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Border security has been high on public-policy agendas in Europe and North America since the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Centre in New York City and on the headquarters of the American military in Washington DC. Governments are now confronted with managing secure borders, a policy objective that in this era of increased free trade and globalization must compete with intense cross-border flows of people and goods. Border-security policies must enable security personnel to identify, or filter out, dangerous individuals and substances from among the millions of travelers and tons of goods that cross borders daily, particularly in large cross-border urban regions.This book addresses this gap between security needs and an understanding of borders and borderlands. Specifically, the chapters in this volume ask policy-makers to recognize that two fundamental elements define borders and borderlands: first, human activities (the agency and agent power of individual ties and forces spanning a border), and second, the broader social processes that frame individual action, such as market forces, government activities (law, regulations, and policies), and the regional culture and politics of a borderland.Borders emerge as the historically and geographically variable expression of human ties exercised within social structures of varying force and influence, and it is the interplay and interdependence between people's incentives to act and the surrounding structures (i.e. constructed social processes that contain and constrain individual action) that determine the effectiveness of border security policies.This book argues that the nature of borders is to be porous, which is a problem for security policy makers. It shows that when for economic, cultural, or political reasons human activities increase across a border and borderland, governments need to increase cooperation and collaboration with regard to security policies, if only to avoid implementing mismatched security policies.

In the past two years, the European continent has become the target of mass migration of various ethnic and religious groups who, for reasons of security or economic hardship, have decided to leave their homelands and go into dangerous exile, mostly by sea. In order to reach the world perceived by them as an oasis of security and prosperity, and above all tolerance for racial, ethnic, cultural and religious differences, the arrivals are deepening the already large diversity of the Old Continent's population, where the various minorities have been living for a long time. Particularly interesting is the question of the functioning of national and religious minorities in the borderlands between countries, as well as the formation of such borderlands by different nations. Therefore, the editors propose that number 13 of Region and Regionalism addresses the issue of Borderlands of nations, nations of borderlands. The proposed subject matter met with the lively response from the authors, so much so that the number of submitted papers prompted the Editorial Board to divide them into two volumes. The first volume, collects the works discussing Minorities in the borderlands and the fringes of countries.

Book Review Essay – Arredondo: Last Spanish Ruler of Texas and Northeastern New Spain, by Bradley Folsom. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2017.– Borderlands of Slavery: The Struggle over Captivity and Peonage in the American Southwest, by William S. Kiser. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017.– Wars for Empire: Apaches, the United States, and the Southwest Borderlands, by Janne Lahti. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2017.– Soldiers in the Southwest Borderlands, 1848-1886, edited by Janne Lahti. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2017.– The Other California: Land, Identity, and Politics on the Mexican Borderlands, by Verónica Castillo-Muñoz. Oakland: University of California Press, 2017.

Ginseng and Borderland explores the territorial boundaries and political relations between Qing China and Chosŏn Korea during the period from the early seventeenth to the late nineteenth centuries. By examining a unique body of materials written in Chinese, Manchu, and Korean, and building on recent studies in New Qing History, Seonmin Kim adds new perspectives to current understandings of the remarkable transformation of the Manchu Qing dynasty (1636–1912) from a tribal state to a universal empire. This book discusses early Manchu history and explores the Qing Empire's policy of controlling Manchuria and Chosŏn Korea. Kim also contributes to the Korean history of the Chosŏn dynasty (1392–1910) by challenging conventional accounts that embrace a China-centered interpretation of the tributary relationship between the two polities, stressing instead the agency of Chosŏn Korea in the formation of the Qing Empire. This study demonstrates how Koreans interpreted and employed this relationship in order to preserve the boundary—and peace—with the suzerain power. By focusing on the historical significance of the China-Korea boundary, this book defines the nature of the Qing Empire through the dynamics of contacts and conflicts under both the cultural and material frameworks of its tributary relationship with Chosŏn Korea.

Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan kansallisen valtiorajan kokemista ja vaikutuksia rajamaan asukkaisiin sekä kuinka Euroopan unioni vaikuttaa tähän dynamiikkaan. Tutkimuksessa laadullinen aineisto tuo esiin, kuinka ihmiset kokevat Tšekin ja Slovakian välisen rajan ja kuinka se vaikuttaa heidän elämäänsä. Merkittävänä näkökulmana pidetään ihmisen kokemuksellisuutta toiminnan ja jokapäiväisen elämän kautta sekä tuodaan esiin asukkaiden eri rooleja muuttuvassa Euroopassa. Tutkimusaineistona on kahden eri ikäryhmän, 20–30 ja 30–40 -vuotiaat, henkilökohtaiset haastattelut. Haastatteluja tehtiin 12 kappaletta, ja ne on kerätty Tšekin ja Slovakian väliseltä rajamaalta, asukkaiden luontaisesta toimintaympäristöstä. Tutkimusaineistoa tarkastellaan sisällönanalyysin avulla, jossa hyödynnetään myös teemoittelua ja tyypittelyä analyysin metodeina. Tutkimusaineistosta nousevat keskiöön kahden eri ikäryhmän tavat kokea rajamaa, kansallisvaltio, Euroopan unioni sekä yksilön ja yhteisön roolit eri aluetasoilla. Lisäksi Euroopan unionin rooli tässä kehityksessä ilmenee eri tavoin eri ryhmien kohdalla. Erilaisten henkilö- sekä ryhmäkohtaisten kokemusten, muistojen, taustojen ja aluetasojen kautta kohdehenkilöt toivat esille sekä omia että yhteisöjensä rooleja eri tarkastelukokonaisuuksissa. Tutkimus tekee näkyväksi sekä tarkasteltavan rajamaan että Euroopan unionin ajankohtaisiin ja historiallisiin kysymyksiin liittyviä ongelmakohtia ja ratkaisuja, jotka ovat sidoksissa keskenään. Ensimmäiseksi tarkastellaan rajojen välistä ja rajat ylittävää toimintaa Tšekin ja Slovakian välisellä rajalta asukkaiden näkökulmasta, painopisteinä rajamaan historia ja rajojen välisen toiminnan haasteet. Toiseksi keskiöön nousevat kysymykset Euroopan unionin vaikutuksista rajan kokemisen dynamiikkaan. Tällöin keskeistä on ymmärtää, miten muutokset EU:ssa vaikuttavat paikalliseen yhteisöön sekä kuinka territoriaalinen identiteetti vaikuttaa ihmisiin tämän päivän Euroopassa. English absract: The research examines the experience and influence of a nation-state border on residents of the borderland, as well as in which ways and how much the European Union (EU) impacts this dynamic. In the study, qualitative data reveal how people perceive the border between the Czech Republic and Slovakia and how it influences their lives. A significant perspective is human experience through action and everyday life, as well as the various roles of residents in a transition in Europe. The empirical research data are personal interviews with two age groups, from 20 to 30 and from 30 to 40 years of age. Twelve interviews were conducted at the borderland between the Czech Republic and Slovakia, the interviewees' living environment. The research data are examined through content analysis, which also includes thematic analysis and typification as analytical methods. The research data show how the two different age groups perceive the borderland, nation-state and European Union. An essential part is also related to individual and community roles at different regional levels. Moreover, the role of the European Union in the development context is reflected in various ways for the different groups. Through personal and group experiences, memories, backgrounds and regional levels, interviewees showed their own and their communities' roles in different contexts. The study reveals challenges and solutions present in the boundary regions, as well as related to the contemporary and historical issues of the European Union, which are interlinked. The first focus is cross-border and trans-boundary activities at the Czech and Slovak border that will be examined from the perspective of local citizens. In this case, the historical paths of borders and the challenges of cross-boundary action emerge as important factors. Secondly, the question of the impact of the European Union on the dynamic of perceiving borders is reflected upon in multiple ways. In addition, it is essential to understand how the changes and transformation in the EU affect the local community, and how territorial identity affects people in contemporary Europe.

