Мета. Проаналізувати сучасний стан поліпшення сільськогосподарських культур за допомогою CRISPR/Cas-технології генетичної модифікації геномів. Результати. Наведено історію розвитку технологій редагування генома із сайт-специфічними ендонуклеазами. Проаналізовано сучасний стан створення сортів рослин за допомогою цих технологій. Показано, що технологія редагування генів CRISPR/Cas уже адаптована для 20 видів сільськогосподарських культур для більш ніж 150 генів, пов'язаних із важливими ознаками. Практичне впровадження цієї технології представлено на прикладі рису, для якого спостерігається найбільший прогрес у дослідженнях та використанні CRISPR/Cas-технології: модифіковано найбільшу кількість генів – 78; отримано понад 20 сортів. Редаговано гени рису, що пов'язані з такими ознаками, як розмір зерна, озерненість, висота рослини, чоловіча стерильність, накопичення цезію, толерантність до абіотичних та біотичних стресів, стійкість до гербіцидів. Підкреслено можливість мультиплексного редагування потенційно необмеженої кількості генів. Обговорено ситуацію щодо регулювання рослин, створених за технологією редагування генома: за рішенням суду Європейського Союзу (ЄС) на продукцію, отриману за допомогою методик редагування геномів, зокрема сорти рослин, поширюються всі нормативні правила та обмеження ЄС на вирощування і продаж, що й на ГМО, тоді як Міністерство сільського господарства США визначило, що такі рослини, крім рослин-паразитів, не регулюються як ГМО. Надано інформацію про заяву, схвалену провідними вченими, які представляють понад 90 європейських дослідницьких центрів та інститутів з досліджень рослин та біологічних наук, у підтримку технології редагування геномів. Висновки. Серед технологій редагування генома CRISPR/Cas-технологія є одним із найпотужніших підходів, який став дуже швидко застосовуватися в селекції рослин завдяки таким перевагам над іншими методами як висока точність і якість, ефективність та технічна гнучкість, відносно низька вартість. Цей доступний метод дає змогу отримувати нетрансгенні рослини із заданими модифікаціями, причому можна одночасно «виробляти» мутації в кількох мішенях. ; Purpose. To analyze the current state of crop improvement using CRISPR/Cas technology of genome modifications. Results. The history of the development of genome editing technologies with site-specific endonucleases is presented. The current state of plant varieties creation using these technologies was analyzed. It was shown that CRISPR/Cas technology of gene editing has already been adapted for 20 species of crops, for more than 150 genes associated with important traits. The practical implementation of this technology was presented on the example of rice, for which the greatest progress in the research and use of CRISPR/Cas technology was observed: the largest number of genes has been modified – 78; more than 20 varieties were obtained. Edited rice genes associated with such traits as grain size, grain number, plant height, male sterility, cesium accumulation, tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses, and resistance to herbicides. The possibility of multiplex editing of a potentially unlimited number of genes was underlined. The situation on the regulation of plants created by genome editing technology was discussed: according to the decision of the European Union (EU) court, all EU regulations and restrictions on the cultivation and sale of products, in particular plant varieties, obtained using genome editing techniques are applied as well as to GMOs, while according to the USDA such plants, except parasitic plants, are not regulated as GMOs. Information on the statement, approved by leading scientists representing more than 90 European research centers and institutes for the study of plants and biological sciences was provided in support of genome editing technology. Conclusions. Among the genome editing technologies, CRISPR/Cas technology is one of the most powerful approaches, which has become extensively used in plant breeding due to such advantages as high accuracy and quality, efficiency and technical flexibility, relatively low cost compared to other methods. This available method allows obtaining non-transgenic plants with specified modifications, and it is possible to simultaneously "produce" mutations in several targets. ; Цель. Проанализировать современное состояние улучшения сельскохозяйственных культур с помощью CRISPR/Cas-технологии генетической модификации геномов. Результаты. Представлена история развития технологий изменения генома с сайт-специфическими эндонуклеазами. Проанализировано современное состояние создания генноредактированных растений. Показано, что технология изменения генов CRISPR/Cas уже адаптирована для 20 видов сельскохозяйственных культур для более 150 генов различных признаков. Практическое внедрение этой технологии дано на примере риса, для которого наблюдается наибольший прогресс в исследованиях и использовании CRISPR/Cas-технологии: модифицировано наибольшее число генов – 78; получено более 20 генноредактированных сортов. Отредактировано гены риса, связанные с такими признаками, как размер зерна, озерненность, высота растения, мужская стерильность, накопление цезия, толерантность к абиотическим и биотическим стрессам, устойчивость к гербицидам. Подчеркнута возможность мультиплексного редактирования потенциально неограниченного числа генов. Представлена информация по регулированию растений, созданных по технологии редактирования генома: по решению суда Европейского Союза (ЕС) на продукцию, полученную с помощью методик редактирования геномов, в частности сорта растений, распространяются все нормативные правила и ограничения ЕС на выращивание и продажу, что и на ГМО, тогда как решением Министерства сельского хозяйства США такие растения, кроме растений-паразитов, не регулируются как ГМО. Приведена информация о заявлении, подписанном ведущими учеными, представляющими более 90 европейских исследовательских центров и институтов по исследованиям растений и биологических наук, в поддержку технологии редактирования геномов. Выводы. Среди технологий редактирования генома CRISPR/Cas-технология является одним из самых мощных подходов, который стал очень быстро применяться в селекции растений благодаря таким преимуществам перед другими методами, как высокая точность и качество, эффективность и техническая гибкость, относительно низкая стоимость. Этот доступный метод позволяет получать нетрансгенные растения с заданными модификациями, причем можно одновременно «производить» мутации в нескольких мишенях.
