Suchergebnisse

Each country faces both export and import risks in its trade. The analysis of this research seeks to answer the question about what kind of risks are posed by imports. The purpose of the document is to analyze the purpose of the import and most common risks posed by imports and to assess the trends in imports of Lithuanian agricultural and food products. A distinction between the main risks posed by imports is made. The importance of imports for foreign trade is discussed. The study is based on an analysis of the scientific literature and analysis of statistical data for an assessment of Lithuania's import trends. Empirical research covers the period of 2015-2019. Data from Statistics Lithuania and Customs Department are used. Analysis of total imports of agricultural and food products, distinguishing imports from EU and other countries was made. Also, trends of re-export and import to produce was made. The export of agricultural and food products of Lithuania has been positively affected by import. The directions for future investigations are completed

Legal acts governing bankruptcy legal relationships may be considered amongst the most important legislation that regulates mutual relationships between economic entities under market economy conditions. First of all, bankruptcy of any company is associated with numerous requirements of the creditors, that why liquidation of a bankrupted enterprise makes a direct impact on civil turnover in process of the state. Second, bankruptcy proceedings executed in an intense, effective and economical manner ensure protection not only of the interests of creditors of the enterprise-debtor that is under bankruptcy but also the interests of the enterprise itself and social interests of the state. Complexity of bankruptcy cases' investigation is reasoned by frequent change of legal acts ruling bankruptcy legal relationships, the need to protect public interest, specific structure of bankruptcy procedure. Because of the listed reasons research of bankruptcy procedure becomes extremely vital. The object of this research – bankruptcy legal relationships and specific features of judicial investigation of bankruptcy cases, historical origin, development, legal origin, objectives and the essence of bankruptcy procedures. This research seeks to study in a complex manner specific features of investigation of bankruptcy cases in courts, to detect drawbacks of the existing legal regulations and to make proposals and recommendations for their improvement. Also the author of this research analyses the origin and the development of rudiments of bankruptcy proceedings in the Roman law, evolution of bankruptcy relationships in Middle Ages, New and Modern times. Further the author analyses the concepts of bankruptcy procedure and insolvency, examines the objectives of bankruptcy procedure and possibilities to choose one or another bankruptcy procedure regulation model, specifies the essence of bankruptcy procedure models existing in other foreign countries. Also the author analyses framework of operation of general principles of civil procedure in bankruptcy cases, the legal status of the participants of bankruptcy procedure, deals with the basics of filing a petition to initiate a bankruptcy case, also specific features of preparation for judicial investigation of a bankruptcy case, basis for initiating a bankruptcy case and legal outcomes. Considerable attention is also paid to highlight the basis and peculiarities of the closure of a bankruptcy case when the decision is not taken on the termination of the enterprise.

Legal acts governing bankruptcy legal relationships may be considered amongst the most important legislation that regulates mutual relationships between economic entities under market economy conditions. First of all, bankruptcy of any company is associated with numerous requirements of the creditors, that why liquidation of a bankrupted enterprise makes a direct impact on civil turnover in process of the state. Second, bankruptcy proceedings executed in an intense, effective and economical manner ensure protection not only of the interests of creditors of the enterprise-debtor that is under bankruptcy but also the interests of the enterprise itself and social interests of the state. Complexity of bankruptcy cases' investigation is reasoned by frequent change of legal acts ruling bankruptcy legal relationships, the need to protect public interest, specific structure of bankruptcy procedure. Because of the listed reasons research of bankruptcy procedure becomes extremely vital. The object of this research – bankruptcy legal relationships and specific features of judicial investigation of bankruptcy cases, historical origin, development, legal origin, objectives and the essence of bankruptcy procedures. This research seeks to study in a complex manner specific features of investigation of bankruptcy cases in courts, to detect drawbacks of the existing legal regulations and to make proposals and recommendations for their improvement. Also the author of this research analyses the origin and the development of rudiments of bankruptcy proceedings in the Roman law, evolution of bankruptcy relationships in Middle Ages, New and Modern times. Further the author analyses the concepts of bankruptcy procedure and insolvency, examines the objectives of bankruptcy procedure and possibilities to choose one or another bankruptcy procedure regulation model, specifies the essence of bankruptcy procedure models existing in other foreign countries. Also the author analyses framework of operation of general principles of civil procedure in bankruptcy cases, the legal status of the participants of bankruptcy procedure, deals with the basics of filing a petition to initiate a bankruptcy case, also specific features of preparation for judicial investigation of a bankruptcy case, basis for initiating a bankruptcy case and legal outcomes. Considerable attention is also paid to highlight the basis and peculiarities of the closure of a bankruptcy case when the decision is not taken on the termination of the enterprise.