This article develops the concept of brokerage to analyse the systems of borderland governance that have underpinned processes of state formation and capitalist development in the conflict-affected Myanmar-China borderland region of northern Shan State since the late 1980s. It focuses on the brokerage arrangements that have developed between the Myanmar Army and local militias, and how the illegal drug trade has become integral to these systems of brokered rule. This article draws particular attention to the inherent tensions and contradictions surrounding brokerage. In the short term, deploying militias as borderland brokers has provided an expedient mechanism through which the Myanmar Army has sought to extend and embed state authority, and has also provided the stability and coercive muscle needed to attract capital, expand trade, and intensify resource extraction. However, at the same time, militias have sought to use their position as brokers to aggrandise their own power and counter the extension of central state control. In the longer term, brokerage arrangements have thus had the effect of reinvigorating systems of strongman borderland governance, further fragmenting the means of violence and the proliferation of drugs and disempowering non-militarised forms of political negotiation.

One of the characteristics of contemporary political geography is the transformation of international borders into resources for capitalist value creation. This has been accompanied by the emergence of new identities and practices that challenge the nationalist doxa. Borderland political regimes seek to account for this complexity as it is expressed in the way in which the nation-states perceive and try to govern these spaces of overlapping territorialities. An analysis of the ways in which Chile, Colombia, and the Dominican Republic perceive their borders and produce regulations and institutional frameworks based on both their particular histories and the requirements of neoliberal capitalist accumulation concludes with a series of proposals for inclusive governance systems that take the aforementioned complexities into account. ; Una de las características de la geografía política contemporánea es la transformación de las fronteras internacionales en recursos para la creación de valor capitalista. Esto se ha acompañado de la aparición de nuevas identidades y prácticas que desafían la doxa nacionalista. Los regímenes políticos fronterizos tratan de dar cuenta de esta complejidad, expresada en la forma en que los Estados-nación perciben y tratan de gobernar estos espacios de supuestas territorialidades. Un análisis de las maneras en que Chile, Colombia y República Dominicana perciben sus fronteras y emiten regulaciones y marcos institucionales basados tanto en sus historias nacionales particulares como en los requisitos de la acumulación capitalista neoliberal concluye con una serie de propuestas para sistemas de gobierno inclusivos que tomen en cuenta las complejidades antes mencionadas. ; Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT) CONICYT FONDECYT 1190133

The paper presents opportunities of the phenomenological approach towards the Belarusian‐Polish‐Lithuanian borderlands. Such approach is based upon the principles of understanding of social reality elaborated in phenomenology (E. Husserl, M. Heidegger) and phenomenological sociology (A. Schutz) and presents a different view of the borderlands as compared with the traditional (classical) sociology. The social and cultural space of the borderlands is reflected in the modes of distance (close ‐ distant), temporality (now ‐ then) and the "presence of the Other" (local ‐ stranger), as well as their interrelated modifications. It helps to understand the degree of the acquisition / alienation of various cultural and political phenomena of the historical past and the present‐day life. The historical events and personalities, as well as existing monuments of culture in the borderlands are reflected in "our / alien" dichotomy. This results in the representation of the identities of the borderlands as liquid and plural constructs and the matters of interpretation. Baltarusių, lenkų ir lietuvių pasienio ruožai: fenomenologinė analizė Santrauka.Apmąstomos fenomenologinio metodo galimybės, tyrinėjant baltarusių, lenkų ir lietuvių pasienio ruožus. Šis metodas grindžiamas socialinės tikrovės pažinimo principais, plėtojamais fenomenologijoje (E. Husserlis, M. Heideggeris) ir fenomenologinėje sociologijoje (A. Schutzas). Fenomenologinės sociologijos metodu gauti tyrinėjimo rezultatai skiriasi nuo gautųjų tradicinės (klasikinės) sociologijos metodais. Socialinė ir kultūrinė pasienio ruožų erdvė apmąstoma iš vietos (artimas – tolimas), laiko (dabar – tada), "kito akivaizdos" (vietinis – ateivis) ir jų santykių modifikacijų perspektyvų. Tai padeda geriau suprasti įvairių istorinei praeičiai ir nūdieniam gyvenimui būdingų kultūrinių bei politinių reiškinių panašumus ir skirtumus. Istorinius įvykius ir asmenybes, kaip ir tam tikrus kultūros paminklus, aptinkamus pasienio ruožuose, straipsnio autorius aptaria remdamasis dichotomija ...

