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THE PEASANT REVOLUTION IN THEORETICAL VIEWS AND POLITICAL PRACTICE OF ULYANOV-LENIN
Among modern approaches to the scientific comprehension of the revolutionary events of the early twentieth century the concept of peasant revolution takes an outstanding place. The presented article tackles the problem of perceiving of the peasantry's ability for an independent revolutionary struggle. The article analyses the views of of the Bolshevik Party leader, V. I. Ulyanov (Lenin), and their influence on political practice in the process of the Soviet state creation.The article clarifies that for V. I. Lenin, the ability of the peasantry for an independent revolutionary struggle was quite obvious. As a consequence of the political behavior of the peasantry during the period of the revolution during 1905-1907, he concluded that there was a special type of bourgeois revolution – the peasant agrarian revolution. According to his views, the peasant revolution opens the way for a farmer type of agrarian capitalism.All the components of Lenin's revolutionary transformation program envisaged taking into account the fact of the peasant revolution. Thus, the possibility of the bourgeois-democratic revolution was assumed only in the form of a peasant revolution, the Bolsheviks' seizure of power was planned through the use of the peasant revolution, the restoration of the acquired power – through the resolute satisfaction of the interests of the peasant revolution, the construction of socialism – through the adaptation of the results of the peasant revolution to socialist progress. Given Lenin's correct definition of the peasant revolution nature, the claim about the bourgeois component of socio-economic transformations carried out by the Bolsheviks in October 1917 finds its confirmation. ; Among modern approaches to the scientific comprehension of the revolutionary events of the early twentieth century the concept of peasant revolution takes an outstanding place. The presented article tackles the problem of perceiving of the peasantry's ability for an independent revolutionary struggle. The article analyses the views of of the Bolshevik Party leader, V. I. Ulyanov (Lenin), and their influence on political practice in the process of the Soviet state creation.The article clarifies that for V. I. Lenin, the ability of the peasantry for an independent revolutionary struggle was quite obvious. As a consequence of the political behavior of the peasantry during the period of the revolution during 1905-1907, he concluded that there was a special type of bourgeois revolution – the peasant agrarian revolution. According to his views, the peasant revolution opens the way for a farmer type of agrarian capitalism.All the components of Lenin's revolutionary transformation program envisaged taking into account the fact of the peasant revolution. Thus, the possibility of the bourgeois-democratic revolution was assumed only in the form of a peasant revolution, the Bolsheviks' seizure of power was planned through the use of the peasant revolution, the restoration of the acquired power – through the resolute satisfaction of the interests of the peasant revolution, the construction of socialism – through the adaptation of the results of the peasant revolution to socialist progress. Given Lenin's correct definition of the peasant revolution nature, the claim about the bourgeois component of socio-economic transformations carried out by the Bolsheviks in October 1917 finds its confirmation.
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«Chinese Model (of Reform)» («Beijing Consensus»): Causes and Essence of China's Rapid Economic Rise
The article attempts to conceptualize the «Chinese model (of reforms)» («Beijing Consensus») in the context of the rapid economic rise of modern China. Acquaintance with the published sources and literature, the pages of which reflected the different views of domestic, Western, and Chinese scientists on the announced problem, revealed that some of them perceive the Chinese model positively, others note both advantages and disadvantages, the third group almost exclusively focuses on mainly negative moments (exploitation, the polarization of society, ecological catastrophes, etc.) and often opposites the modern Chinese reality to the era of Mao Zedong, which they portray as the embodiment of true socialism. It is concluded that the high rate of economic growth in China is achieved through the strategy developed by Deng Xiaoping and aimed at large-scale economic reforms, the policy of «openness» of the country, which helped China to take a leading position in the world. The thesis is substantiated that in modern conditions the functions of the CCP (exercising supreme political power, coordinating, mobilizing, reforming, presenting) as a custodian of the official dogmas are successfully supplemented by reformist actions, which demonstrates the party's significant adaptation to the new socio-political and economic situation in China. The authors argue that Chinese foreign policy in the early XXI century is increasingly globalized and becoming offensive. In almost every region of the world, Beijing has a system of its own interests aimed at enhancing the country's political role in the world, creating favourable conditions for continuing economic reforms, gaining access to financial, technological, and raw materials. The use of a powerful arsenal of «soft power» allows China to successfully © Дем'яненко Б. Л., 2021 pursue economic cooperation without causing it political, ideological or historical problems. It was stated that China's long-term goal is to support the peaceful international environment necessary to ...
