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"Program and resources in the federal government." ; Mode of access: Internet.

Bowel dysfunction not only causes considerable hardship for many older people and their carers, it is also financially costly to the health service and to the individuals affected. Despite the prevalence of constipation and faecal incontinence amongst, for example, older people in institutionalised settings, both conditions are often iatrogenic and entirely preventable. One reason why these conditions are generally not well managed is that the research base is poor: there are few robust data because of methodological weaknesses in existing studies, so clinicians and care staff are left to rely on anecdote and personal experience. Secondly, the costs to the NHS involved in providing proper bowel care for the elderly would be considerable, although recent government documents have set out a specific commitment to improve standards of care in this area. In order to address some of these issues, the College has recently published a book which gathers together and assesses research on faecal incontinence and constipation, and provides informed guidance on current best practice. The contents of the publication, including comments from older people suffering from bowel dysfunction, are outlined in this article.

Quantitative historical analysis in the United States surged in three distinct waves. The first quantitative wave occurred as part of the "New History" that blossomed in the early twentieth century and disappeared in the 1940s and 1950s with the rise of consensus history. The second wave thrived from the 1960s to the 1980s during the ascendance of the New Economic History, the New Political History, and the New Social History, and died out during the "cultural turn" of the late twentieth century. The third wave of historical quantification—which I call the revival of quantification—emerged in the second decade of the 21(st) century and is still underway. I describe characteristics of each wave and discuss the historiographical context of the ebb and flow of quantification in history.

In Japan, people have long recognized the importance of financial literacy. Simultaneously, the Government has been actively promoting career education for young people on a nationwide basis. The purpose of career education is to teach young people the value of work and to enable them to independently choose a future occupation. The curriculum also includes many areas that enlighten them in monetary matters. Nevertheless, the fact of the matter is that the general public does not have an adequate understanding of the interrelationship between these two educational policies. Therefore, this paper examines the directions in which both of these policies are heading and explores an optimal format for both in the education of Japan"s youth

Background: the number of childless older people is increasing in China but relatively little is known about the role of childlessness in health outcomes. This study investigates the relationship between childlessness and three health outcomes: difficulty with instrumental activities of daily living scale (IADLs), self-rated health and depression. Methods: this study includes 13,171 individuals aged 50 and above from national survey data of the second wave of the China Family Panel Study (2012). Binary/multinomial logistic and ordinary least squares regression models are presented. Results: childless individuals whose children have all died exhibit worse health outcomes than individuals with children, but this effect is mediated by demographic characteristics, socio-economic status and social security. While, individuals who are childless due to other reasons (involuntary or voluntary) are less likely to report difficulty with instrumental activities of daily living scale (IADLs) and to report depression than older people with all children alive after controlling for demographic and socio-economic and social security factors. Conclusions: the death of a child has an adverse effect on people's health for both childless people whose children have all died and those who have lost a child but have other children alive. These two groups are in the most vulnerable position which could also suggest that their children have died because they grew up in a vulnerable family. The government needs to improve the social security for these two groups and provide social services (particularly mental health services) to older people who lost a child; these could contribute to mediating some of the adverse effects of the death of a child.

List of over 200 national organizations that offer "health information, legal aid, self-help programs, educational opportunities, social services, consumer advice, or other assistance." Intended for professional personnel and others with an interest in the field of aging. Covers government agencies, professional societies, voluntary programs, and private groups. Recommendations and endorsements are not implied. Arranged alphabetically by organizations. Each entry gives mission, services, and publications. Index. ; "March 1996." ; Not distributed to depository libraries in a physical form. ; List of over 200 national organizations that offer "health information, legal aid, self-help programs, educational opportunities, social services, consumer advice, or other assistance." Intended for professional personnel and others with an interest in the field of aging. Covers government agencies, professional societies, voluntary programs, and private groups. Recommendations and endorsements are not implied. Arranged alphabetically by organizations. Each entry gives mission, services, and publications. Index. ; Mode of access: Internet.