Protrected Conflicts: a Case of Syria The paper contains analysis of the phenomenon of protracted conflict. Usually, these kinds of conflicts get a lot of international attention, and thus it is necessary to understand what factors affect the duration of the conflict. This work is a case study of the civil war in Syria. The analysis uses databases and the method of qualitative data analysis. Theoretical background comes from Edvar Azar who says that there are four main reasons for the conflict to be protracted: the existence of identity groups, social inequality, government's inability to fulfil basic human needs, and international relations. The assumption is made that despite the first three factors, the involvement of third parties into the conflict has the principal impact on the conflict duration. The analysis of the war in Syria is herein presented by describing the most important events, breaking points, and the course of the conflict. In addition, main domestic and external actors as well as their goals are analyzed. Few assumptions were examined in this work with reference to E. Azar. Though all of the first three factors mentioned before can be found in the conflict, the findings suggest that these factors identify the reasons why the Arab Spring in Syria was followed by the civil war afterwards more than why the conflict itself is protracted. The main hypothesis, that the duration of the conflict is mostly affected by the involvement of third parties is confirmed. The analysis shows that external actors have a big influence on the conflict by providing support to either of the conflicting sides and thus blocking the possibility for one conflicting party to win. The paper analyses the impact of the U.S., Russia, Turkey, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Hezbollah, and ISIS by providing the reasons that have made them to join the conflict, as well as presenting the main goals and the measures they took in the conflict. By comparing the goals of these actors in the conflict, it became clear that it is impossible to find the solution that would be acceptable for all of the conflicting parties and their allies. Different actors support different sides of the conflict though the fact that all these parties has different goals and such goals are incompatible makes it even more chaotic. That is why the actors get involved in 'zero sum' game, when the benefit of one side is seen as the damage for the other. Based on the collected information it becomes clear that external actors influence the duration of the conflict by providing their support for different domestic actors.

Protrected Conflicts: a Case of Syria The paper contains analysis of the phenomenon of protracted conflict. Usually, these kinds of conflicts get a lot of international attention, and thus it is necessary to understand what factors affect the duration of the conflict. This work is a case study of the civil war in Syria. The analysis uses databases and the method of qualitative data analysis. Theoretical background comes from Edvar Azar who says that there are four main reasons for the conflict to be protracted: the existence of identity groups, social inequality, government's inability to fulfil basic human needs, and international relations. The assumption is made that despite the first three factors, the involvement of third parties into the conflict has the principal impact on the conflict duration. The analysis of the war in Syria is herein presented by describing the most important events, breaking points, and the course of the conflict. In addition, main domestic and external actors as well as their goals are analyzed. Few assumptions were examined in this work with reference to E. Azar. Though all of the first three factors mentioned before can be found in the conflict, the findings suggest that these factors identify the reasons why the Arab Spring in Syria was followed by the civil war afterwards more than why the conflict itself is protracted. The main hypothesis, that the duration of the conflict is mostly affected by the involvement of third parties is confirmed. The analysis shows that external actors have a big influence on the conflict by providing support to either of the conflicting sides and thus blocking the possibility for one conflicting party to win. The paper analyses the impact of the U.S., Russia, Turkey, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Hezbollah, and ISIS by providing the reasons that have made them to join the conflict, as well as presenting the main goals and the measures they took in the conflict. By comparing the goals of these actors in the conflict, it became clear that it is impossible to find the solution that would be acceptable for all of the conflicting parties and their allies. Different actors support different sides of the conflict though the fact that all these parties has different goals and such goals are incompatible makes it even more chaotic. That is why the actors get involved in 'zero sum' game, when the benefit of one side is seen as the damage for the other. Based on the collected information it becomes clear that external actors influence the duration of the conflict by providing their support for different domestic actors.

