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Since 1995, the James Irvine Foundation has invested more than $11 million to support the growth and development of Collaborative Regional Initiatives (CRIs) throughout the state -- nonprofit organizations that engage key players from business, environmental, and a variety of other advocacy groups with players from local governments and public agencies to create improvements in their regions. CRIs work on issues ranging across transportation, land use, housing, and economic development. They work in a variety of ways from developing legislation to media campaigns to practical work on particular projects. All are directed at building civic capacity and filling in gaps where government does not or cannot act. Some CRIs have been in place for years; others are more recently formed. They represent experiments in regional governance. Recently, the Irvine Foundation tapped a team of Berkeley faculty to perform an assessment of the CRIs so the foundation can target its resources in order to make them effective and sustainable over time and assist them in producing valuable outcomes for their regions. City planning professor Judith Innes, who led the complex evaluation, teamed with city planning professors AnnaLee Saxenian, Karen Christensen, Karen Chapple and political science professor Judith Gruber to focus on the projects and programs that a sample of CRIs engage in, asking which are most successful and why. In particular, the researchers examined how variables like leadership, resources, diversity of participation, processes of dialogue and collaboration, and the ways problems have been framed contribute to the degree of success in each program. The work is designed to assist the CRIs with strategies to select and build the successes of their programs and to help them overcome obstacles and identify opportunities for effective work. Together the researchers published case studies of four major CRIs -- the Bay Area Alliance for Sustainable Communities, Joint Venture: Silicon Valley, the San Diego Dialogue and the Sierra Business Council -- as well as an analysis of regional workforce development collaboratives in California. Since 1970, the Sierra Nevada has undergone significant economic and social change as the population of this vast 18-county region has more than doubled, traditional industries in timber and natural extraction have declined and a major tourist industry has evolved. These changes have led to political conflict between long-time residents concerned about property rights and economic development and the new arrivals who tend to be more concerned about the environment. Enter the Sierra Business Council, a Collaborative Regional Initiative (CRI) established in 1994 to address these conflicts and help assure the sustainability of the Sierra. The council developed the novel strategy of helping the business community understand how environmental quality is an essential component to the potential success of the economy. "Their fundamental theory of change at the outset was basically to transform businesspeople into environmentalists so they would take different positions in the political debates over the Sierra's future," says city planning professor Judith Innes in a new report on CRIs in California. "The Sierra Business Council overall has been a highly successful organization," she says, "gaining high marks from participants in most of their activities and being able to demonstrate outcomes from their many initiatives." Among the council's notable achievements have been the development of the Sierra Nevada Wealth Index, which provides and explains indicators on each of the types of capital -- natural, social and financial -- in the Sierra. It has been so widely used that demand has grown for parallel indexes for smaller regions. The council was also instrumental in creating the Sierra Nevada Conservancy recently signed into law by the governor.

While the rule of law has been an important topic of research for entrepreneurship in transition economies, the relationship entrepreneurs have with the body of law remains understudied. This article explores everyday legality among politically affiliated and non-affiliated businesspeople in Russia; that is, the role of laws, written rules, standards, and requirements in their everyday business activities. Drawing on interviews and participant observations in Russian communities, I trace how an individual's political position impacts the ability of small entrepreneurs to navigate paperwork and bureaucracy. Utilizing a sociological approach to explore the behaviour of the law among businesspeople, my research demonstrates that although bureaucracy and written rules affect all entrepreneurs, multiple facets of the law constrain or promote an individual's access to opportunities in different ways. I found that political affiliation strengthens the power to succeed in the bureaucratic game, and to protect one's interests through court appeals. In contrast, non-affiliated entrepreneurs are limited in their capacity to deal with Russian bureaucracy, and to litigate the state using legal procedures. The main conclusion of the research is that political affiliation is the most significant line of differentiation and inequality among small and medium-sized enterprises because it affects their legal knowledge, their strategies for coping with paperwork, and their opportunities to mobilise the law. In addition, the study of small entrepreneurs also shows that in contemporary Russia everyone depends greatly on the power of the bureaucratic machine, rather than on the power of the law.

Both lay understandings of crisis moments and influential psychological models of cognition in times of uncertainty emphasize how crises limit thinking. Conversely, scholars as diverse as Foucault, Swidler, Bourdieu, and Butler have elaborated generative conceptions of crisis, which specify crises as moments of change, transformation, and heightened cognition. The research presented here takes up the question of how crises become thinkable, as actors gradually make sense of a newly uncertain context. Against a backdrop of polarization on the topic, in-depth interviews with 60 businesspeople navigating the coronavirus pandemic show that they see public health and economic well-being as interrelated. This has important effects on how businesses interpret and implement government directives and public health guidelines, from choosing to close before being mandated to do so, to staying closed even when allowed to reopen. Taken together, these findings substantiate generative models of crisis while drawing attention to the polysemous justifications elaborated by actors as they navigate shifting cultural and social scaffoldings.

