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The article analyzes milestones in the Ukrainian Christianity history from the viewpoint of the political analysis of the relationship between church and state. The author shows the inextricable connection between the state and church powers and demonstrates how the foreign policy factors influenced formation of the domestic church relations ; В статье проанализированы основные вехи истории украинского христианства с точки зрения политического анализа государственно-церковных отношений. Автор показывает неразрывную связь между государственной и церковной властью, а также демонстрирует влияние внешнеполитических факторов на становление внутригосударственных церковных отношений

This article is devoted to the analysis of interaction between church and state in the context of the current geopolitical situation and worsening of civilizational conflict in Eastern Europe. The five models of church-state relations known to history are describes: the model of the symphony, the doctrine of the two swords, territorialism model, model of radical separation of church and state and the intermediate model. The problems of these relations concerning with the Russian Orthodox Church social concept are discussed in the article. Concludes that the politicization of the Church's role in society at the present stage promotes the escalation of conflicts and contradictions, not prevent them. = Статья посвящена анализу моделей взаимодействия церкви и государства в контексте современной геополитической ситуации и обострения цивилизационных противоречий в Восточной Европе. Описываются пять моделей церковно-государственных отношений, известных истории: модель симфонии, доктрина двух мечей, модель территориализма, модель радикального отделения церкви от государства и модель промежуточного характера. Проблемы взаимоотношения церкви и государства рассматриваются на примере социальной концепции и политической практики российской православной церкви. Делается вывод, что политизация роли церкви в обществе на современном этапе способствует эскалации конфликтов и противоречий, а не их предотвращению.

The problems of relations between church and state are covered. The opinions of historians, religious studies scholars, public figures are given. The attention to the XX century significant events which had essential influence on the religions' position in Central and Eastern Europe countries is paid: the creation of the European Union, the fall of the Berlin wall, the dissolution of the USSR. The general peculiarities of the relations between state and church during this period for the countries of this region (The Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary and others) are analyzed. The main tendencies of such relations development are characterized: establishment of the state church model and separation of church from the state. The attention is paid to the fact that there is no full agreement in understanding the term «separation of church from the state» among experts. It is emphasized that such law, public and cultural situation in which the state has nothing in common with church does not take place in any Western Europe country. The separation means that the state does not identify itself with one of religions or churches and both institutes respect an autonomy of each other in spheres belonging to them. The relevance of the research of the questions connected with law regulation for the religious organizations activity in Central and Eastern Europe countries is grounded for optimization of the relations between state and confessions in Ukraine ; Рассматриваются вопросы взаимоотношений Церкви и государства. Приводятся мнения историков, религиоведов, общественных деятелей. Уделяется внимание знаменательным событиям ХХ века, оказавшим существенное влияние на положение религий в странах Центрально-Восточной Европы: созданию Европейского Союза, падению Берлинской стены, распаду СССР. Проанализированы общие для стран этого региона (Чехии, Словакии, Венгрии и других) особенности государственно-церковных отношений в этот период. Характеризуются основные тенденции развития таких отношений: установление модели государственной церкви и отделение церкви от государства. Обращается внимание на то, что среди специалистов нет полного согласия в понимании термина «отделение Церкви от государства». Подчеркивается, что ни в одной из стран Западной Европы не имеет места такая правовая и общественно-культурная ситуация, в которой государство не имеет с Церковью ничего общего. Отделение означает, что государство не отождествляет себя ни с одной из религий или церквей и оба института уважают автономию друг друга в принадлежащих им сферах. Обосновывается актуальность исследования вопросов, связанных с правовым регулированием деятельности религиозных организаций в странах Центрально-Восточной Европы, для оптимизации государственно-конфессиональных отношений в Украине

In the middle of the 18th century in Germany was the unique religious situation when within the limits of the state many different religions coexisted. It gave an impulse for German philosophers to concern the questions of religion politic and the conditions under which the harmonic coexistence of adherents of different religions within the limits of one state might be possible. The article considers two such projects - the project of Kant (presented above all in a later work "Religion within the Limits of Reason Alone" and in an earlier article "An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?") and the project of Mendelssohn (in the work "Jerusalem or on Religious Power and Judaism"). The positions of both philosophers have very many common features, what allows us to assume a certain influence of Mendelssohn if not on the origin of the ethic-religious views of Kant then at least on the direction Kant's views developed and on the form they were expressed.