Мета. Проаналізувати сучасний стан поліпшення сільськогосподарських культур за допомогою CRISPR/Cas-технології генетичної модифікації геномів. Результати. Наведено історію розвитку технологій редагування генома із сайт-специфічними ендонуклеазами. Проаналізовано сучасний стан створення сортів рослин за допомогою цих технологій. Показано, що технологія редагування генів CRISPR/Cas уже адаптована для 20 видів сільськогосподарських культур для більш ніж 150 генів, пов'язаних із важливими ознаками. Практичне впровадження цієї технології представлено на прикладі рису, для якого спостерігається найбільший прогрес у дослідженнях та використанні CRISPR/Cas-технології: модифіковано найбільшу кількість генів – 78; отримано понад 20 сортів. Редаговано гени рису, що пов'язані з такими ознаками, як розмір зерна, озерненість, висота рослини, чоловіча стерильність, накопичення цезію, толерантність до абіотичних та біотичних стресів, стійкість до гербіцидів. Підкреслено можливість мультиплексного редагування потенційно необмеженої кількості генів. Обговорено ситуацію щодо регулювання рослин, створених за технологією редагування генома: за рішенням суду Європейського Союзу (ЄС) на продукцію, отриману за допомогою методик редагування геномів, зокрема сорти рослин, поширюються всі нормативні правила та обмеження ЄС на вирощування і продаж, що й на ГМО, тоді як Міністерство сільського господарства США визначило, що такі рослини, крім рослин-паразитів, не регулюються як ГМО. Надано інформацію про заяву, схвалену провідними вченими, які представляють понад 90 європейських дослідницьких центрів та інститутів з досліджень рослин та біологічних наук, у підтримку технології редагування геномів. Висновки. Серед технологій редагування генома CRISPR/Cas-технологія є одним із найпотужніших підходів, який став дуже швидко застосовуватися в селекції рослин завдяки таким перевагам над іншими методами як висока точність і якість, ефективність та технічна гнучкість, відносно низька вартість. Цей доступний метод дає змогу отримувати нетрансгенні рослини із заданими модифікаціями, причому можна одночасно «виробляти» мутації в кількох мішенях. ; Purpose. To analyze the current state of crop improvement using CRISPR/Cas technology of genome modifications. Results. The history of the development of genome editing technologies with site-specific endonucleases is presented. The current state of plant varieties creation using these technologies was analyzed. It was shown that CRISPR/Cas technology of gene editing has already been adapted for 20 species of crops, for more than 150 genes associated with important traits. The practical implementation of this technology was presented on the example of rice, for which the greatest progress in the research and use of CRISPR/Cas technology was observed: the largest number of genes has been modified – 78; more than 20 varieties were obtained. Edited rice genes associated with such traits as grain size, grain number, plant height, male sterility, cesium accumulation, tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses, and resistance to herbicides. The possibility of multiplex editing of a potentially unlimited number of genes was underlined. The situation on the regulation of plants created by genome editing technology was discussed: according to the decision of the European Union (EU) court, all EU regulations and restrictions on the cultivation and sale of products, in particular plant varieties, obtained using genome editing techniques are applied as well as to GMOs, while according to the USDA such plants, except parasitic plants, are not regulated as GMOs. Information on the statement, approved by leading scientists representing more than 90 European research centers and institutes for the study of plants and biological sciences was provided in support of genome editing technology. Conclusions. Among the genome editing technologies, CRISPR/Cas technology is one of the most powerful approaches, which has become extensively used in plant breeding due to such advantages as high accuracy and quality, efficiency and technical flexibility, relatively low cost compared to other methods. This available method allows obtaining non-transgenic plants with specified modifications, and it is possible to simultaneously "produce" mutations in several targets. ; Цель. Проанализировать современное состояние улучшения сельскохозяйственных культур с помощью CRISPR/Cas-технологии генетической модификации геномов. Результаты. Представлена история развития технологий изменения генома с сайт-специфическими эндонуклеазами. Проанализировано современное состояние создания генноредактированных растений. Показано, что технология изменения генов CRISPR/Cas уже адаптирована для 20 видов сельскохозяйственных культур для более 150 генов различных признаков. Практическое внедрение этой технологии дано на примере риса, для которого наблюдается наибольший прогресс в исследованиях и использовании CRISPR/Cas-технологии: модифицировано наибольшее число генов – 78; получено более 20 генноредактированных сортов. Отредактировано гены риса, связанные с такими признаками, как размер зерна, озерненность, высота растения, мужская стерильность, накопление цезия, толерантность к абиотическим и биотическим