The investigation of the subject is based on the vertical (historical) and horizontal (social, cultural) analysis. After reaching the defined aim and objectives of the paper, it is possible to state that in a contemporary society the body is understood as a developing sign system interdependent with surrounding factors. The perfection of the body is taken as a natural permanent process which aim is the implementation of needs and desires. The main function of the body becomes its representation. Different woman's models and stereotypes depicted in the contemporary dance are a free interpretation. The changes in men's social roles, stereotypes and relations are hyperbolized. The contemporary dance is the art form that can reveal directly the experience of a disabled, help the society to know and understand the disability as a phenomenon and inevitability. This form of art allows the audience to recognize social subcultures, to manipulate the traditional attitudes and norms. The dance can be the form of art that educates and fosters tolerance in a society.
A contemporary consuming society emphasizes a human body as a sign that represents a race, gender, age, social status or role and a body language that highlights emotions and feelings. A society could be analysed on the basis of a gender discourse. It is rich with social, political and cultural processes shaping gender identities, stereotypes and ideals. Changes in the 20th century influenced the alterations in a woman's roles ant attitudes towards her. A man's identity was changing as well. Some social subcultures have not been defined and analysed in history or in science. These subcultures are considered to be marginal groups: gays, lesbians and disabled. Very often they felt the ignorance, discrimination and aggression. In the second half of the 20th century the feminist movement speeded social changes all over the world. At that time a contemporary dance appeared as a complex phenomenon in art. Researchers do not outline its clear beginning or the end. It is a mix of various techniques and dancers are free from a strict movement alphabet. Representation and questioning of traditional (a woman and a man) and marginal (homosexuals and disabled) reflections of a body in a contemporary dance influenced the analysis of a contemporary dance in the social and cultural context. The subject of a diploma paper is the body's social reflections in a contemporary dance: traditional (a woman and a man) and marginal (homosexuals and disabled). The field of the subject is European and Lithuanian performances of the contemporary dance created in the last three decades. The investigation of the subject is based on the vertical (historical) and horizontal (social, cultural) analysis. After reaching the defined aim and objectives of the paper, it is possible to state that in a contemporary society the body is understood as a developing sign system interdependent with surrounding factors. The perfection of the body is taken as a natural permanent process which aim is the implementation of needs and desires. The main function of the body becomes its representation. Different woman's models and stereotypes depicted in the contemporary dance are a free interpretation. The changes in men's social roles, stereotypes and relations are hyperbolized. The contemporary dance is the art form that can reveal directly the experience of a disabled, help the society to know and understand the disability as a phenomenon and inevitability. This form of art allows the audience to recognize social subcultures, to manipulate the traditional attitudes and norms. The dance can be the form of art that educates and fosters tolerance in a society.
Foreign body and food bolius impaction in the upper gastrointestinal tract is a common clinical situation in emergency departments throughout the world. The majority of foreign bodies will pass through the gastrointestinal tract and naturally go out with the stool, but in about 1/5 of cases the foreign bodies must be removed. The impaction of a foreign body in the upper gastrointestinal tract is the second leading cause of urgent endoscopy after bleeding. The aim of this retrospective descriptive study is to review a quarter-century (25 years) experience of removal foreign bodies from the upper gastrointestinal tract by flexible endoscopic approach in Republican Vilnius University Hospital (RVUL). We conclude that the endoscopic removal of foreign bodies by a qualified specialist is an effective and safe method with a great success rate of the procedure using an endoscope with accessories: loop, basket and forceps, which significantly reduces the length of hospitalization and requirement of surgery.
Foreign body and food bolius impaction in the upper gastrointestinal tract is a common clinical situation in emergency departments throughout the world. The majority of foreign bodies will pass through the gastrointestinal tract and naturally go out with the stool, but in about 1/5 of cases the foreign bodies must be removed. The impaction of a foreign body in the upper gastrointestinal tract is the second leading cause of urgent endoscopy after bleeding. The aim of this retrospective descriptive study is to review a quarter-century (25 years) experience of removal foreign bodies from the upper gastrointestinal tract by flexible endoscopic approach in Republican Vilnius University Hospital (RVUL). We conclude that the endoscopic removal of foreign bodies by a qualified specialist is an effective and safe method with a great success rate of the procedure using an endoscope with accessories: loop, basket and forceps, which significantly reduces the length of hospitalization and requirement of surgery.
