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International audience ; he implementation in Montpellier of the new rules about urban districts highlights the role of Georges Freche's political leadership since more than twenty years. The different dimensions of such a leadership are successively analysed in terms of material and collective goals, in terms of political configuration and by assessing the role played by the Mayor of Montpellier and his followers in the symbolic construction of the city and its territorial destiny. Key-words : Georges Frêche, Montpellier, political leadership, followers, urban history, personal political style ; La mise en oeuvre, à Montpellier, d'un projet de Communauté d'Agglomération est l'occasion de mettre en lumière le rôle du leadership politique exercé, depuis plus de vingt ans, par Georges Frêche, sur la ville de Montpellier. Les ressorts de ce leadership sont examinés successivement dans leur dimensions matérielles et collectives, dans une appréhension de la configuration politique montpelliéraine, et dans le rôle que jouent Georges Frêche et son entourage dans la construction symbolique de la ville et de son destin territorial.

International audience ; he implementation in Montpellier of the new rules about urban districts highlights the role of Georges Freche's political leadership since more than twenty years. The different dimensions of such a leadership are successively analysed in terms of material and collective goals, in terms of political configuration and by assessing the role played by the Mayor of Montpellier and his followers in the symbolic construction of the city and its territorial destiny. Key-words : Georges Frêche, Montpellier, political leadership, followers, urban history, personal political style ; La mise en oeuvre, à Montpellier, d'un projet de Communauté d'Agglomération est l'occasion de mettre en lumière le rôle du leadership politique exercé, depuis plus de vingt ans, par Georges Frêche, sur la ville de Montpellier. Les ressorts de ce leadership sont examinés successivement dans leur dimensions matérielles et collectives, dans une appréhension de la configuration politique montpelliéraine, et dans le rôle que jouent Georges Frêche et son entourage dans la construction symbolique de la ville et de son destin territorial.

The municipal elections held on 11 & 18 Mar 2001 have not introduced deep political changes in Marseille: the outgoing majority has been reconfirmed & the united left has not lost other districts. Nevertheless, several phenomena are worth laying stress on, as they show the exhaustion of a leadership inherited from defferrisme: considerable decrease of voters as well as of citizens registered on the electoral list, success of alternative lists, persistence of extreme-right parties, particularly in the young & popular districts of the city. Left parties are the main losers of this evolution: started from the end of the 80s, the erosion of their traditional areas is now marking a new stage. More generally, the local political elites as a whole have to face the unprecedented difficulty of mobilizing the electors, the young people, & the newcomers. Elected representatives out of step, with whom the recent populations badly identify themselves, networks which become obsolete, leaders that find it difficult renewing their practices: such are the chief features that today characterize the government of Marseille. 2 Tables, 24 References. Adapted from the source document.

International audience ; What were the content, quantity and channels of international information available to a large city in the first half of the 20 th century in the field of urban management and city planning ? The example of Lyons, the second city of France, might be a good one as it is supposed to be pioneering the question under the leadership of its mayor Edouard Herriot and the famous architect Tony Garnier. A closer scrutiny shows the weaknesses, awkwardness and superficiality of international information in Lyons. The reasons lead us towards considering what was the status of the urban question in France: a secondary variable.

International audience ; What were the content, quantity and channels of international information available to a large city in the first half of the 20 th century in the field of urban management and city planning ? The example of Lyons, the second city of France, might be a good one as it is supposed to be pioneering the question under the leadership of its mayor Edouard Herriot and the famous architect Tony Garnier. A closer scrutiny shows the weaknesses, awkwardness and superficiality of international information in Lyons. The reasons lead us towards considering what was the status of the urban question in France: a secondary variable.

International audience ; What were the content, quantity and channels of international information available to a large city in the first half of the 20 th century in the field of urban management and city planning ? The example of Lyons, the second city of France, might be a good one as it is supposed to be pioneering the question under the leadership of its mayor Edouard Herriot and the famous architect Tony Garnier. A closer scrutiny shows the weaknesses, awkwardness and superficiality of international information in Lyons. The reasons lead us towards considering what was the status of the urban question in France: a secondary variable.

International audience ; What were the content, quantity and channels of international information available to a large city in the first half of the 20 th century in the field of urban management and city planning ? The example of Lyons, the second city of France, might be a good one as it is supposed to be pioneering the question under the leadership of its mayor Edouard Herriot and the famous architect Tony Garnier. A closer scrutiny shows the weaknesses, awkwardness and superficiality of international information in Lyons. The reasons lead us towards considering what was the status of the urban question in France: a secondary variable.