стрессам, устойчивость к гербицидам. Подчеркнута возможность мультиплексного редактирования потенциально неограниченного числа генов. Представлена информация по регулированию растений, созданных по технологии редактирования генома: по решению суда Европейского Союза (ЕС) на продукцию, полученную с помощью методик редактирования геномов, в частности сорта растений, распространяются все нормативные правила и ограничения ЕС на выращивание и продажу, что и на ГМО, тогда как решением Министерства сельского хозяйства США такие растения, кроме растений-паразитов, не регулируются как ГМО. Приведена информация о заявлении, подписанном ведущими учеными, представляющими более 90 европейских исследовательских центров и институтов по исследованиям растений и биологических наук, в поддержку технологии редактирования геномов. Выводы. Среди технологий редактирования генома CRISPR/Cas-технология является одним из самых мощных подходов, который стал очень быстро применяться в селекции растений благодаря таким преимуществам перед другими методами, как высокая точность и качество, эффективность и техническая гибкость, относительно низкая стоимость. Этот доступный метод позволяет получать нетрансгенные растения с заданными модификациями, причем можно одновременно «производить» мутации в нескольких мишенях.
This article provides a review of issues on insignificance of the cases and simplified proceedings as a procedural form of their consideration in the novelized national civil procedural law. Introduced by the changes of October 3, 2017, the novel of the Civil Procedural Code of Ukraine on insignificance of cases causes many discussions, objections and comments, finds both support in scientific societies, and certain criticism. The aforementioned novels aimed to reform this branch of Ukrainian law by bringing it into line with European standards. In this regard, the question whether this goal was achieved arises, and whether the novels in the whole content correspond to European Union law, the rights of individual European continents and the regular practice of the European Court of Human Rights. The paper analyzes the issues related to ensuring the right to a fair trial, access to justice and the right of a person for cassation appeal on insignificant case considering. The study examined the classical and modern doctrine, as it should be emphasized that the views of scientists are an important source of the formation and development of law, and when considering issues such as simplified proceedings and insignificance of disputes, scientific doctrine determines the relevance of this topic. The subject of the study in the work was also a large practice of national courts in solving the issue of insignificance of cases, as well as simplified proceedings. The practice of the European Court of Human Rights, which also formed the subject of this article, was also taken into consideration. The issue of insignificance establishing in the dispute resolution was also disclosed through a prism of the European Union legislation and the legislation of certain European countries. Based on the analysis of the doctrine and legislation of Ukraine and foreign countries, the proposals to amend the Civil Procedural Code of Ukraine with the legal regulation of minor disputes were made in the conclusions.
The subject of the article is the process of making an economic decision. The stages of the history of economic-psychological researches – economic psychology, behavioral economy, psychology of economic behavior are distinguished. The contribution to the study of the psychological factors of the economic behavior of the winners of the Nobel Prize in Economics is shown. The theory of rational expectations of John von Neumann and O. Morgerstern Is characterized, particular attention is paid to the prospect theory of D. Kaneman and A. Tversky. The latter is presented in the form of heuristic decision making – representativeness, availability, adjustment, and anchoring, in addition, with the distinction of rational and irrational moments of this process. It is stated that the corresponding model of decision making does not take into account and that behind the economic-psychological lies in the actual psychological logic that a person makes decisions based on his own strategy, coping. The concept of decision making is substantially incomplete. Opportunity of the possibility of specification of the prospect theory of by the Case Study method – the analysis of a particular case of economic behavior opens. The Melbourne decision making questionnaire applies, the factors of this process – vigilance, back-passing, procrastination, and hypervigilance are manifest. The investigator is given the instruction to make an expanded comment on every statement, to explain own argumentation, as well as the obtained result. The rational and irrational components of its solution and features of coping are analyzed. It is determined that vigilance is the dominant factor, it turns out to be the most productive way of decision making. A model of coping of decision making, which specifies the theory of the prospects of D. Kaneman and A. Tversky and expands the limits of its application in the field of psychology of human economic behavior, is constructed.