Foreign body and food bolius impaction in the upper gastrointestinal tract is a common clinical situation in emergency departments throughout the world. The majority of foreign bodies will pass through the gastrointestinal tract and naturally go out with the stool, but in about 1/5 of cases the foreign bodies must be removed. The impaction of a foreign body in the upper gastrointestinal tract is the second leading cause of urgent endoscopy after bleeding. The aim of this retrospective descriptive study is to review a quarter-century (25 years) experience of removal foreign bodies from the upper gastrointestinal tract by flexible endoscopic approach in Republican Vilnius University Hospital (RVUL). We conclude that the endoscopic removal of foreign bodies by a qualified specialist is an effective and safe method with a great success rate of the procedure using an endoscope with accessories: loop, basket and forceps, which significantly reduces the length of hospitalization and requirement of surgery.
In an early Plato's dialogue, Crito, a conversation between Socrates and his close friend Crito is described. The court of Athens – a phenomenon of Greek democracy – had just sent Socrates to death. Nevertheless, the decision of the court, realized in a formally correct procedure, is emotionally unacceptable for both his friends and followers. Socrates does not feel guilty, either, and finds strong arguments in his favour. The conflict between Socrates and the Greek polis reveals the duality of justice and makes justice problematic. Aan attempt is made to reconstruct the formal and concrete premises of two types of justice. One type of justice is related to daily life and thinking and the other to the ethic kind of life and thinking. It is demonstrated that each sphere of activity presupposes a different subject of activity, which results in a different kind of justice. Man is a measure of all things in the sphere of daily life and thinking. Consequently, man is a measure of justice as well. That is why justice in this sphere is relative and could be established exclusively by an arbitrary decision. In the sphere of ethical life and thinking, the value of good is a measure of man. Therefore, absolute justice is possible in this sphere: anyone in any circumstances could remain virtuous and honest. Socrates pursues the attitude of absolute justice: "we must not do wrong at all". Thus, he obeys the decision of the Greek court and saves the soul, i. e. the subject of absolute justice. The present paper concludes with an inference about the meaning of Socrates' choice.
In an early Plato's dialogue, Crito, a conversation between Socrates and his close friend Crito is described. The court of Athens – a phenomenon of Greek democracy – had just sent Socrates to death. Nevertheless, the decision of the court, realized in a formally correct procedure, is emotionally unacceptable for both his friends and followers. Socrates does not feel guilty, either, and finds strong arguments in his favour. The conflict between Socrates and the Greek polis reveals the duality of justice and makes justice problematic. Aan attempt is made to reconstruct the formal and concrete premises of two types of justice. One type of justice is related to daily life and thinking and the other to the ethic kind of life and thinking. It is demonstrated that each sphere of activity presupposes a different subject of activity, which results in a different kind of justice. Man is a measure of all things in the sphere of daily life and thinking. Consequently, man is a measure of justice as well. That is why justice in this sphere is relative and could be established exclusively by an arbitrary decision. In the sphere of ethical life and thinking, the value of good is a measure of man. Therefore, absolute justice is possible in this sphere: anyone in any circumstances could remain virtuous and honest. Socrates pursues the attitude of absolute justice: "we must not do wrong at all". Thus, he obeys the decision of the Greek court and saves the soul, i. e. the subject of absolute justice. The present paper concludes with an inference about the meaning of Socrates' choice.
In an early Plato's dialogue, Crito, a conversation between Socrates and his close friend Crito is described. The court of Athens – a phenomenon of Greek democracy – had just sent Socrates to death. Nevertheless, the decision of the court, realized in a formally correct procedure, is emotionally unacceptable for both his friends and followers. Socrates does not feel guilty, either, and finds strong arguments in his favour. The conflict between Socrates and the Greek polis reveals the duality of justice and makes justice problematic. Aan attempt is made to reconstruct the formal and concrete premises of two types of justice. One type of justice is related to daily life and thinking and the other to the ethic kind of life and thinking. It is demonstrated that each sphere of activity presupposes a different subject of activity, which results in a different kind of justice. Man is a measure of all things in the sphere of daily life and thinking. Consequently, man is a measure of justice as well. That is why justice in this sphere is relative and could be established exclusively by an arbitrary decision. In the sphere of ethical life and thinking, the value of good is a measure of man. Therefore, absolute justice is possible in this sphere: anyone in any circumstances could remain virtuous and honest. Socrates pursues the attitude of absolute justice: "we must not do wrong at all". Thus, he obeys the decision of the Greek court and saves the soul, i. e. the subject of absolute justice. The present paper concludes with an inference about the meaning of Socrates' choice.