Protrected Conflicts: a Case of Syria The paper contains analysis of the phenomenon of protracted conflict. Usually, these kinds of conflicts get a lot of international attention, and thus it is necessary to understand what factors affect the duration of the conflict. This work is a case study of the civil war in Syria. The analysis uses databases and the method of qualitative data analysis. Theoretical background comes from Edvar Azar who says that there are four main reasons for the conflict to be protracted: the existence of identity groups, social inequality, government's inability to fulfil basic human needs, and international relations. The assumption is made that despite the first three factors, the involvement of third parties into the conflict has the principal impact on the conflict duration. The analysis of the war in Syria is herein presented by describing the most important events, breaking points, and the course of the conflict. In addition, main domestic and external actors as well as their goals are analyzed. Few assumptions were examined in this work with reference to E. Azar. Though all of the first three factors mentioned before can be found in the conflict, the findings suggest that these factors identify the reasons why the Arab Spring in Syria was followed by the civil war afterwards more than why the conflict itself is protracted. The main hypothesis, that the duration of the conflict is mostly affected by the involvement of third parties is confirmed. The analysis shows that external actors have a big influence on the conflict by providing support to either of the conflicting sides and thus blocking the possibility for one conflicting party to win. The paper analyses the impact of the U.S., Russia, Turkey, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Hezbollah, and ISIS by providing the reasons that have made them to join the conflict, as well as presenting the main goals and the measures they took in the conflict. By comparing the goals of these actors in the conflict, it became clear that it is impossible to find the solution that would be acceptable for all of the conflicting parties and their allies. Different actors support different sides of the conflict though the fact that all these parties has different goals and such goals are incompatible makes it even more chaotic. That is why the actors get involved in 'zero sum' game, when the benefit of one side is seen as the damage for the other. Based on the collected information it becomes clear that external actors influence the duration of the conflict by providing their support for different domestic actors.

Protrected Conflicts: a Case of Syria The paper contains analysis of the phenomenon of protracted conflict. Usually, these kinds of conflicts get a lot of international attention, and thus it is necessary to understand what factors affect the duration of the conflict. This work is a case study of the civil war in Syria. The analysis uses databases and the method of qualitative data analysis. Theoretical background comes from Edvar Azar who says that there are four main reasons for the conflict to be protracted: the existence of identity groups, social inequality, government's inability to fulfil basic human needs, and international relations. The assumption is made that despite the first three factors, the involvement of third parties into the conflict has the principal impact on the conflict duration. The analysis of the war in Syria is herein presented by describing the most important events, breaking points, and the course of the conflict. In addition, main domestic and external actors as well as their goals are analyzed. Few assumptions were examined in this work with reference to E. Azar. Though all of the first three factors mentioned before can be found in the conflict, the findings suggest that these factors identify the reasons why the Arab Spring in Syria was followed by the civil war afterwards more than why the conflict itself is protracted. The main hypothesis, that the duration of the conflict is mostly affected by the involvement of third parties is confirmed. The analysis shows that external actors have a big influence on the conflict by providing support to either of the conflicting sides and thus blocking the possibility for one conflicting party to win. The paper analyses the impact of the U.S., Russia, Turkey, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Hezbollah, and ISIS by providing the reasons that have made them to join the conflict, as well as presenting the main goals and the measures they took in the conflict. By comparing the goals of these actors in the conflict, it became clear that it is impossible to find the solution that would be acceptable for all of the conflicting parties and their allies. Different actors support different sides of the conflict though the fact that all these parties has different goals and such goals are incompatible makes it even more chaotic. That is why the actors get involved in 'zero sum' game, when the benefit of one side is seen as the damage for the other. Based on the collected information it becomes clear that external actors influence the duration of the conflict by providing their support for different domestic actors.