The article addresses Ukrainian legislation that governs hearing economic cases with a foreign element. Relevant statutes in the realm have been analyzed. The algorithm for determining the applicable legislation is investigated. The main drawbacks of the laws in force are spotlighted and the ways for further improvement are envisaged. The author identifies the main risks business entities can encounter when a case involving foreign element is litigated. The grounds for consideration by commercial courts of Ukraine of cases with a foreign element are investigated. The author notices that the case law on these issues is inconsistent. Among the vexed questions related to the category of economic cases at hand, the following deserve special attention: determination of jurisdiction of the case; determination of the applicable law; features of proof; recognition and enforcement of court decisions abroad. The author concludes that the choice of a foreign court or law should be conscious and clearly motivated, as this is very important for judicial protection. The attention is focused on the complicated interaction between international and national law when economic dispute involving foreign element is considered by the court. The modern tendencies of judicial practice in this sphere are discovered. The typical procedural errors of the parties to a dispute are summarized and the problems of law enforcement are covered. The author analyses effective legal methods for considering a dispute on the basis of Ukraine legislation. The article contains recommendations for courts on learning the content and interpretation of foreign law for the purpose of its application in cases involving foreign element. The application of the institute of contractual jurisdiction in commercial cases with a foreign element is investigated. The author provides practical recommendations to business entities in order to effectively protect their rights in court. The author concluded that litigants should take an active part in the process of ...
The article presents a clinical and expert case of appealing the diagnosis of occupational disease. Purpose: to provide an example of substantiated answer to the court action concerning the appeal of the diagnosis of occupational disease. A medical history of a patient who worked as an electric welder suffering from chronic bronchitis is described. Data on regulatory documents, acting in accordance with the legislation of Ukraine are presented. The main controversial issues that arise when linking the disease to working conditions are studied.
"Cosmopolitan Spaces in Odesa: A Case Study of an Urban Context is the first book to explore Odesa's cosmopolitan spaces in an urban context from the nineteenth to twenty-first centuries. Leading scholars shed new light on encounters between Jewish, Ukrainian, and Russian cultures. They debate different understandings of cosmopolitanism as they are reflected in Odesa's rich multilingual culture, ranging from intellectual history and education to music, opera, and literature. The issues of language and interethnic tensions, imperialist repression, and language choice are still with us today. Moreover, the book affords a historical view of what lay behind the Odesa myth, as well as insights into the Jewish and Ukrainian cultural revivals of the early twentieth century"--
Currently, the institute of typical and exemplary cases is represented by the norms of only one of the national procedural laws, namely, the norms of the Code of Administrative Proceedings of Ukraine. This is completely justified because the probability of similar legal disputes between individuals and subjects of authoritative powers is extremely high. Subjects of authoritative powers apply the same rules of law to a wide range of persons. Such application may be based on misunderstanding of general mandatory rules resulting in violation of the rights of individuals or restriction of these rights implementation. Besides, in most cases, the legal disputes to be considered under the rules of administrative proceedings need to be decided as soon as possible. Referring to the institute of typical and exemplary cases makes it possible to ensure the necessary rapid decision-making: the decision at exemplary case gives reference points in considering typical cases. In other words, the judge in fact receives a "competent recommendation" according to which he is obliged to decide a case characterized by typical features. Taking this into account the authors consider that according to the national legislator, the institute of typical and exemplary cases is aimed, inter alia, at ensuring the unity of judicial practice. The paper presents the analysis of the provisions of procedural law, the study of corresponding court decisions. Taking this into consideration an attempt is made to identify to what extent the implementation of the institute of typical and exemplary cases has influenced the unification of Ukrainian courts judging the public-legal disputes that can be considered the most common.