In an early Plato's dialogue, Crito, a conversation between Socrates and his close friend Crito is described. The court of Athens – a phenomenon of Greek democracy – had just sent Socrates to death. Nevertheless, the decision of the court, realized in a formally correct procedure, is emotionally unacceptable for both his friends and followers. Socrates does not feel guilty, either, and finds strong arguments in his favour. The conflict between Socrates and the Greek polis reveals the duality of justice and makes justice problematic. Aan attempt is made to reconstruct the formal and concrete premises of two types of justice. One type of justice is related to daily life and thinking and the other to the ethic kind of life and thinking. It is demonstrated that each sphere of activity presupposes a different subject of activity, which results in a different kind of justice. Man is a measure of all things in the sphere of daily life and thinking. Consequently, man is a measure of justice as well. That is why justice in this sphere is relative and could be established exclusively by an arbitrary decision. In the sphere of ethical life and thinking, the value of good is a measure of man. Therefore, absolute justice is possible in this sphere: anyone in any circumstances could remain virtuous and honest. Socrates pursues the attitude of absolute justice: "we must not do wrong at all". Thus, he obeys the decision of the Greek court and saves the soul, i. e. the subject of absolute justice. The present paper concludes with an inference about the meaning of Socrates' choice.
Lithuania has a fragmented advisory system, with a total of 213 advisory bodies working at the central level of government in 2017. Ad hoc advisory bodies have low average lifespans, while the permanent advisory bodies usually have small administrative capacities. The Sunset Commissions were an exception because they advised Lithuanian governments for more than ten years – having been active since 1999 – and operated within a well-developed institutional framework. They provided recommendations on how to improve the efficiency and quality of public management for five Lithuanian governments until 2016 when Skvernelis's government decided to discontinue its activities. There was almost no systematic monitoring of the extent to which the recommendations were carried out. Therefore, it is important to analyze the impact of the Sunset Commissions' recommendations on public management policy in Lithuania. By combining the advisory systems and public policy process literature, the article identifies the main factors that may affect the successful use of advice: the compatibility of recommendations with the dominant political ideas, the composition of an advisory body, the government's expectations toward its purpose, economic conditions, the support of the parliamentary majority and the political attention to its recommendations and the role of the changing leaders during public management reforms. Our empirical study – which was based on desk research, an analysis of administrative information, interviews and a survey of the Commissions' members – consisted of two main stages. First, we assessed the impact of the Sunset Commissions on public management policy. Second, we determined the causal configurations underpinning the adoption and implementation of the recommendations set out by this advisory body. The results of our assessment reveals a good deal of variation in the use of the Commissions' recommendations. The 1999–2000 and 2009 Commissions were the most successful in terms of the recommendations adopted and implemented. The lifespan of these Sunset Commissions was marked by economic downturns that opened "windows of opportunity" for major reforms. These advisory bodies are also characterized by high performance indicators. In contrast, the advisory bodies that worked during 2006–2008 and 2013–2016 received less political attention in the Lithuanian government in the context of economic growth, which made implementation more difficult. Overall, our assessment suggests that a more active performance of the advisory body is not sufficient to explain the level of adoption and implementation of its recommendations, as the political and economic conditions significantly shape the use of advice. The second part of the empirical study allowed us to determine the main causal configurations that explain the adoption and implementation of the recommendations suggested by the Sunset Commissions. The most important condition for successful adoption is the compatibility of advice: in other words, the more the given advice corresponds to a particular government's priorities, the more successful the use of recommendation becomes. In addition, the uptake of recommendations is more frequent during economic downturns as well as when prime ministers exercise transformational leadership during the reform process. Meanwhile, the composition of the advisory body, the expectations of the government toward its performance and the leadership exercised by the heads of the commissions are less important. The conditions for the successful implementation of recommendations are slightly different. Although transformational leadership maintains its importance during the implementation phase, the exercise of transactional leadership can also lead to an incremental change if policy implementation is pursued adequately at the administrative level. To conclude, our research reveals that the Sunset Commissions had a substantial impact on Lithuanian public management policy. Even though the effectiveness of the advisory body varied during the rule of the Lithuanian governments, a majority of the Commissions' members agreed that its work should be continued. The research also allows us to offer practical recommendations for the further performance of the Sunset Commissions. The main suggestions include, but are not limited to, strengthening the mandate of the Commission, enhancing administrative discipline during the execution of the recommendations and allo inancial resources for supporting the performance of the Commission.
