The most common ways to present data for research, demographic, political, and other reporting purposes is by administrative unit or the unit of measure that recognizes the political boundaries and area of a country. The map shows Africa divided into nation equivalent (zero-level) units. The majority of these zero-level units represent countries that are further divided into smaller subnational (first-level) units, such as departments or states, which vary in size and number per country. ; PR ; IFPRI1; HarvestChoice; CRP2 ; EPTD; PIM ; CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM)
The paper is organized as follows: in part 2, I give a short account of Humboldt's boundaries of the state that relates to many present-day challenges to classical liberalism: his blunt rejection of any solicitude of the state for the positive welfare of the citizen which also covers education, religion and any kind of moral paternalism. In part 3, I refer to the new economic literature on the optimal size and number of nations in order to discuss whether small states are more likely to be (nearly) minimal states. This literature tends to disregard Humboldt's arguments in favour of exposing the individual to varieties of situations that he can choose and from which he can learn to self-develop. Therefore, in part 4, I argue that the evolutionary merits of this exposure can be illustrated by regarding institutional competition as a Hayekian discovery procedure. In part 5, I look at the partial removal of borders within the European Union and, using some intuitions from club theory, I argue that, in terms of the size of European government, integration has become in most areas too deep whereas in terms of the size of membership in the Union the EU has grown too big in some areas and too small in others. I conclude with a plea for more decentralization and competition amongst jurisdictions as a way to lead, as if by an invisible hand, to at least somewhat more limited states. My qualified claim is thus: more, and more open, boundaries between states lead to more limited governments.
The practice of Illustration has seen significant change in the last 30 years in response to affordable technology and digital communications. This period of rapid change has been accompanied by political and economic uncertainty. This climate of upheaval provides an opportunity for reflection on contemporary Illustration practice. A similar environment at the beginning of the 20th Century saw movements such as Constructivism and the Bauhaus emerge, with significant impact on design for the remainder of that century. I propose that discussions on the future direction of illustration may be informed by mapping practitioners on the boundaries of Illustration practice as well as the wider field of Communication Design. In my paper I have included a review of practitioners I believe to be significant in relating the diversity of contemporary illustration practice, who have adapted their practice effectively to change, and represent possible models for future illustration practice. I have also included work from recent graduates on the Masters in Communication Design at The Glasgow School of Art to relate their perspectives of illustration practice. I believe this will facilitate discussion on the possible future directions of illustration practice, informing the future teaching of illustration, and how we, as educators, equip our graduates for a climate of rapid change.
Purpose – This paper examines some of the new capabilities that are required for the facilitation of business processes management (BPM) in the current political and technological landscape. Specifically, the goal is to investigate the role of firm boundaries, from a business processes perspective, in new contexts in which the affirmation of digitalization requires more integration across a complex network of partners. Design/methodology/approach – The paper is based on a review of relevant literature on BPM, firm boundaries and negotiation. By critically integrating this literature, a framework is developed with the objective of supporting the management of boundaries. Findings – BPM, new competitive contexts, and the technological landscape require the development and management of boundary capabilities. Among these capabilities, "boundary management" – how managers coordinate resources, activities and business processes on the boundaries of the firm - should play a key role. Moreover, as managers must continuously interact with multiple partners in digital supply chains, the organizational model of negotiation serves as a means of effectively managing firm boundaries. Practical implications – Our framework offers insights and guidelines that can help practitioners manage the boundaries of business processes. We encourage a focus on business processes occurring at firm boundaries. Furthermore, we encourage the development of new capabilities in response to the needs of practitioners to ensure best practices of negotiation. Originality/value – This study shifts the emphasis of BPM from the boundaries of management to the management of boundaries. By shedding light on new capabilities required, this paper enriches the BPM literature and can assist, on the one hand, in reconfiguring business processes in the new political and technological landscape and, on the other hand, in facilitating effective negotiation.
During the period 1000-1700 major transformations took place in material culture. Quite simply, more objects were manufactured and used than ever before and many objects travelled across geographic, political, religious, linguistic, class and cultural boundaries. By starting with a focus on past objects, this volume brings together essays from art historians, historians, archaeologists, literary scholars and museum curators to reveal the different disciplinary approaches and methods taken to the study of objects and what this can reveal about transformations in material culture 1000-1700. Contributors: Katherine A. Wilson, Leah R. Clark, Alison M. Leonard, Steven P. Ashby, Michael Lewis, Robert Maniura, Sarah Hinds, Christina Antenhofer, Alexandra van Dongen, Bettina Bildhauer, Julie De Groot, Jennifer Hillman, Ruth Whelan, Christopher Donaldson, Thomas Pickles.