Branch Collective Agreement: Case Study In this thesis a subject of conclusion of branch collective agreements in the Republic of Lithuania and a relationship between provisions of those agreements and norms of Labour Code is analysed. Main goals of this thesis are – to define a branch collective agreement and its main features and after performing analysis of valid branch collective agreements, concluded in the Republic of Lithuania, to identify differences between Labour Code and other legal acts. In order to achieve main goals of this thesis the following methods were used: comparative, systemic and logical analysis, as well as analysis of scientific literature and documents. As a member of International Labour Organization, European Council and European Union the Republic of Lithuania has adopted freedom of association and principles of collective bargaining and collective agreements into its national law. These principles establish rights of employees to freely unite in to associations and other organizations in order to start a social dialogue and collective bargaining to improve the interests of employees. Collective bargaining can be conducted on various levels, such as: national, branch (manufacturing, service, professional), territorial and (or) with employer. Organizations representing employees can choose before mentioned bargaining level freely and determine the best way to start collective bargaining and how to conclude a collective agreement. A successful result of collective bargaining is a conclusion of collective agreement. In the Republic of Lithuania a collective agreements are recognized as normative acts that are mandatory to its parties. Collective agreements differ from other contracts because of untypical subjects, sphere of application and specific utilization. Main results of this thesis are complex and systemic descriptions of provisions of valid collective agreements in eight different branches in the Republic of Lithuania. Provisions of collective agreements are compared with norms of Labour Code and other legal acts.

Branch Collective Agreement: Case Study In this thesis a subject of conclusion of branch collective agreements in the Republic of Lithuania and a relationship between provisions of those agreements and norms of Labour Code is analysed. Main goals of this thesis are – to define a branch collective agreement and its main features and after performing analysis of valid branch collective agreements, concluded in the Republic of Lithuania, to identify differences between Labour Code and other legal acts. In order to achieve main goals of this thesis the following methods were used: comparative, systemic and logical analysis, as well as analysis of scientific literature and documents. As a member of International Labour Organization, European Council and European Union the Republic of Lithuania has adopted freedom of association and principles of collective bargaining and collective agreements into its national law. These principles establish rights of employees to freely unite in to associations and other organizations in order to start a social dialogue and collective bargaining to improve the interests of employees. Collective bargaining can be conducted on various levels, such as: national, branch (manufacturing, service, professional), territorial and (or) with employer. Organizations representing employees can choose before mentioned bargaining level freely and determine the best way to start collective bargaining and how to conclude a collective agreement. A successful result of collective bargaining is a conclusion of collective agreement. In the Republic of Lithuania a collective agreements are recognized as normative acts that are mandatory to its parties. Collective agreements differ from other contracts because of untypical subjects, sphere of application and specific utilization. Main results of this thesis are complex and systemic descriptions of provisions of valid collective agreements in eight different branches in the Republic of Lithuania. Provisions of collective agreements are compared with norms of Labour Code and other legal acts.

Branch Collective Agreement: Case Study In this thesis a subject of conclusion of branch collective agreements in the Republic of Lithuania and a relationship between provisions of those agreements and norms of Labour Code is analysed. Main goals of this thesis are – to define a branch collective agreement and its main features and after performing analysis of valid branch collective agreements, concluded in the Republic of Lithuania, to identify differences between Labour Code and other legal acts. In order to achieve main goals of this thesis the following methods were used: comparative, systemic and logical analysis, as well as analysis of scientific literature and documents. As a member of International Labour Organization, European Council and European Union the Republic of Lithuania has adopted freedom of association and principles of collective bargaining and collective agreements into its national law. These principles establish rights of employees to freely unite in to associations and other organizations in order to start a social dialogue and collective bargaining to improve the interests of employees. Collective bargaining can be conducted on various levels, such as: national, branch (manufacturing, service, professional), territorial and (or) with employer. Organizations representing employees can choose before mentioned bargaining level freely and determine the best way to start collective bargaining and how to conclude a collective agreement. A successful result of collective bargaining is a conclusion of collective agreement. In the Republic of Lithuania a collective agreements are recognized as normative acts that are mandatory to its parties. Collective agreements differ from other contracts because of untypical subjects, sphere of application and specific utilization. Main results of this thesis are complex and systemic descriptions of provisions of valid collective agreements in eight different branches in the Republic of Lithuania. Provisions of collective agreements are compared with norms of Labour Code and other legal acts.