The article analyzes the content of the concept of a case of insignificant complexity (insignificant case) in the administrative proceedings of Ukraine. An attempt is made to define the essence of the concept of minor case in the sense of the Code of Administrative Procedure of Ukraine, as well as to clarify the place of minor cases among all categories of cases considered in administrative proceedings. Attention is drawn to the fact that paragraph 20, part 1 of Article 4 of the Code of Administrative Procedure of Ukraine is the only rule where the term minor case is used. Further, Code of Administrative Procedure of Ukraine uses the terms case of insignificant complexity, simplified litigation, other cases for which the priority is to resolve the case quickly. According to the current legislation, the cassation review of minor cases is not provided, but the Supreme Court may accept a minor case for consideration in the following conditions: if the cassation appeal concerns an issue that is fundamental for the formation of a single law enforcement practice; if the person filing the cassation appeal is deprived of the opportunity to refute the circumstances established by the appealed court decision when considering another case; if the case is of significant public interest or is of exceptional importance for the party to the case who files a cassation appeal or the court of first instance classified the case as insignificant. Peculiarities of realization of the right to appellate and cassation appeal of insignificant cases in administrative proceedings of Ukraine in the light of innovations of the legislation of Ukraine, domestic judicial practice and practice of the European Court of Human Rights are considered. A systematic analysis of the provisions of the article gives grounds for the following conclusions: the court has the right to classify the case as insignificant according to the results of assessing the nature of the disputed legal relationship, the subject of proof, the composition of participants and other circumstances, except as provided in part four of Art. 12 Code of Administrative Procedure of Ukraine; it is not necessary for the court of first instance to recognize the case as insignificant in order to apply the cassation filter. It is sufficient that it fall under the signs of insignificance established by law; the introduction of cassation filters complies with the principle of legal certainty, the need for which the European Court of Human Rights points out in its decisions. ; У статті здійснено аналіз змісту поняття справа незначної складності (малозначна справа) в адміністративному судочинстві України. Зроблена спроба визначити сутність поняття «малозначна справа» в розумінні Кодексу адміністративного судочинства України, а також з'ясувати місце малозначних справ серед усіх категорій справ, що розглядаються в порядку адміністративного судочинства. Звертається увага на те, що п. 20 ч. 1 ст. 4 КАС є єдиною нормою, де використовується термін «малозначна справа». Далі КАС використовує поняття «справа незначної складності», «спрощене позовне провадження», «інші справи, для яких пріоритетним є швидке вирішення справи» тощо. Відповідно до чинного законодавства касаційний перегляд малозначних справ не передбачено. Однак Верховний суд може прийняти малозначну справу до розгляду за наявності таких умов: якщо касаційна скарга стосується питання, яке має фундаментальне значення для формування єдиної правозастосовної практики; якщо особа, яка подає касаційну скаргу, позбавлена можливості спростувати обставини, встановлені оскарженим судовим рішенням, під час розгляду іншої справи; якщо справа становить значний суспільний інтерес або має виняткове значення для учасника справи, який подає касаційну скаргу або суд першої інстанції відніс справу до категорії малозначних помилково. Розглянуто особливості реалізації права на апеляційне та касаційне оскарження малозначних справ в адміністративному судочинстві України у світлі нововведень законодавства України, вітчизняної судової практики та практики Європейського суду з прав людини. Системний аналіз положень статті дає підстави для таких висновків: суд має право віднести справу до категорії малозначних за результатами оцінки характеру спірних правовідносин, предмету доказування, складу учасників та інших обставин, крім випадків, передбачених частиною четвертоюст. 12 КАС України; для застосування касаційного фільтра не обов'язковим є визнання судом першої інстанції справи малозначною. Достатньо, щоб вона підпадала під ознаки малозначної, установлені законом; запровадження касаційних фільтрів відповідає принципу правової визначеності, на необхідність дотримання якого у своїх рішеннях вказує Європейський суд із прав людини.