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Revolution and legitimation ; Революція і леґітимація
The article subject is the relationship between the revolutionary action and the process of legitimation. The author demonstrates how revolutionaries acquire the right to new rationalization of history. The priority in this process belongs to narratives which are related to realization of the right to revolt. Each conscious revolutionary action anticipates the existence of some parallel structures of counterpower. These structures are mainly established as political views and imagined institutions. Within the process of revolution, this fundamental feature of political imagination is embodied in narratives of society-power relation, which is the basic component of the revolutionary legitimation. ; ***
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Chinese strategy of «one belt and one way»
The subject of the study is the Belt may offer limited prospects as a platform for broader EU China cooperation on harder security issues in Eurasia. However, it does represent an opportunity for the EU to work towards closer development–security cooperation on a range of softer security or developmental topics. The purpose of the article.– The referral to the BRI's topic is justified by search of qualified ground from which to answer some of questions: (1) is any measure of interaction and dependence of traditional context China's stratagems' geopolitics and modern international relation principal: (2) about dreams of China elite not only about expanding the Chinese economy by acquiring resources and markets for China's exports, but also on modernizing the world's largest military force; (3) about possibility of a more aggressive Chinese foreign policy behaviour with declarations of more air defence identification zones and introductions of more oil drilling rigs and artificial islands in disputed territorial waters; (4) to advance its own diplomatic concepts and initiatives such as the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) and the BRICS–bank and thereby more proactively seek to shape the international system; (5) the ports, railroads of the OBOR could be used to transport China's military forces across Asia in the future in order to push pendulum of world economy to swung from West to East. Methodology of the work – For the above analysis were used wide range of sources and made different comparison but it is still very preliminary but it does support a gradual development of new thinking and a new approach in China's OBOR's foreign policy strategy under Xi that point to big changes in the way that China engages with the international system. Further research is needed and it seems especially important to focus on the implications of the domestic focus in the Chinese leadership – that is their focus on meeting the growing domestic expectations to the role that China will play in the international system ...
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Three revolutions: mobilization and change in contemporary Ukraine, 3, Archival records and historical sources on the 1990 Revolution on Granite
In: Soviet and post-Soviet politics and society vol. 258
The third instalment of this multi-volume project presents a selection of archival sources from the time of Ukraine's Revolution on Granite in October 1990. They include telegrams sent to participants of the Revolution from supporters in different parts of Ukraine, KGB documents such as internal notes and other records, as well as transcripts of parliamentary sessions from the time of the revolution. All materials included in the volume are published in two languages: the original language of the document (Ukrainian or Russian) and in English translation.
