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The article furthers the research on the relation of democratizing states with their former non-democratic regimes by focusing on the situation in the Central and Eastern Europe's re-established democracies. The author utilizes his previously introduced research framework, based on the assessment (and interplay) of the type of the regime and the manner in which it ended. This serves to emphasize differences in the democratic transition of the region's states and, accordingly, the various paths chosen by new leaders in dealing with the problem of Communist party activist responsibility. The article also touches upon structural and psychological legacy of Communism. Along with glaring commonalities of the former Communist bloc, there were specific issues as well. In short, the findings reflect the following: 1 ) The transition of Hungary, in many aspects, replicates the "reforma pactada" formula. Partially, this holds true for Poland, too, but its position was complicated by limits on democratic representation set via the pact, that ring more of those achieved by military hierarchy in the event of extrication. The two states may be viewed as hardly favorable to the purge of old apparatus, despite the Poles' formal lustration laws. 2) In the Czech Republic and former East Germany (GDR), the situation became favorable to the prosecution of regime's activists, as the stagnating post-totalitarianism simply collapsed in those countries leaving a power vacuum, without a possibility to mobilize in self-defence. However, the broad range purges, that ensued in these states, much too often came in contradiction with the principles of rule of law and universal human rights. 3) The Baltic states (Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia) did not experience direct collapse of the system, even though they also had just gone through stagnation.[.].

The article furthers the research on the relation of democratizing states with their former non-democratic regimes by focusing on the situation in the Central and Eastern Europe's re-established democracies. The author utilizes his previously introduced research framework, based on the assessment (and interplay) of the type of the regime and the manner in which it ended. This serves to emphasize differences in the democratic transition of the region's states and, accordingly, the various paths chosen by new leaders in dealing with the problem of Communist party activist responsibility. The article also touches upon structural and psychological legacy of Communism. Along with glaring commonalities of the former Communist bloc, there were specific issues as well. In short, the findings reflect the following: 1 ) The transition of Hungary, in many aspects, replicates the "reforma pactada" formula. Partially, this holds true for Poland, too, but its position was complicated by limits on democratic representation set via the pact, that ring more of those achieved by military hierarchy in the event of extrication. The two states may be viewed as hardly favorable to the purge of old apparatus, despite the Poles' formal lustration laws. 2) In the Czech Republic and former East Germany (GDR), the situation became favorable to the prosecution of regime's activists, as the stagnating post-totalitarianism simply collapsed in those countries leaving a power vacuum, without a possibility to mobilize in self-defence. However, the broad range purges, that ensued in these states, much too often came in contradiction with the principles of rule of law and universal human rights. 3) The Baltic states (Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia) did not experience direct collapse of the system, even though they also had just gone through stagnation.[.].

The article furthers the research on the relation of democratizing states with their former non-democratic regimes by focusing on the situation in the Central and Eastern Europe's re-established democracies. The author utilizes his previously introduced research framework, based on the assessment (and interplay) of the type of the regime and the manner in which it ended. This serves to emphasize differences in the democratic transition of the region's states and, accordingly, the various paths chosen by new leaders in dealing with the problem of Communist party activist responsibility. The article also touches upon structural and psychological legacy of Communism. Along with glaring commonalities of the former Communist bloc, there were specific issues as well. In short, the findings reflect the following: 1 ) The transition of Hungary, in many aspects, replicates the "reforma pactada" formula. Partially, this holds true for Poland, too, but its position was complicated by limits on democratic representation set via the pact, that ring more of those achieved by military hierarchy in the event of extrication. The two states may be viewed as hardly favorable to the purge of old apparatus, despite the Poles' formal lustration laws. 2) In the Czech Republic and former East Germany (GDR), the situation became favorable to the prosecution of regime's activists, as the stagnating post-totalitarianism simply collapsed in those countries leaving a power vacuum, without a possibility to mobilize in self-defence. However, the broad range purges, that ensued in these states, much too often came in contradiction with the principles of rule of law and universal human rights. 3) The Baltic states (Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia) did not experience direct collapse of the system, even though they also had just gone through stagnation.[.].

The paper aims to evaluate the main features of creation and development of the integral cultural and economic space in Europe, the main problems of economic and social development and provision of equal rights in the context of the transition processes in Central and Eastern Europe. Transformation processes in Central and Eastern Europe are described. New challenges for economic development and social oriented changes are analized. The paper has used outcomes of the research done over the recent several years, dedicated to the diagnostics of transformation problems as well as eco-nomic and social development in Central and Eastern Europe with special reference to the development of integral space and human rights. Major findings show that creation and development of the integral space in Europe is a very complex and controversial process and in this course various problems and conflicts arise. Therefore, to encourage creation of the integral space in Europe appropriate cultural policies are necessary to be implemented in Europe. These policies may embrace many priorities including - preservation of cultural diversity; - adaptation and dissemination of integrated European dimensions; elimination of inappropriate factors within humanism and democracy of all European countries; - provision of equal rights in all groups of modern society. For implementation of key priorities of cultural policies use of a number of pan-European scale special programmes is proposed. New non-traditional ideas of possible economic and social development in Central and Eastern Europe are discussed.