Branch Collective Agreement: Case Study In this thesis a subject of conclusion of branch collective agreements in the Republic of Lithuania and a relationship between provisions of those agreements and norms of Labour Code is analysed. Main goals of this thesis are – to define a branch collective agreement and its main features and after performing analysis of valid branch collective agreements, concluded in the Republic of Lithuania, to identify differences between Labour Code and other legal acts. In order to achieve main goals of this thesis the following methods were used: comparative, systemic and logical analysis, as well as analysis of scientific literature and documents. As a member of International Labour Organization, European Council and European Union the Republic of Lithuania has adopted freedom of association and principles of collective bargaining and collective agreements into its national law. These principles establish rights of employees to freely unite in to associations and other organizations in order to start a social dialogue and collective bargaining to improve the interests of employees. Collective bargaining can be conducted on various levels, such as: national, branch (manufacturing, service, professional), territorial and (or) with employer. Organizations representing employees can choose before mentioned bargaining level freely and determine the best way to start collective bargaining and how to conclude a collective agreement. A successful result of collective bargaining is a conclusion of collective agreement. In the Republic of Lithuania a collective agreements are recognized as normative acts that are mandatory to its parties. Collective agreements differ from other contracts because of untypical subjects, sphere of application and specific utilization. Main results of this thesis are complex and systemic descriptions of provisions of valid collective agreements in eight different branches in the Republic of Lithuania. Provisions of collective agreements are compared with norms of Labour Code and other legal acts.

The purpose of the paper is to analyze both positive and negative aspects of corruption education in Lithuania. Although anticorruption education in Lithuania is a new phenomenon, but it is making a good progress: anticorruption institutions are established, various anticorruption education researches and projects with local and foreign partners are being implemented, anticorruption education system of public servants is formed, methodical training tools for higher schools and universities are prepared. It demonstrates the seriousness of the problem of corruption in the country and a real desire to overcome it. However, insufficient financing of anticorruption education, usually only a formal implementation of anticorruption measures in public institutions, the lack of ethical motivation in civil service, poor wittiness of the society hinder the efficiency of anticorruption education. The projects of anticorruption education are too theoretical and difficult to realize in practice. Anticorruption training in civil service is practically based on codes of ethics, which do not guarantee morality and clearness of their work. The role of mass media in forming anticorruption attitudes of the society is doublefaced. Sometimes non-transparent mass media discourages the fight against corruption, distorts real facts and diminishes the activity of the society. There are no methods to measure the efficiency of anticorruption education. Its influence on reducing the corruption will be visible only after some time. ; Korupcijos prevencija yra gana naujas ir vis daugiau atgarsio bei dėmesio sulaukiantis reiškinys Lietuvoje. Pripažįstant, kad kova su korupcija bus efektyvi tik įtraukus į ją įvairių visuomenės sluoksnių, vis dažniau akcentuojama antikorupcinio švietimo būtinybė. Straipsnyje atskleidžiama antikorupcinio švietimo problematika Lietuvoje, išryškinami esminiai antikorupcinės teisinės bazės, antikorupcinio švietimo projektų, antikorupcinio švietimo įgyvendinimo aspektai. Taip pat pabrėžiamas dviprasmiškas žiniasklaidos vaidmuo kovojant su korupcija bei supažindinama su antikorupcinių institucijų veikla antikorupcinio švietimo srityje.