International audience ; What were the content, quantity and channels of international information available to a large city in the first half of the 20 th century in the field of urban management and city planning ? The example of Lyons, the second city of France, might be a good one as it is supposed to be pioneering the question under the leadership of its mayor Edouard Herriot and the famous architect Tony Garnier. A closer scrutiny shows the weaknesses, awkwardness and superficiality of international information in Lyons. The reasons lead us towards considering what was the status of the urban question in France: a secondary variable.

International audience ; What were the content, quantity and channels of international information available to a large city in the first half of the 20 th century in the field of urban management and city planning ? The example of Lyons, the second city of France, might be a good one as it is supposed to be pioneering the question under the leadership of its mayor Edouard Herriot and the famous architect Tony Garnier. A closer scrutiny shows the weaknesses, awkwardness and superficiality of international information in Lyons. The reasons lead us towards considering what was the status of the urban question in France: a secondary variable.

International audience ; The development of smart cities is characterized locally by mistrust in large private operators and weak political and organizational support. In this context, a few intermediary actors from a metropolitan administration located in various entities are developing an informal and bottom-up data policy. This involves pooling resources, standardizing data and thus producing "reference" data, facilitating the interconnection of services, "urbanizing" information systems, facilitating the transmission and use of data, and deploying a "network infrastructure" to ensure independence from large companies, at local level. As a result of these multiple activities, some of these administrative agents find themselves, through a process of translation, in the position of socio-technical intermediaries in the production and transmission of data, even though they do not enjoy any formal recognition or leadership support. ; Dans un contexte local de développement de la ville intelligente marqué par la méfiance à l'égard des grands opérateurs privés et par un portage politique et organisationnel faible, quelques acteurs intermédiaires d'une administration métropolitaine appartenant à des entités diverses élaborent de manière informelle – et en quelque sorte, « par le bas » – une politique la donnée. Celle-ci consiste, à l'échelle locale, à mutualiser des ressources, à normaliser des données et produire des données « de référence », à faciliter l'interconnexion des services et « urbaniser » des systèmes d'information, à favoriser la transmission et l'exploitation des données, ainsi qu'à déployer une « infrastructure-réseau » garantissant l'indépendance à l'égard des grandes entreprises. A la faveur de ces activités multiples, certains de ces agents administratifs se retrouvent en situation d'intermédiation sociotechnique, fruit d'un travail de traduction qui en fait des intermédiaires incontournables dans la production et la transmission des données, alors même qu'ils ne bénéficient d'aucune ...

International audience ; The development of smart cities is characterized locally by mistrust in large private operators and weak political and organizational support. In this context, a few intermediary actors from a metropolitan administration located in various entities are developing an informal and bottom-up data policy. This involves pooling resources, standardizing data and thus producing "reference" data, facilitating the interconnection of services, "urbanizing" information systems, facilitating the transmission and use of data, and deploying a "network infrastructure" to ensure independence from large companies, at local level. As a result of these multiple activities, some of these administrative agents find themselves, through a process of translation, in the position of socio-technical intermediaries in the production and transmission of data, even though they do not enjoy any formal recognition or leadership support. ; Dans un contexte local de développement de la ville intelligente marqué par la méfiance à l'égard des grands opérateurs privés et par un portage politique et organisationnel faible, quelques acteurs intermédiaires d'une administration métropolitaine appartenant à des entités diverses élaborent de manière informelle – et en quelque sorte, « par le bas » – une politique la donnée. Celle-ci consiste, à l'échelle locale, à mutualiser des ressources, à normaliser des données et produire des données « de référence », à faciliter l'interconnexion des services et « urbaniser » des systèmes d'information, à favoriser la transmission et l'exploitation des données, ainsi qu'à déployer une « infrastructure-réseau » garantissant l'indépendance à l'égard des grandes entreprises. A la faveur de ces activités multiples, certains de ces agents administratifs se retrouvent en situation d'intermédiation sociotechnique, fruit d'un travail de traduction qui en fait des intermédiaires incontournables dans la production et la transmission des données, alors même qu'ils ne bénéficient d'aucune ...