In the 1890 s and early 1900s, the National Geographic Institute (IGN) of Spain carried out geodetic studies required to georeference the boundaries of every single municipality in Spain, survey the boundaries and mark them out. The field notes for these studies still exist and can still be referenced today. Nowadays, most of the landmarks that were located in these studies have disappeared; replacing these monuments could be of great interest to the local government, both administratively and economically. The indeterminacy or change of municipal boundaries can lead to tax collection and even supply problems. This paper studies the accuracy of those studies. Furthermore, a technical method for locating the lost monuments is shown; this method could also be used to map the monuments in a precise and reliable way. In this way, the problem of replacing boundaries is subsequently analysed. ; Garrido-Villén, N.; Berné Valero, JL.; Antón Merino, A.; Anquela Julián, AB. (2014). Jurisdictional boundaries in Spain, survey and marking of boundaries in Teruel (Spain). Survey Review. 46(336):205-212. doi:10.1179/1752270613Y.0000000071 ; S ; 205 ; 212 ; 46 ; 336 ; Berné J. L.et al. 2008. Catastro en España, Ed. UPV, Valencia. ; Capdevila i Subirana J. 2005. Treballs de la SCG, 60. ; Collier, P. (2009). International Boundary Surveys and Demarcation in the Late 19thand Early 20thCenturies. Survey Review, 41(311), 2-13. doi:10.1179/003962608x325457 ; Dale, P. F. (2006). Reflections on the Cadastre. Survey Review, 38(300), 491-498. doi:10.1179/sre.2006.38.300.491 ; Demir, O., Uzun, B., & Çete, M. (2008). Turkish cadastral system. Survey Review, 40(307), 54-66. doi:10.1179/003962608x253484 ; Dirección General del Catastro, www.catastro.meh.es/esp/normativa1.asp?lu = m6&im = m6i#menu1_3 (accessed 23 June 2010). ; Fábrega Golpe J.et al. 2007. Proyecto que desarrolla de la Metodología para la optimización de la base de datos de líneas límite del Instituto Geográfico Nacional ; National Geographical Institute of Spain ...
205 212 46 336 ; S ; In the 1890 s and early 1900s, the National Geographic Institute (IGN) of Spain carried out geodetic studies required to georeference the boundaries of every single municipality in Spain, survey the boundaries and mark them out. The field notes for these studies still exist and can still be referenced today. Nowadays, most of the landmarks that were located in these studies have disappeared; replacing these monuments could be of great interest to the local government, both administratively and economically. The indeterminacy or change of municipal boundaries can lead to tax collection and even supply problems. This paper studies the accuracy of those studies. Furthermore, a technical method for locating the lost monuments is shown; this method could also be used to map the monuments in a precise and reliable way. In this way, the problem of replacing boundaries is subsequently analysed. Garrido-Villén, N.; Berné Valero, JL.; Antón Merino, A.; Anquela Julián, AB. (2014). Jurisdictional boundaries in Spain, survey and marking of boundaries in Teruel (Spain). Survey Review. 46(336):205-212. doi:10.1179/1752270613Y.0000000071 Collier, P. (2009). International Boundary Surveys and Demarcation in the Late 19thand Early 20thCenturies. Survey Review, 41(311), 2-13. doi:10.1179/003962608x325457 Dale, P. F. (2006). Reflections on the Cadastre. Survey Review, 38(300), 491-498. doi:10.1179/sre.2006.38.300.491 Demir, O., Uzun, B., & Çete, M. (2008). Turkish cadastral system. Survey Review, 40(307), 54-66. doi:10.1179/003962608x253484 National Geographical Institute of Spain (IGN), http://www.fomento.es/MFOM/LANG_CASTELLANO/DIRECCIONES_GENERALES/INSTITUTO_GEOGRAFICO/Geodesia/ (accessed 19 October 2010). Pirti, A., Arslan, N., Deveci, B., Aydin, O., Erkaya, H., & Hosbas, R. G. (2009). Real-Time Kinematic GPS for Cadastral Surveying. Survey Review, 41(314), 339-351. doi:10.1179/003962609x451582 ; Berné J. L.et al. 2008. Catastro en España, Ed. UPV, Valencia. Dirección General del Catastro, ...
This paper places the issue of subsidiarity in the context of a wider question: "What boundaries between political units ought there to be?" Rejecting the idea of a world without borders, it begins by examining the view of international lawyers, encapsulated in the principle of uti possidetis, that existing state boundaries must be treated as sacrosanct unless modified by mutual consent. It then considers three normative approaches to boundary-drawing. The functional approach seeks to create political units that can best perform the economic and other functions expected of states. The political approach argues for boundaries that will enclose well-functioning democracies, which depends partly on the constitution of the demos itself, and partly on its likely impact on those outside of the boundaries. The homeland approach looks for boundaries that respond to the pre-existing territorial claims of nations and other groups. Since all three approaches have merit, boundary-drawing must try to accommodate each of them, which in the case of disputed boundaries will mean looking for solutions other than the traditional hard-bordered nation-state.
This paper develops and applies a test of the property rights theory of the firm in the context of global input sourcing. We use the model by Pol Antràs and Elhanan Helpman, "Global Sourcing," Journal of Political Economy, 112:3 (2004), 552-80, to derive a new prediction regarding how the productivity of a firm affects its choice between vertical integration and outsourcing and how this effect depends on the relative input intensity of the production process. The prediction we derive hinges on less restrictive assumptions than industry-level predictions available in existing literature and survives in more realistic versions of the model featuring multiple suppliers and partial vertical integration. We present robust firm-level evidence from Spain showing that, in line with our prediction, the effect of productivity works more strongly in favor of vertical integration, and against outsourcing, in more headquarter-intensive industries.