Reuse of record except for individual research requires license from Congressional Information Service, Inc. ; Hearings held Jan. 14-Mar. 5, l976. ; CIS Microfiche Accession Numbers: CIS 77 J841-12 ; Microfiche. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Effective and ethical leadership, as practiced by scientists, statisticians, businesspeople, doctors, and politicians, is necessary to solving today's vexing and knotty crises.

"October 2009." ; Caption title. ; Includes bibliographic references (p. 11). ; Battling the resource curse -- National context -- Businesspeople -- Business environment -- Perceptions -- Moving ahead -- Recommendations. ; Mode of access: Internet.

The article proposes to approach the complaint made by the foreign businessman Manuel Cortissoz over damages suffered in the war of 1884-85, seeking to identify his connections withthe Santander Regenerator group, which made him into one of the great victors after the end of the war. Making use ofthe prosopographical method and the analytic postulates of microhistory, it will investigate those relationships with the actors of the Regeneration in Santander during this historic moment (1886 - 1898) and attempt to understand the implementation of this political project in the regions. The documentation willpermit the proposal of the hypothesis that, in effect, the close relationship Cortissoz had with the regenerator group not only meant that he would emerge unscathed from the war, but it wasalso crucial at the time of his complaint, which was accepted, despite the many errors in its execution. ; El artículo se propone abordar la reclamación instaurada por el negociante extranjero Manuel Cortissoz por perjuicios sufridos en la guerra de 1884-85, buscando identificar sus conexionescon el grupo regenerador santandereano, las cuales le ubicarían como uno de los grandes triunfadores luego del final de la guerra. Haciendo uso del método prosopográfico y los postulados analíticos de la microhistoria, indagará por tales relaciones con actores de la Regeneración en Santander durante el citado momento histórico (1886 - 1898), e intentará acercarse a la implementación de este proyecto político en las regiones. La documentación permitirá plantear como hipótesis que en efecto la cercana relación de Cortissoz con el bando regenerador no solo significó que saliera indemne de la guerra, sino que también fue crucial a la hora de fallar su reclamación, que fue concedida a pesar de incontables defectos en su trámite. ; Cet article se propose d'explorer le plaidoyer du commerçant étranger Manuel Cortissoz suite à des préjudices soufferts dans la guerre de 1884-85, afin d'identifier ses connexions avec legroupe régénérateur du ...

Purpose: The principal objective of this study is to determine the hierarchy of importance of the location factors as seen by entrepreneurs and representatives of different institutions in the business environment. Design/Methodology/Approach: Primary data collected through questionnaires designed specifically for this study served as the basis for analyses. The questionnaires were addressed to representatives of various business environment institutions (BEI) and entrepreneurs. For each of the location factors, an analysis was made whether its perception by entrepreneurs was statistically different from the one provided by the BEI representatives. The significance of a difference was tested with the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test. Findings: The research results indicated that the most important location factor according to entrepreneurs was the total costs of conducting business activities, whereas the BEI representatives pointed to the information and telecommunications infrastructure as the most important factor. All the location factors were evaluated differently by the two categories of respondents, and nearly all (except four) occupied different positions in the hierarchies developed by both groups. The results also suggested that the difference in the perception of location factors between the two groups of respondents was in most cases statistically significant. Practical Implications: The research results can be helpful to government and non-government institutions that create the institutional environment for business. Having the knowledge of what entrepreneurs expect with regard to location factors, BEI managers can introduce new or improve existing measures implemented to facilitate business. Originality/Value: The institutional environment as well as the theory and factors of location have been the subject of many empirical studies. However, a comparative analysis of the assessment of location factors provided by BEI representatives and by entrepreneurs is a new direction in research. ; peer-reviewed

"Sponsored by an independent committee composed mainly of Negroes engaged in business and related activities in Government and education and some national organizations." ; Mode of access: Internet.

The end of the twentieth century is witnessing many meaningful transformations in the economies of post-socialist countries. The essential point is that these changes in a command economy which were formed by certain methods of thinking and action are being transformed and created in principle in new ways: if in the command economy political-ideological and technical thinking prevailed, accompanied by appropriate activity, then in a market economy, economical thinking and business activity is obvious; likewise, in the previous system, the principal economic participants were political ideogists and technical workers, while in a market economy it is businesspeople. Thus, during the transformation period, a vast number of technical "thought" workers have become "businesspeople". In Lithuania the appearance of businesspeople is inevitable, albeit uncontrollable, though it could be regulated in some way.This article analyses three methods of economic adaptation for engineers: preservation of loyalty to the previous professional activity; voluntary change of profession without preparation for requalification; early entry into material ability nurturing processes. The above mentioned problem in Lithuania is being solved in two ways. There are radical curriculum reforms taking place in the higher schools of engineering and much attention is being paid to basic general qualifications with professional mobility and the development of flexibility. The other way is a rapid development system of improving qualifications, modern universities the participation of private sector institutions in reimbursing the engineers seeking requalification.