International audience ; The development of smart cities is characterized locally by mistrust in large private operators and weak political and organizational support. In this context, a few intermediary actors from a metropolitan administration located in various entities are developing an informal and bottom-up data policy. This involves pooling resources, standardizing data and thus producing "reference" data, facilitating the interconnection of services, "urbanizing" information systems, facilitating the transmission and use of data, and deploying a "network infrastructure" to ensure independence from large companies, at local level. As a result of these multiple activities, some of these administrative agents find themselves, through a process of translation, in the position of socio-technical intermediaries in the production and transmission of data, even though they do not enjoy any formal recognition or leadership support. ; Dans un contexte local de développement de la ville intelligente marqué par la méfiance à l'égard des grands opérateurs privés et par un portage politique et organisationnel faible, quelques acteurs intermédiaires d'une administration métropolitaine appartenant à des entités diverses élaborent de manière informelle – et en quelque sorte, « par le bas » – une politique la donnée. Celle-ci consiste, à l'échelle locale, à mutualiser des ressources, à normaliser des données et produire des données « de référence », à faciliter l'interconnexion des services et « urbaniser » des systèmes d'information, à favoriser la transmission et l'exploitation des données, ainsi qu'à déployer une « infrastructure-réseau » garantissant l'indépendance à l'égard des grandes entreprises. A la faveur de ces activités multiples, certains de ces agents administratifs se retrouvent en situation d'intermédiation sociotechnique, fruit d'un travail de traduction qui en fait des intermédiaires incontournables dans la production et la transmission des données, alors même qu'ils ne bénéficient d'aucune ...

International audience ; The development of smart cities is characterized locally by mistrust in large private operators and weak political and organizational support. In this context, a few intermediary actors from a metropolitan administration located in various entities are developing an informal and bottom-up data policy. This involves pooling resources, standardizing data and thus producing "reference" data, facilitating the interconnection of services, "urbanizing" information systems, facilitating the transmission and use of data, and deploying a "network infrastructure" to ensure independence from large companies, at local level. As a result of these multiple activities, some of these administrative agents find themselves, through a process of translation, in the position of socio-technical intermediaries in the production and transmission of data, even though they do not enjoy any formal recognition or leadership support. ; Dans un contexte local de développement de la ville intelligente marqué par la méfiance à l'égard des grands opérateurs privés et par un portage politique et organisationnel faible, quelques acteurs intermédiaires d'une administration métropolitaine appartenant à des entités diverses élaborent de manière informelle – et en quelque sorte, « par le bas » – une politique la donnée. Celle-ci consiste, à l'échelle locale, à mutualiser des ressources, à normaliser des données et produire des données « de référence », à faciliter l'interconnexion des services et « urbaniser » des systèmes d'information, à favoriser la transmission et l'exploitation des données, ainsi qu'à déployer une « infrastructure-réseau » garantissant l'indépendance à l'égard des grandes entreprises. A la faveur de ces activités multiples, certains de ces agents administratifs se retrouvent en situation d'intermédiation sociotechnique, fruit d'un travail de traduction qui en fait des intermédiaires incontournables dans la production et la transmission des données, alors même qu'ils ne bénéficient d'aucune ...

This article looks at a situation of political succession which emerged in Nice in the 1990s following the flight of Jacques Médecin and the arrival of Jacques Peyrat into power. While work has traditionally focused on periods of stability in the analysis of urban governance, the study of this case provides an opportunity to reflect on the conditions and modalities for policy change. It crosses the logic of political competition and public action to shed light on the difficulty of building a new political order. It offers an opportunity to put back on the job the challenges of leadership and to reveal the diffuse logic of contemporary urban power. ; International audience This article examines a situation of political succession appeared in Nice in the 1990s following the flight of Jacques Médecin and the arrival of Jacques Peyrat in the municipality. While research traditionally favors periods of political stability in urban governance, this case makes it possible to reflect on the conditions and modalities of political change. The study combines the logics of political competition and public policy to clarify the difficulty of building a new political order. It offers the opportunity to analyze the issues of leadership and the diffuse logics of urban power. ; This article looks at a situation of political succession which emerged in Nice in the 1990s following the flight of Jacques Médecin and the arrival of Jacques Peyrat into power. While work has traditionally focused on periods of stability in the analysis of urban governance, the study of this case provides an opportunity to reflect on the conditions and modalities for policy change. It crosses the logic of political competition and public action to shed light on the difficulty of building a new political order. It offers an opportunity to put back on the job the challenges of leadership and to reveal the diffuse logic of contemporary urban power. ; Cet article s'intéresse à une situation de succession politique apparue à Nice dans les années 1990 à la ...