Without a doubt agriculture sector is vital part of modern Ukrainian economy. Agriculture is ranked 3rd largest contributor to the national GDP with approx. 17% in 2018 (compared to 14.4% in 2016) of total GDP, followed with industrial sector (26.3%) and services sector (59.3%). It should be noted that it is very promising field in terms of potential economic growth and both regional and international investment opportunities. Food products being a necessity in everyday life of every person. Food and processing industries are the large industries that are interconnected to agricultural cultivation. These industries have great potential to increase the value of agricultural products due to the added value, as not raw materials are sold but finished products that can be consumed in the domestic market and exported. Meanwhile the global process of urbanization and changes in national politics, have had their impact on Ukrainian economy. The number of urban populations is continuing to increase, while great number of work force is migrating to neighboring countries. Several studies state that number of Ukrainian workers living aboard is around 2.5 million people. In this context we plan to investigate and build general forecast model on how urbanization is impacting agricultural land use and certain factors of its impact on economic development of region. On the other hand, we have examples of modern issues, such as climate change caused by rapid urbanization and the irrational use of natural resources. The study showed that urban development requires substantial land rescue for its expansion. By examining closely spatial data of urban and suburban areas, for example that of Kyiv city, agricultural land in suburban areas is used for new construction sites and infrastructural development. Another indirect effect of urban development is ecological changes to the surrounding areas. The affected areas become much less suitable for agricultural uses, require large financial investment and high technologies to renew the soil fertility.Research work that have been conducted in this area focused mostly on financial resources, international politics, and large agricultural holdings of agricultural land use. A lot of work has been done to highlight importance of advocating open land market in Ukraine. While other researchers in their research analyzed specific crop or certain agricultural industry markets. In general, the focus of previous publications was either on the current agricultural export or land use data in Ukraine. The goal of this research paper is to find, establish connections between urbanization and agricultural land use, while focusing attention on possibilities for economic growth and development of effective land use policies. This paper will consider open land market as future possibility; however, it is relations and impact with urbanization falls outside of current research work scope.With this research we plan to describe the connection between rapid urbanization process and changes in agricultural land use from economical perspective. The author focuses his research work and economical modeling on case Ukraine. We plan to showcase changes of agricultural enterprise income, in case of population migration to large urban centers. Additionally, we will study the cases of effective land resource management, where we will study whether it is more profitable for companies to establish the new enterprise closer or inside urban areas as opposed to farmland regions. In this research we plan to highlight the major economical differences of company's startup and operations costs based on available transportation network, land resources and local agricultural specialization. The research work should introduce possible outcomes for small, medium companies, also separating those that are part of international corporate structure and local business. The research will cover whether local company can benefit from urbanization and what are its effects on individual famers earnings. One of the expected research outcomes is to describe how to increase added value of agricultural products with focus on city markets.For this study we used data mining and analytics approaches. During research work we placed great emphasis on determining, locating, and analyzing statistical data from multiple sources. Important art of the research work is identifying right data in context of our research, the one that has clear connection to urbanization process. Spatial data visualization was used to determine key urban centers in Ukraine, as well as locations of agricultural, food and processing companies. Other types of material used are official notional statistics data, European Union public reports, U.S. Department of Commerce datasheets, Kyiv city council, Municipal Enterprise "Kyivgenplan", private companies report, economists' publications, and Public cadastral map of Ukraine. Mathematical framework was used to build robust forecast model. The methodology of the study employed various mathematical tools, such as statistical analytics, polynomial and linear approximations, mathematical correlation, ratio analysis. Besides profit and utility curves were used for growth modeling and global forecast. Spatial data have been outlined as highly effective for predictions modeling and establishing connections with the existing urbanization growth models. Urbanization processes serve as catalyst for land use change and shift in economic activities . As more population migrate to urban centers, remote villages and towns shrink in size, lose work force and often local enterprise become bankrupt or shut down. There is a consequent indirect effect of urbanization on agriculture land use that is when local community become poor or bankrupt, the farmlands are rented by large agricultural holdings. Many researchers noted that agricultural holdings have no interest in development of local communities or investment in local business. Even though they employ local people, the average income of holdings farm employees is much lesser, then those farmers whose lands are in private use or those working in agricultural sector in neighboring European Union countries. The average salary is important factor when looking at land use by large companies since agricultural holdings business goals centered about exporting raw resources and they are registered as business entities in offshore countries.The scope of current research works is limited to the analyses of medium to large size food and processing companies, that operate in local Ukrainian market, with brief overview of food products export business. To build economical model the existing transport infrastructure in Ukraine and its neighboring European countries was studied and used in system analyses. Author analyzed available human resources, amount of investments, industry type and available transportation connections. As a part of research work, physical geographical placement (distance by road) of food and processing production companies relative to closest and regional urban center positions have been outlined. A large array of economical and spatial data has been processed. It was determined that parts of this data have low correlation levels, which makes it difficult to include for modeling purposes. Author made decision to make the necessary edits, generalization to simplify the initial economical model.To build a research model we will make the following assumptions and data sets. Let us use the city of Kyiv as the main market for food products, i.e. it is the largest city in Ukraine, with a huge number of food products consumers and significant financial resources. We shall label it as an urban center for this research work. It is important to note that new