"January 1989." ; Shipping list no.: 90-530-P. ; Includes bibliographical references and index. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Introduction: There are several conceptualizations regarding the quality of life and what it means for individuals. This thesis takes a specific approach to examine the quality of life by examining the work of Maslow (1961), and Doyal, and Gough (1991), basic human needs. Doyal's and Gough's (1991) work operationalized through CASP-19 (Control, Autonomy, Self-realization, and Pleasure), a well-established and theoretically derived instrument to assess the quality of life in older adults in Karachi, Pakistan. Method: The cross-cultural survey was conducted to assess the quality of life of 50+ older adults in Karachi, Pakistan. Nearly 100 participants from each low, middle, and high-income areas were selected using cluster sampling. The rigorous method was used for cross-cultural adaptation of CASP 19 in Pakistani population, which included (translated from English to Urdu, back translation, pre-test the Urdu version). Results: The pilot-testing explored the language, cultural and conceptual similarities of the tool to the original version. Both focus groups confirmed that CASP-19 has conceptual relevance to Pakistani culture. However confirmatory analysis results show that CASP13 had a good model fit to use in Karachi, Pakistan. The regression analysis was used to model the association between the various predictors of quality of life, for example, the socio-demographic variables show that age does not show any effect on the quality of life, whereas gender inequality decreases the quality of life. While financial constraints in later life decrease the quality of life in Karachi, Pakistan. Conclusion: This thesis indicates that after appropriate analysis, CASP13 is a valid and reliable tool to assess the quality of life of 50+ older adults in Karachi. Moreover, study's finding recommended the importance of developing policies at the state level within the government.

This publication is concerned with the interface between volunteerism and later life, with a special focus on the role that older adults can play in ensuring a better future for present and future generations. One of every four Maltese citizens is aged 60 and over, a state of affairs that will impact greatly on how local public policy is planned, coordinated and implemented. The ageing of Malta's population warrants that government and civil society alike ceases to perceive older adults as a homogenous category, characterised by frailty and dependency, and instead, look at the immense opportunities that arise if older cohorts are mobilised into a productive force. In addition to active participation in the labour market, another highly promising area of policy development in productive ageing is volunteering. Indeed, all societies are experienced by a significant increase of people's life- and healthexpectancies, so that a large percentage of older citizens enjoy some fifteen to twenty years of active retirement. ; peer-reviewed

Digitalisation can be a challenge especially for older people. Increasingly public and social service providers request that members of the public access information, services and entitlements through government portals and organisations' websites. The assumption is that access to the Internet is universal; everyone is internet savvy and has the capacity to use the Internet to address their particular needs. However, there is a whole generation who did not grow up or ever worked with digital technologies. The purpose of this study was to investigate the accessibility of online services including social, financial and public services to older people in Co. Wicklow. It explores the extent of their engagement with online services, barriers to accessibility and measures in place to ensure inclusion. This research was supported and funded by the Citizens Information Board (CIB) Social Policy Grant Scheme and is part of a wider CIB research project into digital exclusion as experienced by clients of Citizens information Services nationwide.

The 'aging well' discourse advances the idea of making older people responsible for their capability to stay healthy and active. In the context of an increased ageing population, which poses several challenges to countries' government, this discourse has become dominant in Europe. We explore the way older people are visually represented aton websites of organizations for older people in seven European countries (Finland, UK, the Netherlands, Spain, Italy, Poland and Romania), using an analytical approached based on visual content analysis, inspired by the dimensional model of national cultural differences from the Hofstede model (1991; 2001; 2011). We used two out of the five Hofstede dimensions: Individualism/Collectivism (IDV) and Masculinity/Femininity (MAS). The results demonstrated that in all seven countries older people are mostly visually represented as healthy/active, which reflects a dominant 'ageing well' discourse in Europe. The results also demonstrated that in most cases older people tend to be represented together with others, which is not consonant with the dominant 'ageing well' discourse in Europe. A last finding was that the visual representation of older people is in about half of the cases in line with these Hofstede dimensions. We discuss the implications of these findings claiming that the 'ageing well' discourse might lead to 'visual ageism'. Organizations could keep this in mind while using pictures for their website or in other media and consider to use various kind of pictures, or to avoid using pictures of older people that stigmatize, marginalize or injure. They could look into the cultural situatedness and intersectional character of age relations and consider alternative strategies of both visibility and invisibility to talk with and about our ageing societies.