T͡Serkovʹ i gosudarstvo.--Novai͡a demokratīi͡a.--Velikai͡a lozhʹ nashego vremeni.--Sud prisi͡azhnykh.--Pechatʹ.--Narodnoe prosvi͡eshchenīe.--Gerbert Spenser o narodnom vospitanīi.--Zakon.--Boli͡ezni nashego vremeni.--Znanīe i di͡elo.--Vi͡era.--Idealy nevi͡erīi͡a.--Novai͡a vi͡era i novye braki.--Novoe khristīanstvo bez Khrista.--Dukhovnai͡a zhiznʹ.--T͡Serkovʹ.--Kharaktery.--Drevnīe klassicheskīe i͡azyki v shkoli͡e. S. Rachinskago.--Vlastʹ i nachalʹstvo.--Iz Karleĭli͡a.--Gladston ob osnovakh vi͡ery i nevi͡erīi͡a.--Di͡ela i dni. ; Mode of access: Internet.

The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of church (calendar) and folk (everyday) names of Orthodox holidays in the Khakass language in the theolinguistic aspect. The research was carried out on the material of publications of the diocesan newspaper "Сын сабланыстығ киртiнiс" ("Orthodox Faith"), as well as calendars and dictionaries of the Khakass language. The topic of the article is relevant due to the insufficient degree of development of the problems of the scientific description of the religious vocabulary of the languages of the indigenous peoples of Siberia, including the Khakass language. The novelty of the work is determined by the fact that it was carried out on the basis of Khakass heortonyms, which had not previously become an object of scientific research. The author found that the Khakass church names of religious holidays are often tracing copies of Russian names, which, in turn, repeat the basic structure of Greek nominations, and a certain cultural specificity is manifested in the folk ones. The author divides the folk heortonyms of the Khakass language into two groups, the first of which refers to the names that arose by transferring the name of the attribute of a certain holiday to the holiday itself, and the second — names that are distorted Russian heortonyms. Answering the question, what is the reason for the presence of folk heortonyms to indicate some holidays and absence for others, the author concludes that their presence is determined either by the features of the celebration of a religious event, or its economic significance. The author concludes that further research is needed on the religious vocabulary of the Khakass language and its fixation in dictionaries

This article considers Russian Catholicism as a system of views characterized by the need for an independent Church authority, the special role of the Catholic Church in the history of Europe, and the importance of the unity of Churches around the Pope. Given all this, the article analyzes the criteria by which V.S. Solovyov could be included within the representatives of Russian Catholicism, albeit his confessional affiliation to the Catholic Church still remains controversial. The main part of this text is devoted to V.S. Solovyov's relationship with the key issues of Russian Catholicism, i.e. the understanding of church unity, authority, and infallibility; the hierarchy's and laity's participation in the preservation of doctrinal truths; and finally the truth criteria for the decisions taken by the Ecumenical Councils. While these questions have been already raised in the writings of the main ideologist of philocatholicism, P.Y. Chaadayev, this article also demonstrates the way in which they occupy a crucial place in the heritage of the Russian Catholicism's representatives from the last half of the 19th century: i.e. I.S. Gagarin and E.G. Volkonskaya. As a conclusion of this analysis, V.S. Solovyov's views – which he expressed in his 1880s works – on the Church authority and on the special powers of Roman pontifices seem to partially converge with those of the conservative Russian Catholics. However, it is still possible to recognize a number of discrepancies between the two positions. These discrepancies would subsequently lead Solovyov to distance himself from Catholic apologetics to pursue a different approach in the understanding of Church infallibility. In this regard, an examination of Solovyov's triads will be the key to identify the transformation, within his ecclesiological ideas, of the functions of secular and church authorities as well as of the need for an additional link between Christ and the believers.

The material of the study was the Church Slavonic texts of the 18–20th
centuries. As a result of an electronic search in digitized versions of these sources,
512 entries were obtained, mainly from liturgical texts, which distinguishes our
material from illustrative examples for this lexeme in a number of other dictionaries.
Lexicographic sources allow us to state that there is no monosemantic correspondence
between the selected meanings of the Church Slavonic word and the Greek equivalents. As a result of the analysis of the studied material, the following meanings were
distinguished for the word зракъ́ : 1) contemplation (process, action according to
the verb зрѣти́ ); 2) look; 3) sight, eye (the ability to see); 4) appearance, face; 5) picture, icon; 6) image (refl ection of objects and phenomena of reality in human mind);
7) essence, nature; 8) vision. Th e meaning (1) naming the process is related to the
verb зрѣти́ in its transitive meaning, as are the meanings (4, 5, 6, 7) naming the
object. Meanings (2) and (3) are associated with the verb зрѣти́ in intransitive
meanings: as the names of the ability to see — sight (3) and its immaterial tool — look
(2). In the fi rst 7 meanings, the word зракъ́ is associated with the verb зрѣти́ , in
the meaning (8) — with the verb зрѣтисѧ ́ . One can define the first three meanings
as 'internal', subjective, associated with the characteristics of the looking subject,
and the rest as 'external', objective, associated with the characteristics of the visible
object. Th e complexity of the semantic structure of the word зракъ́ in the studied
texts is partly due to the presence of polysemantic combinations. In several cases,
an unusual use of the plural forms of this word is noted, accompanying some shades
of its meanings.