The paper aims to evaluate the main features of creation and development of the integral cultural and economic space in Europe, the main problems of economic and social development and provision of equal rights in the context of the transition processes in Central and Eastern Europe. Transformation processes in Central and Eastern Europe are described. New challenges for economic development and social oriented changes are analized. The paper has used outcomes of the research done over the recent several years, dedicated to the diagnostics of transformation problems as well as eco-nomic and social development in Central and Eastern Europe with special reference to the development of integral space and human rights. Major findings show that creation and development of the integral space in Europe is a very complex and controversial process and in this course various problems and conflicts arise. Therefore, to encourage creation of the integral space in Europe appropriate cultural policies are necessary to be implemented in Europe. These policies may embrace many priorities including - preservation of cultural diversity; - adaptation and dissemination of integrated European dimensions; elimination of inappropriate factors within humanism and democracy of all European countries; - provision of equal rights in all groups of modern society. For implementation of key priorities of cultural policies use of a number of pan-European scale special programmes is proposed. New non-traditional ideas of possible economic and social development in Central and Eastern Europe are discussed.

The article sets out to analyse previous research on the internationalisation in higher education in Central and Eastern Europe with a particular focus on the conceptualisation of 'internationalisation'. While there is quite a lot of research regarding both theory and implementation of internationalisation, the majority of it is conducted in the West and the most commonly accepted definition hails from the research traditions of the Anglophone world. This literature review shows that when researchers in Central and Eastern European countries use the term 'internationalisation', they either refer to a policy change encouraged (or necessitated) by a supranational institution or global education discourse, or an education process through which an international or intercultural dimension is integrated into higher education.

The article sets out to analyse previous research on the internationalisation in higher education in Central and Eastern Europe with a particular focus on the conceptualisation of 'internationalisation'. While there is quite a lot of research regarding both theory and implementation of internationalisation, the majority of it is conducted in the West and the most commonly accepted definition hails from the research traditions of the Anglophone world. This literature review shows that when researchers in Central and Eastern European countries use the term 'internationalisation', they either refer to a policy change encouraged (or necessitated) by a supranational institution or global education discourse, or an education process through which an international or intercultural dimension is integrated into higher education.

The article sets out to analyse previous research on the internationalisation in higher education in Central and Eastern Europe with a particular focus on the conceptualisation of 'internationalisation'. While there is quite a lot of research regarding both theory and implementation of internationalisation, the majority of it is conducted in the West and the most commonly accepted definition hails from the research traditions of the Anglophone world. This literature review shows that when researchers in Central and Eastern European countries use the term 'internationalisation', they either refer to a policy change encouraged (or necessitated) by a supranational institution or global education discourse, or an education process through which an international or intercultural dimension is integrated into higher education.

The main focus of this scientific cluster is the research of intercultural and transnational dimensions of artistic practices in Central and Eastern Europe. The reconstruction and analysis of historical developments of intercultural communication and transnational exchange of arts, their ideological premises, contemporary issues as well as challenges of the future frame the scope of this research. The main tasks of this research are the following: to determine the global aspects of cultural interdependence and cultural diversity, to evaluate their influence on national cultures and art forms, to analyse the developments of fine arts, performing arts, literature, photography and popular culture in the region, to mark the transformations in the notions of artistic practices together with its cultural, historical, geographic and sociopolitical context as well as to trace the interdependence of art and politics, culture and social reality, creative practices and economy. The thematic framework of the cluster also includes the methodological and theoretical research of intercultural communication in arts of Eastern and Central Europe, the formation of the theoretical models of cultural dialogue, the dealing with the problematic aspects of applying contemporary cultural theories to the studies of Lithuanian art. At the moment the researchers from the fields of art research, philology and philosophy are associated with this interdisciplinary scientific cluster, which actively. [to full text]

The main focus of this scientific cluster is the research of intercultural and transnational dimensions of artistic practices in Central and Eastern Europe. The reconstruction and analysis of historical developments of intercultural communication and transnational exchange of arts, their ideological premises, contemporary issues as well as challenges of the future frame the scope of this research. The main tasks of this research are the following: to determine the global aspects of cultural interdependence and cultural diversity, to evaluate their influence on national cultures and art forms, to analyse the developments of fine arts, performing arts, literature, photography and popular culture in the region, to mark the transformations in the notions of artistic practices together with its cultural, historical, geographic and sociopolitical context as well as to trace the interdependence of art and politics, culture and social reality, creative practices and economy. The thematic framework of the cluster also includes the methodological and theoretical research of intercultural communication in arts of Eastern and Central Europe, the formation of the theoretical models of cultural dialogue, the dealing with the problematic aspects of applying contemporary cultural theories to the studies of Lithuanian art. At the moment the researchers from the fields of art research, philology and philosophy are associated with this interdisciplinary scientific cluster, which actively. [to full text]