The experimental testing of efficiency of teaching chinese phonetics for future philologists
The processes of globalization and the world community, as well as the role and place of Ukraine and the People's Republic of China on the geopolitical map of the world dictate the need for strong scientific, political, economic, cultural, energy contacts that will lead to the progress of both countries, to the creation and development of new technologies, new economic and humanitarian relations. This requires the training of a large number of skilled Chinese language specialists and experts. The phonetics of the Chinese language is extremely important for the learning of the language as a whole, because the Chinese language has a special typological characteristic - the presence of a tone that performs distinctive-perceptual and distinctive-significative functions. Mastering Chinese, and in particular lexical units (as key in communication), can only be conditioned by the ability to distinguish and correctly reproduce a tone. However, the study of phonetics is not limited to articulation skills, but involves the students mastering rhythmic-intonational models, which also have semantic nuances and are important in terms of the implementation of speech pragmatics. The study describes the experimental verification of the effectiveness of teaching methods of future philologists of Chinese phonetics, as well as substantiates and confirms the choice of the study hypothesis. The criteria and norms for evaluating the Chinese linguistic phonetic competence of future synologists are outlined. Methods and materials, plan and structure, and duration of the experiment are determined. In addition, examples of tasks and the ultimate goal of their implementation were given. Organizational and content aspects of students' experimental learning are covered. Post-experimental sections were performed, the corresponding results of the effectiveness of the created methodology of teaching phonetics of Chinese language were presented. For clearer perception, the results of the sections were made in the table
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Petro Stebnitsky's interpretations of the Ukrainian revolution in 1917–1921
The article deals with the analysis of P. Stebnytskyi's researches that devoted to the events of the Ukrainian Revolution in 1917–1921, and considers his works as part of the national discourse. In addition to a number of well-known works by this public fi gure («The Brain of the Nation», «Nemesis», «The Logic of Life», «On the Fire», «Ukraine in the Economy of Russia», etc.), we have included researches discovered in the archive: «The Law of Evolution and the Right of the Revolution, «A terrible heritage. (Economic and fi nancial consequences of the World War)», a draft without a name «. but a temporary Russian government .». This research uses comparative-historical, historical-typological, historical-observational, historicaldescriptive methods. In addition, a critical discourse analysis was used to analyze the journalistic heritage of P. Stebnytskyi as part of the national discourse. It is proved that P. Stebnitsky's works are important part of the Ukrainian journalism at the beginning of the twentieth century and the period of the Ukrainian Revolution in 1917–1921. His researches have nation creating and anticolonial character. P. Stebnitsky's works promoted the separation idea of the Ukrainian nation, its right to self-determination and a its own way of developing a national culture; they have followed such concepts as «federation», «autonomy», «statehood», «independence», «independence». It was established that this public fi gure found out the reasons and motives of the Ukrainian Revolution in 1917–1921, described the course of political events, considered its economic, social and cultural consequences, expressing its own attitude towards national liberation struggles.
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Confucius doctrine as a leading phenomenon of Chinese civilization (theory and history)
The article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the doctrine of Confucianism. The author outlines the figure of Confucius, analyzes the historical background of the initial stage of the formation of Confucianism and the place of this period in the history of China, the main components of the Confucian Canon, principles and categories, the internal logic of the doctrine, the significance of the doctrine for the formation of an integral system of Chinese worldview, moral, ethical and political judgments, attitudes and norms. Against the background of the study of a significant monographic literature, conclusions are drawn about the nature and features of the value core, the principles of China's national identity. China is a country with an ancient almost continuous history. Throughout the historical period of its existence, it has exerted a huge influence not only on neighboring countries, but also on the world as a whole. Almost by the end of the XVIII century. China had the largest GDP and was one of the leading cultural centers. At the present stage, China has a significant economic, political and cultural impact even on fairly remote regions. Today, there is a great return of this country-civilization, on the one hand claiming world leadership in the XXI century, and on the other, it stands for a multipolar world. According to economic indicators, China is one of the three leading countries in the world and offers the world its model of globalization through the so-called "One belt one road" project. Confucius is a representative of the traditional Chinese ethical and legal paradigm, a brand that China offers to the world as part of its own globalization strategy, which provides for the creation of institutions that bear the name of this "first sage of the middle Kingdom".