Lithuania has a fragmented advisory system, with a total of 213 advisory bodies working at the central level of government in 2017. Ad hoc advisory bodies have low average lifespans, while the permanent advisory bodies usually have small administrative capacities. The Sunset Commissions were an exception because they advised Lithuanian governments for more than ten years – having been active since 1999 – and operated within a well-developed institutional framework. They provided recommendations on how to improve the efficiency and quality of public management for five Lithuanian governments until 2016 when Skvernelis's government decided to discontinue its activities. There was almost no systematic monitoring of the extent to which the recommendations were carried out. Therefore, it is important to analyze the impact of the Sunset Commissions' recommendations on public management policy in Lithuania. By combining the advisory systems and public policy process literature, the article identifies the main factors that may affect the successful use of advice: the compatibility of recommendations with the dominant political ideas, the composition of an advisory body, the government's expectations toward its purpose, economic conditions, the support of the parliamentary majority and the political attention to its recommendations and the role of the changing leaders during public management reforms. Our empirical study – which was based on desk research, an analysis of administrative information, interviews and a survey of the Commissions' members – consisted of two main stages. First, we assessed the impact of the Sunset Commissions on public management policy. Second, we determined the causal configurations underpinning the adoption and implementation of the recommendations set out by this advisory body. The results of our assessment reveals a good deal of variation in the use of the Commissions' recommendations. The 1999–2000 and 2009 Commissions were the most successful in terms of the recommendations adopted and implemented. The lifespan of these Sunset Commissions was marked by economic downturns that opened "windows of opportunity" for major reforms. These advisory bodies are also characterized by high performance indicators. In contrast, the advisory bodies that worked during 2006–2008 and 2013–2016 received less political attention in the Lithuanian government in the context of economic growth, which made implementation more difficult. Overall, our assessment suggests that a more active performance of the advisory body is not sufficient to explain the level of adoption and implementation of its recommendations, as the political and economic conditions significantly shape the use of advice. The second part of the empirical study allowed us to determine the main causal configurations that explain the adoption and implementation of the recommendations suggested by the Sunset Commissions. The most important condition for successful adoption is the compatibility of advice: in other words, the more the given advice corresponds to a particular government's priorities, the more successful the use of recommendation becomes. In addition, the uptake of recommendations is more frequent during economic downturns as well as when prime ministers exercise transformational leadership during the reform process. Meanwhile, the composition of the advisory body, the expectations of the government toward its performance and the leadership exercised by the heads of the commissions are less important. The conditions for the successful implementation of recommendations are slightly different. Although transformational leadership maintains its importance during the implementation phase, the exercise of transactional leadership can also lead to an incremental change if policy implementation is pursued adequately at the administrative level. To conclude, our research reveals that the Sunset Commissions had a substantial impact on Lithuanian public management policy. Even though the effectiveness of the advisory body varied during the rule of the Lithuanian governments, a majority of the Commissions' members agreed that its work should be continued. The research also allows us to offer practical recommendations for the further performance of the Sunset Commissions. The main suggestions include, but are not limited to, strengthening the mandate of the Commission, enhancing administrative discipline during the execution of the recommendations and allo inancial resources for supporting the performance of the Commission.
Lithuania has a fragmented advisory system, with a total of 213 advisory bodies working at the central level of government in 2017. Ad hoc advisory bodies have low average lifespans, while the permanent advisory bodies usually have small administrative capacities. The Sunset Commissions were an exception because they advised Lithuanian governments for more than ten years – having been active since 1999 – and operated within a well-developed institutional framework. They provided recommendations on how to improve the efficiency and quality of public management for five Lithuanian governments until 2016 when Skvernelis's government decided to discontinue its activities. There was almost no systematic monitoring of the extent to which the recommendations were carried out. Therefore, it is important to analyze the impact of the Sunset Commissions' recommendations on public management policy in Lithuania. By combining the advisory systems and public policy process literature, the article identifies the main factors that may affect the successful use of advice: the compatibility of recommendations with the dominant political ideas, the composition of an advisory body, the government's expectations toward its purpose, economic conditions, the support of the parliamentary majority and the political attention to its recommendations and the role of the changing leaders during public management reforms. Our empirical study – which was based on desk research, an analysis of administrative information, interviews and a survey of the Commissions' members – consisted of two main stages. First, we assessed the impact of the Sunset Commissions on public management policy. Second, we determined the causal configurations underpinning the adoption and implementation of the recommendations set out by this advisory body. The results of our assessment reveals a good deal of variation in the use of the Commissions' recommendations. The 1999–2000 and 2009 Commissions were the most successful in terms of the recommendations adopted and implemented. The lifespan of these Sunset Commissions was marked by economic downturns that opened "windows of opportunity" for major reforms. These advisory bodies are also characterized by high performance indicators. In contrast, the advisory