The main focus of this scientific cluster is the research of intercultural and transnational dimensions of artistic practices in Central and Eastern Europe. The reconstruction and analysis of historical developments of intercultural communication and transnational exchange of arts, their ideological premises, contemporary issues as well as challenges of the future frame the scope of this research. The main tasks of this research are the following: to determine the global aspects of cultural interdependence and cultural diversity, to evaluate their influence on national cultures and art forms, to analyse the developments of fine arts, performing arts, literature, photography and popular culture in the region, to mark the transformations in the notions of artistic practices together with its cultural, historical, geographic and sociopolitical context as well as to trace the interdependence of art and politics, culture and social reality, creative practices and economy. The thematic framework of the cluster also includes the methodological and theoretical research of intercultural communication in arts of Eastern and Central Europe, the formation of the theoretical models of cultural dialogue, the dealing with the problematic aspects of applying contemporary cultural theories to the studies of Lithuanian art. At the moment the researchers from the fields of art research, philology and philosophy are associated with this interdisciplinary scientific cluster, which actively. [to full text]

The dissertation seeks to explain, why different skills formation systems have emerged in Central and Eastern Europe over the past 20 years. More specifically, it investigates, why the labor force acquires general skills in the Baltic States, Poland and Hungary, while specific skills are of utmost importance in the Czech and Slovak Republics and Slovenia? The dissertation argues that these differences can be explained by the labor market, economic and political institutions. Strong employers' associations, high employment security, generous unemployment benefits, proportional electoral system and government stability are necessary for emergence of specific skills formation systems, while absence of these institutions is sufficient for the emergence of general skills formation systems. The dissertation employs fuzzy set techniques and robust regression to test the hypotheses empirically.

The dissertation seeks to explain, why different skills formation systems have emerged in Central and Eastern Europe over the past 20 years. More specifically, it investigates, why the labor force acquires general skills in the Baltic States, Poland and Hungary, while specific skills are of utmost importance in the Czech and Slovak Republics and Slovenia? The dissertation argues that these differences can be explained by the labor market, economic and political institutions. Strong employers' associations, high employment security, generous unemployment benefits, proportional electoral system and government stability are necessary for emergence of specific skills formation systems, while absence of these institutions is sufficient for the emergence of general skills formation systems. The dissertation employs fuzzy set techniques and robust regression to test the hypotheses empirically.

The main focus of this scientific cluster is the research of intercultural and transnational dimensions of artistic practices in Central and Eastern Europe. The reconstruction and analysis of historical developments of intercultural communication and transnational exchange of arts, their ideological premises, contemporary issues as well as challenges of the future frame the scope of this research. The main tasks of this research are the following: to determine the global aspects of cultural interdependence and cultural diversity, to evaluate their influence on national cultures and art forms, to analyse the developments of fine arts, performing arts, literature, photography and popular culture in the region, to mark the transformations in the notions of artistic practices together with its cultural, historical, geographic and sociopolitical context as well as to trace the interdependence of art and politics, culture and social reality, creative practices and economy. The thematic framework of the cluster also includes the methodological and theoretical research of intercultural communication in arts of Eastern and Central Europe, the formation of the theoretical models of cultural dialogue, the dealing with the problematic aspects of applying contemporary cultural theories to the studies of Lithuanian art. At the moment the researchers from the fields of art research, philology and philosophy are associated with this interdisciplinary scientific cluster, which actively. [to full text]

The main focus of this scientific cluster is the research of intercultural and transnational dimensions of artistic practices in Central and Eastern Europe. The reconstruction and analysis of historical developments of intercultural communication and transnational exchange of arts, their ideological premises, contemporary issues as well as challenges of the future frame the scope of this research. The main tasks of this research are the following: to determine the global aspects of cultural interdependence and cultural diversity, to evaluate their influence on national cultures and art forms, to analyse the developments of fine arts, performing arts, literature, photography and popular culture in the region, to mark the transformations in the notions of artistic practices together with its cultural, historical, geographic and sociopolitical context as well as to trace the interdependence of art and politics, culture and social reality, creative practices and economy. The thematic framework of the cluster also includes the methodological and theoretical research of intercultural communication in arts of Eastern and Central Europe, the formation of the theoretical models of cultural dialogue, the dealing with the problematic aspects of applying contemporary cultural theories to the studies of Lithuanian art. At the moment the researchers from the fields of art research, philology and philosophy are associated with this interdisciplinary scientific cluster, which actively. [to full text]