The paper presents opportunities of the phenomenological approach towards the Belarusian‐Polish‐Lithuanian borderlands. Such approach is based upon the principles of understanding of social reality elaborated in phenomenology (E. Husserl, M. Heidegger) and phenomenological sociology (A. Schutz) and presents a different view of the borderlands as compared with the traditional (classical) sociology. The social and cultural space of the borderlands is reflected in the modes of distance (close ‐ distant), temporality (now ‐ then) and the "presence of the Other" (local ‐ stranger), as well as their interrelated modifications. It helps to understand the degree of the acquisition / alienation of various cultural and political phenomena of the historical past and the present‐day life. The historical events and personalities, as well as existing monuments of culture in the borderlands are reflected in "our / alien" dichotomy. This results in the representation of the identities of the borderlands as liquid and plural constructs and the matters of interpretation. Baltarusių, lenkų ir lietuvių pasienio ruožai: fenomenologinė analizė Santrauka Apmąstomos fenomenologinio metodo galimybės, tyrinėjant baltarusių, lenkų ir lietuvių pasienio ruožus. Šis metodas grindžiamas socialinės tikrovės pažinimo principais, plėtojamais fenomenologijoje (E. Husserlis, M. Heideggeris) ir fenomenologinėje sociologijoje (A. Schutzas). Fenomenologinės sociologijos metodu gauti tyrinėjimo rezultatai skiriasi nuo gautųjų tradicinės (klasikinės) sociologijos metodais. Socialinė ir kultūrinė pasienio ruožų erdvė apmąstoma iš vietos (artimas – tolimas), laiko (dabar – tada), "kito akivaizdos" (vietinis – ateivis) ir jų santykių modifikacijų perspektyvų. Tai padeda geriau suprasti įvairių istorinei praeičiai ir nūdieniam gyvenimui būdingų kultūrinių bei politinių reiškinių panašumus ir skirtumus. Istorinius įvykius ir asmenybes, kaip ir tam tikrus kultūros paminklus, aptinkamus pasienio ruožuose, straipsnio autorius aptaria remdamasis dichotomija savas – svetimas. Prieinama prie išvados, kad pasienio ruožų tapatumai gali būti traktuojami kaip tam tikri kaitūs ir sudėtiniai konstruktai, reikalingi filosofinės, sociologinės ir istorinės interpretacijų. Reikšminiai žodžiai: pasienio ruožai, pasienio tyrinėjimai, sienos, pasienio ruožų fenomenologija, pasienio ruožų sociologija. First Published Online: 14 Oct 2010

Recently, the Regional Initiative to Integrate South America has begun promoting a transboundary road that would bisect the forested borderlands and connect the two largest cities in the region, while the state governments seek to promote a direct ecological railroad alternative. Both transportation initiatives promise to alter forests and rivers and transform economies and cultures, but these projects also lack the base geographic information necessary to understand their potential transboundary impacts and benefits.