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«REVOLUTION OF DIGNITY» AND ITS INFLUENCE ON UKRAINIAN MENTALITY: SOCIO-PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS
Abstract. Introduction. It the need to understand how the events of November 2013 – February 2014, which entered history as a "Revolution of Dignity" influenced on the consciousness of Ukrainians and on national mentality. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to investigate manifestations of the characteristics of Ukrainian mentality during the socio-political crisis on the territory of Ukraine; to find out what positive and negative peculiarities of Ukrainian mentality happened in a natural or a logical way and which were unexpected. Methods. An analytical method is used during the study of the sources; a systematic method for the study and systematization of the received information. General scientific principles of historicism, objectivity, philosophical pluralism, unity of historical and logical are used. Results. It is grounded that latent characteristics of Ukrainian mentality are fearlessness and the desire to achieve a goal. In spite of the risks to life they were activated. The traditional Ukrainian hesitancy transformed into a rapid self-organization, an effective collaboration of the community. It is proved that the "Revolution of Dignity" refuted the dominant in society the notion of indifference of Ukrainians and a lack of national solidarity and consent. Originality. The representation and transformation of the Ukrainian mentality characteristics: freedom-loving, democracy, tolerance, patience and others are studied. The socio-philosophical phenomens of the "Ukrainian Revolution", which provided its participants with the achievement of the goal, were presented: democracy in action with the lack of individual leadership; active articulation of the desired social values and their practical application; Ukrainian citizens uniting, the awakening of national identity and pride – Ukrainians began to become proud of being Ukrainians. Conclusion. The events of November 2013 – February 2014, entered history as the "Revolution of Dignity", bring into action positive and negative Ukrainian mentality peculiarities. Even the name "Revolution of Dignity" symbolically demonstrates the Ukrainians' denial of slavery, injustice, and activation of human dignity. Philosophical comprehension of these unique events for Europe and for the whole world allows us to talk about a special Ukrainian sense of their own existence: Ukrainians support European values and ready to protect them even at the expence of their own lives.
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Fidel Castro - manager and marketologist of the revolution ; Фидель Кастро – менеджер и маркетолог революции ; Фідель Кастро – менеджер і маркетолог революції
The article is devoted to the problems of political leadership. Currently, the leaders of many countries in Europe, Asia and America claim to be the true leaders of their countries. As everyone knows, not everyone succeeds. The authors of this publication have attempted to determine the determinants and parameters of a successful manager of the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, choosing an unusual example - the Cuban, by no means the democrat, the partriot of his country, Comandante en Jefe by Fidel Castro. The article shows how, as a result of bold management decisions and the use of marketing technologies, this politician achieved complete independence of his small and weak country. The influence of the personality of Fidel Castro on the historical and political processes in Latin America and the system of relations between the socialist countries is examined. A description is given of the stages of the emergence of socialism in Cuba and the successful actions of the leader of the country to protect the achievements of the world socialist system after it disintegrated. It is pointed out that unlike European countries, socialism was not brought to Cuba on bayonets - it was an informed and free choice. An estimation is given to the creative methods used by Castro to overcome the crisis in the early 90s - the rectification and philosophy of the special period, and also the results of their application in some branches of the national economy-pharmacology, medicine, and tourism. It is established that the politician successfully proved the viability of fidelism, transferring power to Raul Castro. It is shown that Castro also allowed serious miscalculations in managerial activity, such as the policy of exporting the revolution and participation in drug trafficking, which led to numerous victims and loss of prestige of the country. The authors argue that Castro did not understand the laws of social development and the inevitability of the development of democracy, in the marketing plane he was ...
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"DIGNITY REVOLUTION": POLITICAL ANALYSIS ; «РЕВОЛЮЦІЯ ГІДНОСТІ»: ПОЛІТОЛОГІЧНИЙ АНАЛІЗ
This paper analyzed the essence of the concept of revolution. For example, the research stages of revolutionary ideas based on "Dignity Revolution" formed more concrete understanding of the concepts. Through the explication of the concept formed the essence of completed and unfinished revolution. Key words : revolution , analysis , terminology, political crisis , political evolution. ; Проаналізовано суть поняття «революція». Використовуючи приклади дослідження етапів реалізації революційних ідей на основі «революції гідності», визначено конкретизованіше розуміння цього терміна. За допомогою експлікації поняття сформовано суть завершеної та незавершеної революції. Ключові слова: революція, аналіз, термінологія, політична криза, політична еволюція.