companies and international corporations choose to establish their business in the Kyiv or in the 50-kilometer zone from it. For modeling we will choose 12 enterprises, which are located both in the capital and in different regions of Ukraine - west, south, east and center. We rank the selected enterprises by the number of employees.In the context of our economic modeling, consider the land market, namely: the average cost of rent of 1 hectare per year, the location of the enterprise in an industrial region or in a separate settlement. Note that the production capacity of the investigated enterprises is concentrated in one production site (complex). However, the exception is the corporation "Milk Alliance" which has 5 separate production facilities, we will focus on the largest of them, located in the city of Yagotyn (others are located in Peratyn, Zolotonosha, Bashtanka).It is reported that the total area of land plots in Ukraine is 60.4 million hectares, of which 42.4 million hectares are agricultural land (32 million hectares are cultivated per year), the area of built-up land plots is 2550.4 thousand hectares. Land for industrial purposes, which includes the food industry is 224.1 thousand hectares. The cost of annual lease of land in Ukraine for 2019 population 3518 UAH/hectare per year.At the same time, the statistics by region are as follows: Kyiv - 2694 UAH per year; Kyiv region - 3474 UAH per year; Zhytomyr and region – 4000 UAH per year; Mykolaiv Oblast – 4103 UAH per year; Kharkiv and oblast – 3152 UAH per year; Odessa region – 4065 UAH per year; Lviv region - 4172 UAH per year; Donetsk oblast - 1832 UAH per year. It is planned that in 2020 the total revenues to local budgets from land rent will amount to 185,714,285 UAH per year.To understand the general picture of the relationship and economic performance of enterprises located in Kyiv and different regions of Ukraine, we shall consider Kyiv as a self-sufficient object, both in terms of products sales and production. The largest food retailers have opened more than 575 stores in Kyiv as of 2018, and more than 60 new stores are opened each year. The production of food, beverages and tobacco by Kyiv enterprises is 46.6% of the total industrial production, which employs 1,730,000 people (7.4% of total in Kyiv), and the average wage in industry is from 16,511 UAH/month in 2019. In total, there are 9069 industrial enterprises in the capital, which employ 278,863 people, the volume of products sold by industrial enterprises of Kyiv in 2019 amounted to 892,1765,46.2 thousand UAH. At the same time, there are 7351 natural persons-entrepreneurs operating in the capital (11,877 people are employed, the volume of sold products is 5,622,011.9 thousand UAH) in industry, including the volume of products sold by food industry enterprises – 125,140,998.9 thousand UAH according to 2019 data.It should be noted that in Kyiv the main industrial capacities of food and processing enterprises are concentrated in the following areas: Industrial zone " Degtyarivska Street" covers an area of 17.7 hectares; Podilsko-Kurenivskyi industrial district - 539.5 hectares, Pirogovo industrial zone - 121.9 hectares; Voskresensky industrial district - 107.2 hectares.For economic analysis we focused on comparison of three large enterprises of Ukraine, typical for the agricultural sector and food industry, one of which is in Kyiv – "Astrata", "Sandora" and "Kyivhlib". For calculations of transportation costs let's use the following data, 20 to 22 tons van will charge 27 UAH per km outside of Kyiv, while 10 tons van charges 20 UAH per km outside of Kyiv and 250 UAH per km within Kyiv.The "Astrata" corpopration, a large agricultural enterprise, has 5,470 employees, 230,000 hectares of land (aprox. 1514090000 UAH per yar for land rent), with Net profit of 12,631,155,000, Gross profit of 2,432,488,000 UAH, and a total salary expenditure of UAH 427,597,000 (average per employee 6514 UAH per month). For our research we are using one of the sugar processing factories that is part of Astrata holding, it is in Hlobyne, Poltavska oblast. The distance from Hlobyne to Kyiv center is 287 km, so it will cost 7749 UAH per large van to transport products to Kyiv.One of the largest food manufacturers in Ukraine is "Sandora". It consists of 3230 employees, total salary expenses - 630 128 thousand UAH (average per employee 16,257 UAH per month), have a land area of 1.3646 hectares (aprox. 5600 UAH per yar for land rent) and a unit cost of production - 22.66 UAH per liter of apple. Single 10-ton van will charge 10020 UAH to transport products to Kyiv (501km distance to the city center).For Kyiv study we picked "Kyivhlib", which has 1911 employees, total salary expenses – 168,227 thousand UAH (average per employee 14,019 UAH per month), have a land area of 8 hectares (aprox. 21552 UAH per yar for land rent) and the unit cost of production - 14.9 UAH per kg of rye-wheat bread. It will cost 7500 UAH to transport products within 30 km of Kyiv center by 10-ton van. Distance from the production location to the market is not always proportional to net profit. The research results have proved that it is worth examining the data from the same sub-industries companies in several regions, with focus on large cities as main market for those companies' products. ; The paper is devoted to studying the economic and social connections between the urbanization process and agricultural land use in Ukraine. It is worth noting that both urbanization and agriculture require new lands for their future development. The important part of this connection is ecology and effective use of the available resources, as well as land use in the context of urbanization. After all, the process of urbanization can have a significant negative impact on the state of land resources. The research work determines which economic factors of urbanization are the most relevant to the land use in city suburbs and agricultural regions. The article introduces the notion of economic feasibility of land use by purpose and studies cases of food and processing companies. Food and processing industries were chosen as the main research subjects since they are the most promising fields for the future economic development of each individual region and country as a whole. These industries are centered around both import and export, besides producing added value products. Cities without a doubt are the main consumers of food products and at the same time, they drain labor resources from the countryside. In this research work, we studied the global situation in Ukraine, how 21-century urbanization has affected the agricultural sector in the country. This sector has experienced rapid growth in past decades, as opposed to industrial and manufacturing sectors, and increased the national wide level of land use. While the national wide level of urbanization might not be the highest in modern history (20th to 21st century), it continues to have a wide impact on the national economy. The scope of this impact falls outside of this research work as it consists of multidimensional data and a wide range of interdependencies, including policies and regulations. Research models require a large amount of data and cases, that's why we focused on the food and processing sector in this paper. They proved to be a good test ground to study the urbanization impact patterns as well as make economical modeling more convenient. In this context, the peculiarities of land use models were studied, as food and processing industries use land resources, can be located both inside the city, suburban area, or in remote farmland region. It is evident that cities and businesses form large supply and demand of natural resources, labor, and financial investments.