Borders are central to cooperation and conflict between communities and states in the Somali inhabited Horn of Africa. Often overlooked because of their peripheral location, borders in the Somali territories are crucial sites of revenue and state-making. The political and economic significance of these borders can hardly be overstated. As in other parts of the region, cross-border commodity trading between Somalia, Somaliland and their neighbours constitutes a lifeline for local livelihoods. Taxation of cross-border trade is the main source of income for various Somali state entities—whether national or sub-national. Trade politics in the Somali borderlands brings to the fore the competitive nature of state-building in the Somali territories. Political and commercial interests influence commodity flows and profits across these trading borders. All of these dynamics shape both cooperative and antagonistic relations across internal and external borders, including between neighbouring state administrations. Considering how Somali trading borders work not only provides important insights into the relations between trade, taxation and state-building. It also allows for a better grasp of conflicts at the border, as trading borders—in particular checkpoints where various authorities tax goods—are often strongly contested. While the physical extent of territorial states and aspiring administrations are defined by their borders, as the Somali case shows, they are also largely financed by economic transactions across the border. Livestock and commodity trading are most salient for revenue generation and state intervention when they cross state and social or clan boundaries. It is at these border crossings, whether a formal border post, an informal 'bush' border or checkpoints along main roads, where state and state-like entities seek to govern and capture revenues from passing goods. This paper argues that there is a need, and indeed an opportunity, for policy-makers to pay greater attention to trading borders in the Somali territories. Borders are both sites where state-building can be supported and where conflicts, in particular over revenues and trade corridors, can be defused. As federalization and state-building in Somali territories continue, Federal Member States (FMSs) and the unrecognized Republic of Somaliland seek to develop their trade corridors by extending them to new goods and services. These trade corridors, in particular seaports, serve as main sources of public income and bolster the legitimacy of these (sub-)national administrations. Negotiated trade and customs policies, fiscal federalism and economic integration are thus of major concern to avoid state-driven competition over trade revenues at Somali borders. As this paper demonstrates, assisting Somali public administrations to move from antagonistic to more cooperative trade relations is an integral part of state-building. This process starts at the border where commodity trading occurs.

(Bibliography) Includes bibliographical references (pages 231-245) and index. ; (System Details) System requirements: Internet connectivity; Web browser software. ; (Funding) Funded through the Humanities Open Book, which is jointly sponsored by the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) and the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. ; (Statement of Responsibility) Frank Lawrence Owsley, Jr.

With training, GIS can be used by all sectors of Latin American society and is the mapping tool of choice for institutions ranging from the Inter-American Development Bank to remote communities in the Amazon rain forest. Geographic information systems are thus a tool of the powerful and the marginalized and the official and the unofficial. [.] In this chapter, we see how GIS maps can improve our ability to analyze conflict over resources and allow additional participation in the process of mapping, but we also confront some of the many political and technical challenges that must be overcome to construct a participatory GIS map.

This study investigates and reflects upon the interpretations of (narco) folk saints on the Texas–Mexico border by analyzing their recent representations in local Texan and national U.S. print media. These articles portray the melding of religion and crime to promote anti-immigration ideas and politics in Texas. To understand the connection between culture and crime on the Texas–Mexico border, this essay first delves into each aspect individually, providing their origins and historical context. An analysis of U.S. and Mexican statistics illustrates that many of the societal issues spurring the creation and devotion of folk saints remain prevalent in borderland culture today, including governmental shortcomings, dissatisfaction with the Church, social conditions, and media prejudice. The ubiquity of these themes in borderland daily life continuously incites more (narco) folk saint devotees, and Texas print media further distort the relationship among religion, culture, and crime until they eventually become inseparably intertwined in popular public opinion.

This article is an introduction to a special section of the Journal of Political Ecology that presents a Mexican perspective on the transnational dimensions of water use and management in the Mexico-U.S. borderlands. Three articles by leading Mexican scholars discuss the anthropology and history of water in the borderlands. The articles are interdisciplinary, and are linked in different ways to pioneering research on water in Mexico established by Angel Palerm.