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СОЦІАЛЬНІ ВИТРАТИ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЇ ПОСТСОЦІАЛІСТИЧНИХ КРАЇН ; SOCIAL COSTS OF ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION OF POST-SOCIALIST COUNTRIES
Українська економіка поки що не характеризується таким рівнем розвитку, що відповідав би умовам країн, які входять до Європейського Союзу. Рівень життя населення в Україні й досі залишається на низькому рівні, а темпи економічного зростання поки що виглядають незначним, порівнянно з показниками, що були для неї характерні ще до кризи 2008-2009 рр. Однією з фундаментальних причин такого становища української економіки, окрім війни на сході України, є неефективна державна політика, в основі якої лежать трансформаційні процеси. Акцентовано увагу на соціальних витратах у процесі економічної трансформації постсоціалістичних країн. Зазначено, що розгляду цього питання мусить приділятися увага науковців, а також владних структур. Досліджено зміст економічної трансформації постсоціалістичних країн, зокрема України. Проведено дослідження із використанням методики порівняння особливостей розвитку постсоціалістичних країн. Розглянуто зміст категорій «соціальні витрати» та «трансформація», а також природу соціальних витрат в умовах трансформаційних процесів, що відбувалися у постсоціалістичних країнах. Результати дослідження показали відставання України від більшості постсоціалістичних країн. Наголошено, що аналіз соціальних витрат в умовах економічної трансформації має істотне значення та вирішальну роль в Україні. Метою статті є аналіз соціальних витрат економічної трансформації постсоціалістичних країн. На основі індикаторів економічного зростання та нерівності розглянуті відмінності між Україною та іншими постсоціалістичними країнами. На відміну від інших країн, Україна знаходиться серед найбільш відсталих постсоціалістичних країн, що характеризується низькими рівнями доходів, а також соціально-економічною напругою. Детально розглянуто природу постсоціалістичної трансформації і соціальних витрат. Зроблено висновки щодо поточного становища соціально-економічної системи України в контексті постсоціалістичної трансформації та рівня соціальних витрат. ; The Ukrainian economy is not yet characterized by a level of development that would meet the conditions of the countries that are members of the European Union. The standard of living of the population in Ukraine still remains low, and the rate of economic growth still looks insignificant, compared to the indicators that were characteristic of it before the crisis of 2008-2009. One of the fundamental reasons for this state of the Ukrainian economy, apart from the war in eastern Ukraine, is inefficient state policy, which is based on transformation processes. Attention is paid to social costs in the process of economic transformation of post-socialist countries. It is noted that consideration of this issue should be paid attention to scientists, as well as government agencies. The content of economic transformation of post-socialist countries, in particular Ukraine, is studied. A study was conducted using the method of comparision peculiarities of the development of post-socialist countries. The content of the categories "social costs" and "transformation", as well as the emergence of social costs that took place in post-socialist countries are considered. Кesults of the study showed that Ukraine lags behind most post-socialist countries, which is accompanied by high social costs for the population. It is emphasized that the analysis of social costs in the context of economic transformation is essential and crucial in Ukraine. Based on indicators of economic growth and inequality, the differences between Ukraine and other post-socialist countries are considered. The aim of the article is to analyze the social costs of economic transformation of post-socialist countries. Unlike other countries, Ukraine is among the most backward post-socialist countries, characterized by low income levels and socio-economic tensions. The nature of post-socialist transformation and social costs is considered in detail. Conclusions are made on the current situation of socio-economic system in Ukraine in the context of post-socialist transformation and the level of social spending.