Research on post-communist political economy has begun to focus on the interface between business and politics. It is widely agreed that informal networks rather than business associations dominate this interface, but there has been very little systematic research in this area. The literature tends to assume that a politicised economy entails business-political networks that are structured by parties. Theoretically, this article distinguishes politicisation from party politicisation and argues that the two are unlikely to be found together in a post-communist context. Empirically, elite survey data and qualitative interviews are used to explore networks of businesspeople and politicians in Poland. Substantial evidence is found against the popular idea that Polish politicians have business clienteles clearly separated from each other according to party loyalties. Instead, it is argued that these politicians and businesspeople are promiscuous. Since there seems to be little that is unusual about the Polish case, this conclusion has theoretical, methodological, substantive and policy implications for other post-communist countries.

This paper focuses on the extent to which, and the ways in which, the rise of one specific segment of the middle class, the bourgeoisie, contributes to a push for the institution of democracy in Taiwan and China. Taiwan appears--more or less--to fit the conventional theory, which alleges a link between economic growth, the emergence of a newly monied class, and demands for democracy, while China does not. The loyalties, allegiances, and resentments of businesspeople that were the product of the aims and behaviors of these two regimes can explain the divergent outcomes. The nature of the social connections of the bourgeoisie--their guanxi--those relations with others that so famously shape social, economic and political life in these two contexts--provides the most succinct and parsimonious explanation for businesspeoples' role in the movement toward new forms of governance in China and Taiwan. The opportunity for democratization to unfold was in past in Taiwan, and seems presently in China, to be a function of capitalists' contacts, a matter of which contact mattered most to them as they launched and developed their firms and their ventures.

Purpose: The purpose of the article is to study the concepts and criteria for classifying businesses to the category of Small and Medium-sized business according to the legislation of the Russian Federation. In the course of the study, the authors analyzed the criteria by which the subjects are identified as Small and Medium-sized enterprises and, accordingly, are entitled to receive state support. Design/Methodology/Approach: The authors' analysis is based on the literature review and statistical data analysis regarding the concept of entrepreurship and its legal background. Findings: The authors presented analytical data on business entities, citizens engaged in entrepreneurial activity, state support of entrepreneurial activity and introduced a conceptual classification benchmark. Practical implications: Authors' findings could be applied in improving the legal and economic entrepreneurial frameworks of Russia. Originality/Value: The contribution of the article is the authors' approach in classifying SMEs (Small and Medium-sized entities) and their state support as well as recommendations regarding the entrepreneurial activity and its development. ; peer-reviewed

Purpose: Entrepreneurship can be perceived as a weapon in the fight against unemployment. It is especially true within the segment of young people. The paper seeks to investigate and report on the incentives for and obstacles to entrepreneurial motivation among youth. The focus will be put on capturing the extent of school pupils' self-estimated chances and capabilities of becoming an entrepreneur. Design/Methodology/Approach: A structured survey questionnaire was used to collect primary data from school pupils aged 12-17. A sample group of over 350 young participants of university-run entrepreneurship programs was selected. The data gathered in the research were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Findings: Our findings suggest that entrepreneurial motivation is the resultant of numerous factors such as one's individual characteristics and intuitive capacity, as well as various environmental variables. Of the last ones, formal entrepreneurship education is crucial. Practical Implications: Efforts to encourage people to become entrepreneurs could start as early as childhood or adolescence. University programs and courses for youth are a perfect forum for shaping entrepreneurial skills. Therefore, such initiatives should be supported by government funding schemes and heavily promoted. Originality/Value: To the author's best knowledge, the present study is the first empirical research into incentives and challenges that build perceptions and attitudes towards entrepreneurship among youth aged 12-17 in Poland. ; peer-reviewed

This study aimed to identify Batik Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) problems in Medan and provide solution for Batik SMEs' problems in Medan. Using force field analysis to identify the problems faced Batik SMEs in Medan, it was found that the problems in Batik enterprise development in Medan occurred from: Batik craftsmen, entrepreneurs, materials and equipment, government support and customer. To make Batik enterprise development in Medan optimal, a synergized enterprise-based Batik development model in Medan was required. It involved three elements which were government SME businesspeople, and academicians, so that Batik enterprises in Medan can develop comprehensively.L22, L26, L67, L81