The world economy changes, attention is paid not only to the industry production, but also to the knowledge society and cultural diversity. In this way culture gains broader meaning, while governments of the democratic states strive to set cultural policy goals, principles, tasks and the ways to implement it, seek to create the environment for the public, municipal institutions and nongovernmental organizations, as well as public purposeful and coordinated cultural activities. In this case Lithuania is not an exception, while the Lithuanian government is constantly criticized for the attention shortage to the cultural policy. The aim with the master thesis "Cultural policy in the Netherlands: the case study" was not only to analyze cultural policy in the Kingdom of the Netherlands, its principles, administrative system and trends, but also to scrutinize the concept of the cultural policy and to review the development of the cultural policy in the European Union. Having the analysis of the cultural policy model used in the Netherlands it was possible to evaluate possibilities and propose recommendations how to implement some elements and experience of the Dutch cultural policy model in Lithuania, in order to create qualitative, effective and representative system of the cultural policy. The main concepts used in the work:  State cultural policy model, when state controls and finances cultural policy field; state property of the cultural expressions, implements of production and dissemination.  Liberal cultural policy model follows the principles of the market economy, private property of the cultural expressions, implements of production and dissemination. The main key words used in the work are: cultural policy, state cultural policy model, liberal cultural policy model, cultural institutions, cultural diversity, cultural sector.

The world economy changes, attention is paid not only to the industry production, but also to the knowledge society and cultural diversity. In this way culture gains broader meaning, while governments of the democratic states strive to set cultural policy goals, principles, tasks and the ways to implement it, seek to create the environment for the public, municipal institutions and nongovernmental organizations, as well as public purposeful and coordinated cultural activities. In this case Lithuania is not an exception, while the Lithuanian government is constantly criticized for the attention shortage to the cultural policy. The aim with the master thesis "Cultural policy in the Netherlands: the case study" was not only to analyze cultural policy in the Kingdom of the Netherlands, its principles, administrative system and trends, but also to scrutinize the concept of the cultural policy and to review the development of the cultural policy in the European Union. Having the analysis of the cultural policy model used in the Netherlands it was possible to evaluate possibilities and propose recommendations how to implement some elements and experience of the Dutch cultural policy model in Lithuania, in order to create qualitative, effective and representative system of the cultural policy. The main concepts used in the work:  State cultural policy model, when state controls and finances cultural policy field; state property of the cultural expressions, implements of production and dissemination.  Liberal cultural policy model follows the principles of the market economy, private property of the cultural expressions, implements of production and dissemination. The main key words used in the work are: cultural policy, state cultural policy model, liberal cultural policy model, cultural institutions, cultural diversity, cultural sector.

The Master's thesis examines the communication features in case of political cleavages. The thesis describes the peculiarities of cleavage formation processes; therefore, various related concepts (political identity, political conflict) are also being analysed. The analysis indicates that political cleavages emerge on the basis of the same ideology, values, in this case the electorate is able to make a decision what to choose and may decide which side of a conflict they support. The interaction of political communication and political cleavages is very close; however, political partys use it to create images and reality in the society. The thesis also gives a deeper consideration on the concept and process of political communication. The importance of political communication members is emphasized, where political actors aim at achieving some political goals, the media itself helps in implementing them; thus, the audience is the main object of political communication. The audience is aimed to be persuaded and informed by the political actors. There are many variuos political partys and the electorate is different as well. So the main aspect is to understand how these two components of political communication process communicate and interact. The aspect reveals the novelty and relevance of the thesis. Thus, the object is political cleavages and political communication. Accordingly, the aim is to analyse the impact of political cleavages on political communication. In order to achieve the aim, the following objectives are included: to define the concept of political cleavages; to characterise the process of political communication; to reveal the attitude towards political communication of specialists of public relations. The thesis involves the qualitative research method – expert interview, which helps to achieve the aim and realise the objectives included. The analysis of scientific literature and the qualitative research method allows to make the conclusions, that are as follows: the success of political communication depends on the audience's intention to accept the information. Advertisement and public relations are the major means that help in shaping the images of politicians, their goals. The audience is influenced by mass media, as there are possibly no people not using it; as a result, political actors usually succeed in persuading the audience. However, the impact of political cleavages nowadays has less importance on political communication. Thus, relevant problems are rather included in the context of classical political cleavages.