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THE AGRICULTURAL ISSUE STUDY IN THE YEARS OF THE UKRAINIAN REVOLUTION (1917-1921) ; РОЗГЛЯД АГРАРНОГО ПИТАННЯ В РОКИ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ РЕВОЛЮЦІЇ (1917-1921)
During the period of the Ukrainian statehood of 1917-1921, the land issue belonged to the most difficult problems that required a solution, since the majority of the population were peasants. The foundations of the domestic studios of the events of the mentioned time were works, memoirs, diaries of M. Hrushevsky, P. Khristyuk, M. Shapoval, D. Doroshenko, I. Mazepa, V. Vynnychenko, E. Chikalenko and other figures and witnesses of the Ukrainian revolution, who left themselves research on the subject. The authors describe the situation of the peasants of Ukraine on the eve of the Ukrainian Revolution of 1917. The war also led to the destruction of the pre-war mechanism of trade and the intensification of state interference in the distribution of agricultural products. Finally, the panic fear of the tsarist government against the self-organization of Ukrainians led to the prohibition of the activity of Ukrainian agricultural cooperatives associated with the work of Prosvita during World War II, which was also banned. The article reveals the relations between different political parties: the Ukrainian Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries, the Ukrainian Party of Socialist-Federalists, the Ukrainian Democratic-Labor Party, the Revolutionary Ukrainian Party, the Ukrainian People's Party, the Ukrainian Democratic Party, and the Ukrainian Radical Party in resolving the agrarian question. The radical way of resolving the land issue was in resolutions of the All-Ukrainian Peasant Congress, which worked from May 28 to June 2, 1917 in Kyiv. 80 delegates of the congress attended the discussion of the land issue. Their speeches demonstrated the complexity of the land issue in the social and regional plane, the presence of different opinions about the forms of resolving the land issue in favor of the working peasantry. The authors analyses agrarian bills of that period. Tightening the resolution of the land issue caused a wave of peasant speeches in 1917.The authors gives a description of the policy in the agrarian sector of the Ukrainian governments of the revolution period: General Secretariat at the Central Rada and its ІІІ Universal, the government of P. Skoropadsky and the leadership of the Western Ukrainian People's Republic. The paper identifies the weaknesses of the policy of Soviet power in the agrarian sector. ; Автори описують становище селян України напередодні Української революції 1917 року. Стаття розкриває відносини різних політичних партій: української партії соціалістівреволюціонерів, Української партії соціалістів-федералістів, Української демократичнохліборобської партії, Революційної української партії, Української народної партії, Української демократичної партії, Української радикальної партії до вирішення аграрного питання. Автори дають характеристику політиці в аграрному секторі українських урядів періоду революції: Генерального Секретаріату при Центральній Раді та її ІІІ Універсалу, уряду П. Скоропадського та керівництва Західноукраїнської Народної Республіки.
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Democratization of Zemstvo Electoral System in Ukraine after February Revolution of 1917
The paper analyzes the legislation of the Provisional Government of Russia of 1917 which ensured the democratization of the Zemstvo electoral system by introducing general, equal, direct elections by secret ballot. According to the transitional legislation of 1917, elections of county and provincial councillors were held according to the proportional electoral system. As a result of the elections, the provincial and county zemstvos were Ukrainized and democratized by involving peasants' representatives. However, given voters' low political culture and lack of political experience, this electoral system proved ineffective. Participation in the elections of mainly one public organization – the Peasants' Union, which received the right to elect provincial councillors, led to a decrease in the zemstvo governors' professional training level, which was one of the reasons for the zemstvo self-government decline.Elections of volost councillors on the resolution of county zemstvos representatives' congresses could be held under both majority and proportional electoral systems, which indicates the expansion of suffrage. On the territory of the Left Bank of Ukraine, the elections of volost councillors were held under the majority electoral system, which was quite justified, as voters were not ready for elections on the basis of tThe paper analyzes the legislation of the Provisional Government of Russia of 1917 which ensured the democratization of the Zemstvo electoral system by introducing general, equal, direct elections by secret ballot. According to the transitional legislation of 1917, elections of county and provincial councillors were held according to the proportional electoral system. As a result of the elections, the provincial and county zemstvos were Ukrainized and democratized by involving peasants' representatives. However, given voters' low political culture and lack of political experience, this electoral system proved ineffective. Participation in the elections of mainly one public organization – the ...
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