International audience ; The goal of this paper is to demonstrate that usual evalua- tion methods for text segmentation are not adapted for every task linked to text segmentation. To do so we dierentiated the task of finding text boundaries in a corpus of concatenated texts from the task of finding transitions between topics inside the same text. We worked on a corpus of twenty two French political discourses trying to find boundaries be- tween them when they are concatenated, and to find topic boundaries inside them when they are not. We compared the results of our distance based method to the well known c99 algorithm.
International audience ; The goal of this paper is to demonstrate that usual evalua- tion methods for text segmentation are not adapted for every task linked to text segmentation. To do so we dierentiated the task of finding text boundaries in a corpus of concatenated texts from the task of finding transitions between topics inside the same text. We worked on a corpus of twenty two French political discourses trying to find boundaries be- tween them when they are concatenated, and to find topic boundaries inside them when they are not. We compared the results of our distance based method to the well known c99 algorithm.
International audience ; The goal of this paper is to demonstrate that usual evalua- tion methods for text segmentation are not adapted for every task linked to text segmentation. To do so we dierentiated the task of finding text boundaries in a corpus of concatenated texts from the task of finding transitions between topics inside the same text. We worked on a corpus of twenty two French political discourses trying to find boundaries be- tween them when they are concatenated, and to find topic boundaries inside them when they are not. We compared the results of our distance based method to the well known c99 algorithm.
If your house and fields are worth more separately, divide them; if you want to leave a ring to your child now and grandchild later, split the ownership in a trust. The American law of property encourages owners to subdivide resources freely. Hidden within the law, however, is a boundary principle that limits the right to subdivide private property into wasteful fragments. While people often create wealth when they break up and recombine property in novel ways, owners may make mistakes, or their self-interest may clash with social welfare. Property law responds with diverse doctrines that prevent and abolish excessive fragmentation and keep resources well-scaled for productive use. Recently, however, the Supreme Court has begun assigning a private property label to an increasing range of fragments. By protecting too many fragments, the Court paradoxically undermines the usefulness of private property as an economic institution and constitutional category. The danger with fragmentation is that it may operate as a one-way ratchet: Because of high transaction costs, strategic behaviors, and cognitive biases, people may find it easier to divide property than to recombine it. If too many people gain rights to use or exclude, then bargaining among owners may break down. With too many owners of property fragments, resources become prone to waste either through overuse in a commons or through underuse in an anticommons. In well-functioning property regimes, legislatures and courts prevent such waste by drawing boundaries that constrain owners' choices about fragmentation. Outside the boundaries are commons and anticommons property; inside are forms of private property. I intend the "boundary principle" to refer to the legal doctrines that separate these property categories from each other and help to keep resources well-scaled for productive use. The boundaries among different ownership forms can be usefully understood with reference to Figure 1. The thick vertical lines in Figure 1 represent the range of private property forms available in a well-functioning society at any given time. Outside one boundary, in an open-access commons, many people own valuable rights to use a resource, such as fishing the ocean or polluting the air. Property law has traditionally treated these rights as non-private property and abolished them without compensation when necessary to overcome a tragedy of the commons. Outside of the other boundary, in a full-exclusion anticommons, many people own valuable rights to exclude others from a resource. Paralleling the commons example, property law may also view such rights to exclude as non-private and abolish them without compensation when necessary to avoid an anticommons tragedy.
Programme management is increasingly used in The Netherlands to realize more integrated regional development, where different sectoral policy objectives are combined. To understand how integration of different objectives is realized in programme management approaches, it is important to have in depth knowledge on how actors manage social, cognitive and physical boundaries. Therefore, this article analyses how actors manage boundaries in a regional integrative programme. Within this case we focus on two integration attempts: one which has succeeded relatively well and one which was less successful. The analysis shows the importance of boundary spanning actions, such as jointly working on strategy documents, organizing events where actors can formally and informally interact, and the activities of a political change agent. Adding to previous insights, we find four additional explanations for successful integration which shed new light on how boundaries can be best managed in future programmatic approaches: the influence of contextual factors on boundary management and its success, the need to address both the social and cognitive dimension of boundaries, the need to make the programme attractive for the actors governing the issues it wants to integrate with, and the role of boundary drawing to create an understanding and respect for boundaries.
This introduction provides a descriptive typology and normative analysis of the ways boundaries are being questioned in Europe. We distinguish between boundary-making (defining or redefining the territorial borders of a polity), boundary-crossing (determining the rules of access to territorial borders) and boundary-unbundling (allowing boundary-making and boundary-crossing to vary between policies and polities), noting each of these categories possesses internal and external dimensions. Cosmopolitans and statists offer contrasting normative evaluations of these processes, favouring weakening and maintaining or strengthening state boundaries respectively. We endorse a demoicratic approach lying between these two as better reflecting how individuals relate to each other and to the EU, a view shared by some but not all contributors to this volume. We conclude by situating the contributions within our topological framework, highlighting how they illustrate the contemporary questioning of European boundaries.