The scientific article defines the legal nature and content of civil procedural legal personality of minors and juveniles involved in the case, as a prerequisite for acquiring their civil procedural status. It is determined that the obligatory precondition for the emergence of civil procedural status of a minor is a civil procedural legal personality as a set of civil procedural legal capacity and civil procedural capacity. It is substantiated that all minors and juveniles have general civil procedural legal capacity and can acquire without any restrictions in civil proceedings the relevant procedural status of a party, third party, applicant, interested person. As for special civil procedural legal capacity (ability to have civil procedural rights and obligations of bodies and persons authorized by law to protect the rights, freedoms and interests of others; representatives of parties, third parties, bodies and persons authorized by law to protect rights) , freedoms and interests of other persons, applicants and other interested persons, other participants in civil proceedings), such legal capacity of minors and juveniles in civil proceedings can not acquire, because it occurs only if the conditions specified in the law. It is proved that the civil procedural capacity of minors and juveniles, according to the amount of abilities that form it, is divided into: full civil procedural capacity, which is the ability to personally exercise all civil procedural rights and perform all civil procedural duties in court, and which is granted only to minors in the presence of the conditions specified in the law, and incomplete civil procedural capacity, which is the ability to personally exercise civil procedural rights under Part 1 of Art. 45 CРC of Ukraine, and which is given to all minors and juveniles as participants in civil cases.
The article is devoted to the consideration of the role and place of decisions of the European Court of Human Rights in the administration of justice by Ukrainian courts. It is stated that the modern world cannot be imagined without the interaction of national legal systems with the system of international law. The socio-political and socio-economic conditions of the present day further emphasize the interconnection between these systems of law, which has long gone beyond purely theoretical reasoning and has become a practical application. The main manifestation of the influence of international law on domestic law is the harmonization of the content of national law with the provisions of international law. As a rule, such harmonization occurs by borrowing international legal norms into national law or by adopting national norms that are consistent with the principles and norms of international law. The judicial practice of the European Court of Human Rights is considered as a source of law, taking into account the adoption of the Law of Ukraine "About implementation ofdecisions and application of practice of the European courton human rights"t has been determined that despite the fact that the provisions of the Law of Ukraine "On the Enforcement of Decisions and Application of the Practice of the European Court of Human Rights" have been in force for more than 10 years, the application of the provisions of the Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and the practice of the European Court of Human Rights by national courts case review and decision making is more of an exception than a rule. It is noted that references to acts of the European Court of Human Rights are still isolated cases and have an additional character, which gives reason to define the European Court of Human Rights own practice as a subsidiary source of law. Gaps and contradictions in current legislation, including the lack of a clear approach to the application of European Court decisions by Ukrainian courts, ...
The provisions of Criminal procedure charter devoted to the representation of proofs by the participants of criminal proceeding are analyzed in the article. The author accentuates that the current criminal procedure legislation of Ukraine has inherited a lot of progressive ideas implemented by Criminal procedure charter, in particular the authorization of the participants of criminal proceeding by the right to present proofs.
This paper focuses on the political language symbolism used during the political protests in Ukraine (in 1990, 2000-2001, 2004, 2013-14). Firstly, author discusses the strategies used by the slogan writes during the political protests and shows that they were aimed at mobilizing civil consensus. Secondly, author is interested in the evolution of the language produced during the ongoing protest in Ukraine, and how it delineates the space for the expression of political agenda.