This thesis aims to develop greater understanding of older people's livelihood strategies in Latin America. It asks whether their contributions to household and family are reciprocated with care and support. The thesis analyses the informal livelihood strategies used by poor older people in urban Bolivia in relation to the household, community, labour market and wider political environment. Drawing on a combination of the sustainable livelihoods and life course perspectives, the thesis examines the multiple survival strategies used by older people and analyses the factors affecting their access to different assets. The primary data come from a year's fieldwork in three contrasting urban zones of La Paz, where 600 household surveys, 16 focus groups and more than 40 semi-structured interviews were conducted. The thesis highlights the heterogeneity of older people in La Paz and the broad range of strategies used to maintain their livelihoods in the absence of state support. It shows that family support is not the reliable source of security that it is generally thought to be and that older people often continue to support their descendents rather than vice versa, in cash or in kind. It stresses the importance of continuing reciprocity: few older people can rely on receiving support from others unless they too continue to contribute. Adult children may have to continue relying on their parents because of the high cost of housing and scarce employment opportunities. The rise in single-parent families and increasing labour migration mean that older people may also be responsible for raising their grandchildren. After a lifetime of balancing family and work obligations, women may be better than men at combining different strategies in old age, and they have stronger social networks. Men's lifelong focus on income generation makes it harder for them to devise other survival strategies in old age.

Trabalho apresentado em First international conference of ERNOP, 7 jnho 2011, Vienna, Austria ; The volunteering is one of the very important human activities which depend on many factors. Social political cultural and economical activity influences the levels of volunteering in the countries. On the western economies the volunteering have gain the significance with increasing tendency to enlarge it in the future. This activity is seems to have particular importance for the older people. They usually have more time, most of them are retire and their volunteering work is, fundamental support for the many volunteering organization. The objective of this paper is to characterize the older volunteers, identify types of volunteering activities they are enrolled and to explore the differences between the volunteerism in different European countries. The data used on this paper belong to the wave four of integrated World Value Survey. ; N/A

This paper explores the sustainability of non-government organisations (NGOs) providing services to older people in the local government authority area of North Sydney. It identifies several key issues that can be used to assess the level of programme sustainability in the community sector. We suggest that government support is essential for the ongoing financial sustainability of community aged care services and that community-based organisations need to address a number of issues that will impact on their long-term sustainability. A good working relationship with local and state government is crucial for organisations to access community grants, donations and subsidised premises. The recruitment, training and retention of volunteers were some of the most important issues identified. Further, these NGOs will need to develop strategic plans that factor in sustainability indicators to address rental, recycling, transport, renewable energy and water costs to ensure that they have the capacity to pay for these utilities in the future.

The article discusses the adult and old people learning opportunities for Lithuania. Adult education is one of the most important factors that determine both the development of the society and the human achievements in modern society. Education is a social practice which includes education and cultural communication in the broadest sense, as well as actions of human reproduction at large. Access to adult education should ensure the justice in the society, although scientists argue that education system is usually powerless to correct other social systems created by inequality and in justice Accessible and quality adult education system ensures better life, social mobility, and provides status. Accessibility of education (particularly adult's) is unconsciously problem, unequally understandable phenomenon, rarely becoming the object of special investigation. This can be logical: usage of this concept gained a wider scope only in last years, when essential European political educational documents appeared, first of all, Memorandum of life-long learning. In long-life learning ensuring strategy, the analysis of present state is provided. A potential of informal adults education suppliers when integrating groups of social exclusion, consolidating local communities by raising political and civil literacy of society, what is directly related to common welfare of society, are not fully used. Seeking to increase the integration of socially vulnerable society groups, juridical base is constantly improved in recent years. The law of disabled people social integration and the law of social companies are enacted, interinstitutional programs, reflecting the needs of different social separation groups, making assumptions to develop the initiatives directed to education of social separation groups are implemented.