bodies that worked during 2006–2008 and 2013–2016 received less political attention in the Lithuanian government in the context of economic growth, which made implementation more difficult. Overall, our assessment suggests that a more active performance of the advisory body is not sufficient to explain the level of adoption and implementation of its recommendations, as the political and economic conditions significantly shape the use of advice. The second part of the empirical study allowed us to determine the main causal configurations that explain the adoption and implementation of the recommendations suggested by the Sunset Commissions. The most important condition for successful adoption is the compatibility of advice: in other words, the more the given advice corresponds to a particular government's priorities, the more successful the use of recommendation becomes. In addition, the uptake of recommendations is more frequent during economic downturns as well as when prime ministers exercise transformational leadership during the reform process. Meanwhile, the composition of the advisory body, the expectations of the government toward its performance and the leadership exercised by the heads of the commissions are less important. The conditions for the successful implementation of recommendations are slightly different. Although transformational leadership maintains its importance during the implementation phase, the exercise of transactional leadership can also lead to an incremental change if policy implementation is pursued adequately at the administrative level. To conclude, our research reveals that the Sunset Commissions had a substantial impact on Lithuanian public management policy. Even though the effectiveness of the advisory body varied during the rule of the Lithuanian governments, a majority of the Commissions' members agreed that its work should be continued. The research also allows us to offer practical recommendations for the further performance of the Sunset Commissions. The main suggestions include, but are not limited to, strengthening the mandate of the Commission, enhancing administrative discipline during the execution of the recommendations and allo inancial resources for supporting the performance of the Commission.
Lithuania has a fragmented advisory system, with a total of 213 advisory bodies working at the central level of government in 2017. Ad hoc advisory bodies have low average lifespans, while the permanent advisory bodies usually have small administrative capacities. The Sunset Commissions were an exception because they advised Lithuanian governments for more than ten years – having been active since 1999 – and operated within a well-developed institutional framework. They provided recommendations on how to improve the efficiency and quality of public management for five Lithuanian governments until 2016 when Skvernelis's government decided to discontinue its activities. There was almost no systematic monitoring of the extent to which the recommendations were carried out. Therefore, it is important to analyze the impact of the Sunset Commissions' recommendations on public management policy in Lithuania. By combining the advisory systems and public policy process literature, the article identifies the main factors that may affect the successful use of advice: the compatibility of recommendations with the dominant political ideas, the composition of an advisory body, the government's expectations toward its purpose, economic conditions, the support of the parliamentary majority and the political attention to its recommendations and the role of the changing leaders during public management reforms. Our empirical study – which was based on desk research, an analysis of administrative information, interviews and a survey of the Commissions' members – consisted of two main stages. First, we assessed the impact of the Sunset Commissions on public management policy. Second, we determined the causal configurations underpinning the adoption and implementation of the recommendations set out by this advisory body. The results of our assessment reveals a good deal of variation in the use of the Commissions' recommendations. The 1999–2000 and 2009 Commissions were the most successful in terms of the recommendations adopted and implemented. The lifespan of these Sunset Commissions was marked by economic downturns that opened "windows of opportunity" for major reforms. These advisory bodies are also characterized by high performance indicators. In contrast, the advisory bodies that worked during 2006–2008 and 2013–2016 received less political attention in the Lithuanian government in the context of economic growth, which made implementation more difficult. Overall, our assessment suggests that a more active performance of the advisory body is not sufficient to explain the level of adoption and implementation of its recommendations, as the political and economic conditions significantly shape the use of advice. The second part of the empirical study allowed us to determine the main causal configurations that explain the adoption and implementation of the recommendations suggested by the Sunset Commissions. The most important condition for successful adoption is the compatibility of advice: in other words, the more the given advice corresponds to a particular government's priorities, the more successful the use of recommendation becomes. In addition, the uptake of recommendations is more frequent during economic downturns as well as when prime ministers exercise transformational leadership during the reform process. Meanwhile, the composition of the advisory body, the expectations of the government toward its performance and the leadership exercised by the heads of the commissions are less important. The conditions for the successful implementation of recommendations are slightly different. Although transformational leadership maintains its importance during the implementation phase, the exercise of transactional leadership can also lead to an incremental change if policy implementation is pursued adequately at the administrative level. To conclude, our research reveals that the Sunset Commissions had a substantial impact on Lithuanian public management policy. Even though the effectiveness of the advisory body varied during the rule of the Lithuanian governments, a majority of the Commissions' members agreed that its work should be continued. The research also allows us to offer practical recommendations for the further performance of the Sunset Commissions. The main suggestions include, but are not limited to, strengthening the mandate of the Commission, enhancing administrative discipline during the execution of the recommendations and allo inancial resources for supporting the performance of the Commission.
